Ukwazisa

Ukuhlola okuthe kratya kumela isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukunika abemi indlela engqalileyo yokuphembelela ulwalathiso lwesizwe sabo, urhulumente, kunye noluntu. Kungaphezulu kakhulu kunesithethe `````ingumjelo oyintloko oya kuthi ngawo uluntu luguqulelwe kwisenzo sezopolitiko. Oku kuhlola oku kuninzi ngendima yokuvota ekulungiseni urhulumente, ukusuka kwimigaqo esisiseko yokumela nokuziphendulela kwimiqobo kunye neengxaki ezichaphazelayo ezichaza unyulo lwangoku. Ngokuqonda indlela ivoti nganye enegalelo ngayo kwisixhobo solawulo lwedemokhrasi, abemi banokuwaqonda kakuhle amandla abo kunye noxanduva kwabo ekulungiseni ubomi babo.

Ukubaluleka Kokwabelana Ngezinto

Ukuncoma kungumsebenzi osisiseko kunye nowamaqumrhu omsebenzi wedemokhrasi. Kusebenza njengendlela eyintloko yokuba abemi abaqhelekileyo balawule urhulumente wabo. Xa abantu bevota, benza okungaphezulu kunokhetho lwabaza kufumana unyulo − baqinisekisa yonke inkqubo yokuzivota. Isenzo sokuqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi ahlukeneyo aviwa, kwaye banika inkqubo enoxolo yokudlulisela amandla.

Izizathu eziziintloko eziliqela zigxininisa isizathu sokuba ukuvota kubaluleke gqitha:

Ngaphezu koko, ukuvota kuqinisa umanyano lwentlalo-ntle. Kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo, ibhokisi yebhola evoti inikela ibala eliqhelekileyo apho iingxabano ziconjululwa ngokucingisisa kunokuba zinyanzeliswe. Kugunyazisa iziphumo kwanakwabo balahlekileyo, lo gama inkqubo iqwalaselwe njengefanelekileyo.

Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Iigesi

Ukuvota kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe nakumazwe, kodwa amaqondo angundoqo ahlala engaguquki. Ukuqonda la manyathelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba nenxaxheba nokuthemba inkqubo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukubhaliswa, ukungena, ukuvota nokubala.

Ubhaliso lweVoter

Phambi kokuvota, abemi kufuneka babhaliswe, inkqubo engqina ukuba i-elegion (indawo, ubumi, ukuhlala). E-United States, iimfuno zobhaliso ziyahluka ngokwesizwe; abanye bavumela ukubhalisa okufanayo ngeli xesha abanye befuna ukugqitywa kweeveki phambi komhla wokhetho. Ngokwe-U.S. iKhomishoni yovoti, malunga nomnye kwabane abafanelekileyo abavoti baye babhalisa ubhaliso oludala, olunokubathintela ekufakeni ibholaot ( iKhomishini yokwandiswano - I-AURFOM - Onegunya ).

Iindlela zokusasaza

Iivoter namhlanje zinezindlela ezininzi zokuphosa iibhola zabo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvota kwi-inperson kuSuku loNnyulo: Indlela yesithethe, esasetyenziswa luninzi lwabavoti. Kufuna ukuya kwindawo yokuvota emiselweyo nokunika uphawu.
  • [[UMTL:0] uvoto lokuqala: amagunya amaninzi anika uvotelo kwangoko kumntu ovota kwindawo ekhethiweyo, ukunciphisa imigca kunye nokusasaza umvoti iintsuku okanye iiveki.
  • Iposi-ngaphakathi okanye uvoto olungekhoyo: Ababoshi bathunyelwa kubavoti abakubabuyise ngeposi okanye basebenzise iibhokisi zehlisela phantsi ezikhuselekileyo. Le ndlela iye yathandwa kakhulu, ingakumbi emva konyulo lwama-2020, nangona ijongene nohlolo oluphezulu ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko nokufikelela.

Uyilo kunye nokuqulethweyo

Iibhola ezibonisa abathathi-nxaxheba bee-ofisi ezahlukeneyo", irhuluneli, abamisi-mthetho besizwe, abagwebi, `abalawuli' ngokunjalo kunye neenyathelo zokufaka imbumbulu okanye ama-collem'. Abalawuli abayilwe ngobuhlwempu bangadida abavoti kwaye bakhokelele kwi-demote okanye iibhola zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingonakaliyo. “kunye i-complex colot" kunyulo lomongameli wama 2000 eFlorida’s shorensis iziphumo ezicacileyo. Iinkqubo ze-elektroniki kunye ne-scan zijolise ekunciphiseni iimpazamo, kodwa iibhola zomdla wamaphepha zihlala zingumzekelo wonyulo lonyulo lwemiphindo nokulandisa.

Ukubala Nokuqinisekisa

Emva kