Ukuqonda Unyulo Lwaphakathi Nempumelelo Yalo

Unyulo lweMidterm, oluthi luvele malunga nombindi wexesha lomongameli leminyaka emine, lumela enye yeenkqubo eziphambili kodwa ezisoloko zityeshelwa zedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ngoxa unyulo lomongameli lulawula ingqalelo yoluntu kunye nosasazo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo-ndaba, amathemba analo amanani anzulu olawulo lwesizwe. Olu nyulo lugqiba ukuba ngubani olawula iBhunga, ngokulandelayo abumba inkqubo karhulumente, ukumisela imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe olawulo oluphezulu nolawulo lomthetho.

Ukubaluleka okusisiseko konyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo kusekusebenziseni kwabo ukuphinda bamisele ezona ziphambili zobupolitika zeWashington. Umongameli angangena eofisini eneenjongo eziphezulu zowiso-mthetho, kodwa ekugqibeleni ukwenziwa kweKhomishini ekugqibeleni kugqiba ukuba ezo njongo ziba ngumthetho kusini na. Ii Midterns zisebenza njengovavanyo lwexesha ngalinye kumandla omongameli, uvumela abavoti ukuba baqinisekise okanye balugatye ulawulo. Oku kubangela isingqino kulawulo lwaseMelikanelikan apho iminyaka emibini yokuqala yombutho usoloko ubona ukutyhalela phambili kwemithetho efuna isidima somthetho, ngelixa lasemva kwe-middyters isebenza rhoqo ukuya kumgangatho wolawulo, ukulalanisa, okanye ukuxhomeke kwiziphumo zonyulo.

Ubuchule Bokukhetha Okuphakathi: Into Ekwisikeyi

Umjikelo wonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo ubuyisela zonke izihlalo zeNdlu zabameli — zonke ezingama- 435 — kunye nekota enye yesithathu yeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali (ngokomfuziselo 33 okanye 34 izihlalo). Le ndlela yokwakha iqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu, esabela ngqo kubanyuli, iyakwazi ukubonakalisa ngokupheleleyo ukutshintsha komdla woluntu rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. ICampte, kunye namagama ayo ashukumanyaka emithandathu, inika ukuqhubeka imvume yokuzihlaziya ngexesha elithile. Le nxulumaniso yenza amandla apho isiqingatha esinye esiphakathi sinokuguqula umlinganiselo osisiseko wamandla.

Ngaphaya kwee-ofisi zikarhulumente, unyulo oluphakathi kwemiba, luquka ukhuphiswano olukhulu lukarhulumente nolwasekuhlaleni: iirhuluneli, izihlalo zowiso-mthetho, amanyathelo okuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nentlalo yomthetho egwebo. Olu nyulo luphantsi luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umthetho wemigangatho karhulumente kwimibandela esukela kwimfundo namalungelo okuvota kutshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nerhafu. Isiphumo sokuququzelelwa konyulo luchaphazela umgangatho ngamnye wolawulo, lubenza babe sisithuthi abahlazi abahlala phantsi komgangatho abahlala kuwo ukumisa imithetho eqeqeqeshiweyo.

Izibonda nakweliphi na ixesha eliphakathi zibunjwa yimeko yezobupolitika. Xa elinye iqela lilawula zombini umongameli kunye neBhunga, iqela labachasi kunye nabaxhasi balo balijonga ixesha eliphakathi njengethuba lokunyanzelisa ukhangelo kumandla amanyeneyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa ulawulo lwahlulwe, iimini eziphakathi zisenokuqinisa isimo okanye zitshintshe umlinganiselo. Oku kungaqiniseki kwenza amaxa aphinda-phindiweyo eenguqu zemithetho.

Indlela Iziphumo Eziphakathi Ezivelisa Ngayo Ingqungquthela

Eyona mpembelelo ikhawulezileyo yonyulo phakathi kwexesha lokukhetha kukuvuselelwa kwamandla ngaphakathi kweKhonkxa. Ulawulo lweNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMali lumisela izabelo zeekomiti, iindawo zokhokelo, kunye nokucwangciswa komthetho. Uninzi lweqela kwigumbi ngalinye lilawula ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho, ligqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana iivoti zomgangatho, kwaye limisela imigaqo yokulawula ingxoxo. Olu lawulo lweproceduda luguqulela ngqo kumandla angaphantsi kokuqulethwa kokuqulethwe, nokugwetywa komthetho.

Xa ulawulo lweziqendu eziphakathi kwesigaba sexesha elithile, ucwangciso lwezibonelelo zemithetho lungatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Uninzi olutsha lweqela luzimisela ngokweenjongo zalo zenkqubo, ngokufuthi lubuyisela okanye luthintele amanyathelo asuka kwisininzi esingaphambili. Izihlalo zekomiti, ezinempembelelo enkulu ngokuva, uphando, kunye neentlanganiso zokunyusa, lungatshintsha izandla. Olu tshintsho lunganyusa izinto ezithile eziphambili zemithetho yowiso-mthetho xa lucima ezinye ngokupheleleyo.

Umzekelo Wembali Wokulahlekelwa Ngumongameli

Kwimbali yembali, iqela lomongameli phantse lisoloko liphulukana nezihlalo phakathi konyulo. Ukususela kwimfazwe yamakhaya, iqela lomongameli lilahlekelwe zizihlalo zendlu kuma-36 kwimijikelo engama-40 phakathi kwexesha, kunye nomlinganiselo wokulahleka kwezihlalo ezingama-30. Lo mlinganiselo ubonisa ukudityaniswa kwezihlalo ezidityanisiweyo: ezisezantsi phakathi kwabaxhasi bomongameli, ukukhuthaza iziphumo zokuchaswa, kunye notyekelo lwendalo lokuba abavoti-nxaxheba basebenzise amasuntswana njenge-tenteum kulawulo lwezikhubalo. Okungaguquguqukiyo kubandakanya u-2002, emva kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, xa iqela lomongameli uGeorge W. Bush lifumene izihlalo, kunye no-1998, ngexesha lenkqubo yokungatyisi ku-Clinstan.

Lo mzekelo wembali uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zowiso-mthetho. Umongameli ophulukana nenkxaso ekhoyo yequmrhu elilawulayo phakathi kufuneka alungelelanise nokusingqongileyo okunyanzelekileyo kowiso-mthetho. Ukuthobela imithetho yegunya, imiyalelo yokulawula, kunye nokuyekelela kwe-bipartisan kuba yimfuneko xa indlela yewiso-mthetho inciphile. Isigaba sombindi sisebenza njengenkqubo ethintela nawuphi na umbutho ekulondolozeni amandla angathintelwanga kumaxesha aqikelelweyo, ikhuthaza ukwahlulwa kwamandla abaseki bawo kumGaqo-siseko.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwesininzi kunye Nesidanga

Enye yeempawu ezichazayo zonyulo phakathi kwexesha lokuvota ngumvoti osezantsi ngokuqhubekayo xa kuthelekiswa nonyulo lomongameli. Ngoxa unyulo lomongameli lutsale 55% ukuya kuma-65% abavoti abafanelekileyo, ukujika phakathi kusuka kwi 35% ukuya kuma-50%. Lo msantsa wokujika uneziphumo ezinzulu zomelo neziphumo zomthetho, kuba abavoti ababonisa phakathi kwimijikelezo batyekele ekubeni bakhule, bamhlophe, batyebe kakhulu, kwaye bagqithise kakhulu kuneengqondweni.

Unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lonyaka ka-2018 lwaphelisa olu nyulo ngolwandiso oluphawulekayo — malunga nama-50% abavoti abafanelekileyo abathathi-nxaxheba, elona thuba liphezulu phakathi kwenkulungwane. Oku kwaqhutywa ngokunyuswa kwemimandla yezobupolitika, inkcaso enzulu kuMongameli Trump, kunye nemigudu yokuququzelela imibutho yezentlalo. I-Democratic ukuthathelwa indawo kweNdlukwano yeNdlu. Ukuphenduliswa kwemimiselo yowiso-mthetho kwasusa uphakamiso lolawulo, uphando, kunye nemigaqo ephambili, ebonisa ukunxibelelana okuthe ngqo phakathi komvoti kunye nomgaqo-mthetho.

Iingxelo zembali kunye neeNkxaso

Uphando oluvela kwiZiko loPhicotho-zincwadi kunye neminye imibutho lubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuba abavoti basembindini abangommeli wabemi bemihla ngemihla njenge-asent. Abavoti abadala, ingakumbi abo baneminyaka engaphezu kwama-65, bathatha inxaxheba kwinani eliphezulu kakhulu phakathi kunabavoti abaselula. Abavoti abafunde kwikholeji bajika ngokuphinda-phinda nje umlinganiselo wabo bangenadiploma ephezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba iziphumo eziphakathi phakathi kwisigaba semveli zithambekela ekubonakaliseni iindidi ezimfa zonyulo oluncinane kunabavoti abambalwa kunabavoti bakamongameli.

Imigudu yokuvala isithuba sokuvota iquka ukubhaliswa komvoti okuzenzekelayo, ukwandiswa kovoti, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokubhalisa yosuku olunye. Amazwe amkela le miqathango atyekele ekuboneni ukuthathelwa inxaxheba okuphezulu phakathi kwexesha, nto leyo ethi ngokulandelayo ivelise amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho abonisa ngokusondele ngakumbi izinto ezithandwa nguwonke-wonke. Amaqela omthetho afana neBrennan Center for Justicest School of New York Collet abhale ingxelo elungileyo yoluvolo oluphakathi kwemithetho efikelelekayo kunye nokujika okunyukileyo, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela embali akhoyo.

Iziphumo zomthetho kunye nenkqubo ye-Agenda

Ukuqanjwa kweKhonklathisi emva kwesigaba sexesha eliphakathi kusichaphazela ngqo inkqubo emiselwe iminyaka emibini eseleyo yegama lobumongameli. Urhulumente omanyeneyo — apho iqela lomongameli lilawula omabini amagumbi — unceda amanyathelo omthetho afuna ingqwalaselo efuna ingqwalaselo, ukusuka ekutshintsheni kwezonyango ukuya kwirhafu engaphezulu. Ngokuchasene noko, urhulumente owahluleleneyo usoloko evelisa i-drock yomthetho, enyanzelela umongameli ukuba axhomekeke kwisenzo solawulo oluphezulu okanye afune i-bipartistan kwimicimbi engaphikisani kakhulu.

Qwalasela imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene: Emva kwexesha lonyaka-2010, amaRiphabliki afumana ulawulo lweNdlu ngelifa lembali elingu 63-afford's jing. Oku kwasusa ucwangciso lowiso-mthetho kummiselo woMgaqo-nkqubo wokunyamekela oMandla oBalekayo kunye nomgaqo-siseko wemali ekuchitheni isikwe, ukuphatha ulawulo lwe-Obama, kunye nemigudu yokuphelisa ulawulo lwezonyango. Amanyathelo amakhulu omthetho kwindlu ye-Obama White athe thatyathwa kakhulu emva kowama-2010, kunye nezivumelwano ezisinyithiyo kuphela ezisisikwere zemali kwimiba yoothetho kunye nolwando lwerhafu.

Ngokufanayo, phakathi konyaka wama-2018 kwabonwa iiDemocrates zithatha iNdlu ngenzuzo yama-40 yolwahlulo, ziphelisa ulawulo olumanyeneyo lweRiphabliki. Ulawulo lwezomthetho lwasuka kwimiqathango yerhafu nokungavumelani kwemigaqo-mthetho kwingxoxo yezibonelelo, i-application syndrogic, kunye neenkqubo zokuququzelela. IBhunga, elahlala phantsi kolawulo lweRiphabliki, lasebenza njengebreki yemithetho yenkqubela-phambili edluliswayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imithetho emitsha ebekelwe umda kodwa yavelisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo wolawulo.

Ubophelelo lweGrid, ukulalanisa, kunye nokuPhumeza

Ulwalamano phakathi kweziphumo zombini kunye nemveliso yowiso-mthetho aluchananga. Urhulumente owahluleleneyo angavelisa umthetho obalulekileyo xa omabini efumana isizathu esingunobangela omnye, njengoko kuboniswa lutshintsho lwentlalo-ntle yooPosidenti Clinton kunye neRiphabliki, okanye utshintsho lobulungisa phantsi koMongameli Trump kunye neBhunga elahluleleneyo ngo-201818. Ngokuchasene noko, urhulumente omanyanisiweyo akaqinisekisi mpumelelo yemithetho-mthetho, njengokuba amaqela angaphakathi enokuthi athintelwe njengengxabano ephakathi.

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziye zafunda iimeko apho imveliso yemithetho iqhubeka phantsi kwalo naphantsi kolwahlulo lorhulumente. Oothunywashe abaphambili baquka uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lwenyathelo kwimibandela e-i-itshati, ubukho bombumba onqamlezayo kwiinkqubo ezithile, kunye nenkcazo yokuba impumelelo ye-bipartis inceda omabini aphumele kwibhokisi yebholoti. Unyulo lwaphakathi lusebenza njengendawo yokuzilungisa kwakhona ezinokuthi zikwazi okanye zithintele ezi ntshukumo, kuxhomekeke kwiingcaciso zenkcaso.

Iimbambano Ezingundoqo Ezichaza Ukukhethwa Kwexesha Eliphakathi

Kukho unyulo oluphakathi lwemiba enxulumene nemithetho ephantsi evumela amadabi ewiso-mthetho aza kuza. Ngoxa iimbambano ezikhethekileyo zitshintsha nomjikelo wonyulo ngamnye, iindidi ezithile zisoloko zilawula intetho esembindini.

Umgaqo - siseko Wezoqoqosho Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Imeko yezoqoqosho ihlala ingumba obalulekileyo kukhetho lwabavoti abaninzi. Ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, ukunyuka konyaka, ukungasebenzi, nokuhlawulwa kwemali kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo intlalo-ntle yasekhaya, kuyenze iziphathi-mandla kwibhokisi yebhola. IiVoter zisebenzisa amaphakathi ukuvakalisa ulwaneliseko okanye ukunxunguphaliswa kolawulo lwezoqoqosho, nto leyo etshintsha inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ejikeleze inkqubo yerhafu, ukuchithwa kwezinto eziphambili, ukuthelelwa kwemali ematyaleni, ukuxoxa ngemiba yophahla, kunye nokungena kolawulo. Umlinganiselo wama-202222 phakathi, waphenjelelwa kakhulu yimiba yokwehla koxabiso, ikhokelela kwingxoxo engokongaphicotho lwemithetho engokwakhenkeko, imixokelelwano yolawulo, kunye nemiyalelo engokongazenyuswayo.

Unyango luye lwatshintshwa kwaye lufumaneke

Ubuchule bempilo busoloko buphakathi kwenkxalabo ephezulu kubavoti abaphakathi. Iingxoxo ezimalunga noMthetho weAffordble Care Act, uMdicaid wokwandisa i-Edicaid yeziyobisi zoogqirha, kunye nenkxalabo ye-inshorensi zikhuthaza abavoti kumacala omabini eemeko zobupolitika. Iziphumo ze-midterm ziqinisekisa enoba inkqubo yezonyango iyaqhubekeka na kulwando okanye iyathoba. Unyaka wama-2018, umzekelo, wabunjwa ngamandla atshintshileyo eRiphabliki, eyathi i-A i-Dmocratic Costation yaza yazalela iNd House ithathe ulawulo. Umthetho-modemodeli, kuquka ulwando lwenk ephambili lwenkcicicimbiza kunye nolo lwezintshulo lweziyobisi, ubonise ulungelelwando olutshintshileyo.

Ukufuduka noKhuseleko loMda

Inkqubo yokwahlula iintlawulo ihlala ingumba owahlulayo ophambili kumaphulo aphakathi. Iziphumo zomthetho ekufudukeni zixhomekeke kakhulu apho icandelo lilawula khona iKhomishini. Amaziko amakhulu aseRiphabliki atyekele ekumiseleni imiqathango yokhuseleko lomda, inkxaso-mali, kunye nemiqathango yokufuduka esemthethweni, ngelixa iDemocratic commentation ijolise kwimizila ekhokelela ekubeni ngumhlali, kwimi yeDamocratic kwiDrepers, nakuko yokukhusela inkqubo yokukhusela. Iminyaka yee-20222-phakathi yabona ukufuduka kuphuma njengomba ophezulu weRepublication, ipheraccoun, iphembele ingxoxo yemithetho engqungquthela ingquthela ingquthela yomda kunye nemithetho-mthetho.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwemekobume Nomgaqo-nkqubo Wemozulu

Iimbambano zokusingqongileyo ziye zakhula ngokukhula kunyuko lwaphakathi, ingakumbi njengoko ukuva imozulu kusanda. Iqela elilawula ulawulo lweBhunga limisela ukuba imimiselo yokusingqongileyo iqiniswe, ibuthathaka okanye igcinwe. Amagunya edemokhrasi aphambili akhuthaza izikhuthazo ezicocekileyo, ukuncitshiswa komphunga, kunye nokuzibophelela kwemozulu yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, ngelixa iinkoliso libeka ukukhululeka kwamandla, ukuveliswa kwamandla ezinto zamandla ezinto zakudala, kunye nokubuyiselwa komthetho-omatiloshe ofana noMthetho we-Inflation Reduction Act 2022, oquka ukubizelwa okubalulekileyo kolawulo lwemozulu olumanyeneyo kunye nendlela okuziziphumo zokumanyeneyo ezibonisa ukuba imekobume yemekobume yedemo-bume ka-democracratic yaye ezibonisa indlela ezimaphakathi zeziphumo ngayo kunyaka ezikhoyo.

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle

Ngoxa inkqubo yamanye amazwe idla ngokubonwa njengendawo yolawulo lomongameli, iBhunga linempembelelo enkulu ngezigqibo zenkxaso-mali, ukudityaniswa kwesivumelwano, ukujongelwa kwemisebenzi yobulumko, namandla okuvakalisa imfazwe. Unyulo lweMidterterm lungaguqula inkqubo yangaphandle ye-United States ngokuguqula ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula amandla owiso-mthetho kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Iingxoxo ngokumanyana kwemikhosi, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo, izifungo, izivumelwano, kunye nokudibana komcimbini ziphenjelelwa yi-Rhulument Congress. Umbian, umzekelo, unyulo lwamayela uninzi lwe-Democratic olunyanzelela ukurhoxa kwexesha lokurhoxakeka kwe-Iraq, luguqula inkqubo yelizwe le-U.S.

Indima yommi ekusebenziseni imithetho egunyazisayo ngamaxesha aphakathi

Kubemi ngabanye, unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha elithile lumela elinye lamathuba angqalileyo okuphembelela ulwalathiso lomthetho karhulumente norhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo lomongameli, apho umnqobi emela umbutho obanzi kwaye ngokufuthi elawula ukusuka embindini, amaxa aphakathi avumela abavoti ukuba bathumele imiqondiso engakumbi engokhetho lwenkqubo kumiselo olunciphileyo lwabameli. Ummi ovota kunyulo lwaphakathi unempembelelo engakumbi kulwakhenketho lokugqibela lweBhunga kunokuba abe ngumvoti kuphela othatha inxaxheba kukhetho lomongameli, ngenxa nje yokuba abantu abambalwa bebo abavota.

Ukwenza unyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo kugqitha ekufakeni ithala lovote. Abahlali abanolwazi bangaphanda iirekhodi zabavoti, bangene iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, bathabathe inxaxheba kwintlanganiso zomvotelwa, kwaye banikele kwimibutho ehambelana neenkqubo zabo eziphambili. Iintlanga zoluntu nomgangatho karhulumente, ezisoloko zigqitywe ngemida emincinane kakhulu phakathi kwiminyaka, zinokufumaneka ngokukhethekileyo kwimpembelelo yabemi. Iivotentiyo ezimbalwa zingagqiba iziphumo zohlanga lwesizwe lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho, ezithi, ezithi xa zijika imigaqo yomgangatho wemeko yomgangatho womgangatho wemfundo, iziteshishi, imimiselo yezindlu, imimiselo yezindlu, nokungena kovotako.

Ukubamba amagosa anyuliweyo amele aphendule ngomnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuthabatha inxaxheba phakathi kwexesha. Eli gama leNdlu yesibini lithetha ukuba abameli bajongana nabavoti rhoqo, bedala inkqubo yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwivoti yowiso-mthetho nakwizikhundla zemigaqo-nkqubo. Abami abagcina indlela abavote ngayo kumthetho omkhulu abanokusebenzisa iimini eziphakathi ukuvuza okanye bohlwaya ezo zigqibo. Oku kuphendula kuqinisekisa ukuba abashicileli basoloko besabela kwimi yabo, noko kwinkcazelo, kwaye banika umjelo olungeleleneyo wegalelo lommi kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Imibutho efana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMasipala, iVote.org, kunye neBallotia inika abemi ubuncwane bokuqonda oko kusengozini phakathi konyulo, ukubhalisa ukuvota, nokufunda ngeenkqubo zokuvota, kunye nee-collet. Ezi zixhobo zingeyoparantis zinceda ekuncedeni ibhulorho yolwazi edla ngokucinezela phakathi kwexesha lokujika, nto leyo eyenza abemi abangakumbi bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezithe kuhlolwa kwibhokisi yebhola.

Isiphelo: Amasuntswana Aphakathi njengoKhangelo lweDemocratic

Unyulo lweMidterm lukwindawo eyodwa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Abanayo idrama kunye nokuvukelwa phezulu konyulo lomongameli, kodwa banempembelelo eninzi kusuku lwenyani lomthetho nolawulo. Ngokumisela kwakhona ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kwiKhomishini, phakathi kudala umjikelo oziphindaphindayo wokuphendula, unyanzelisa umongameli kunye nesebe lemithetho yolawulo ukuba liphendule kwiinketho eziguqukayo zonyulo. Esi singqino somthetho siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mbutho mnye wezobupolitika unokuzibophelela ngokwawo, ukulondoloza ukuxinezeleka okuzinzileyo okucetyiswa yinkqubo yezomGaqonga.

Kubemi, isifundo sicacile: unyulo oluphakathi kwimeko enkulu. Ummi ovota kuphela kunyulo lomongameli uphembelela ngokunempumelelo kwimpembelelo yezigqibo ezininzi zemithetho eziza kwenziwa phakathi kwamabinzana omongameli. Imbambano echaza amaphakathi — inkqubo yezoqoqosho, ulawulo lwezempilo, ukufuduka, ukusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe — echaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Ukungenela konyulo lwaphakathi akungomsebenzi nje wesizwe kodwa kungukhetho olufanelekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba liviwe kwinkqubo eqhubekayo yokwenza umthetho. Njengoko umjikelo olandelayo wexesha elizayo wezonyango, ukuqonda oko kukuthi kubekho isithintelo nokubonisa ukuba nenxaxheba ekuhlaleni kusesona sixhobo sinamandla sokulungisa imicimbi yesizwe.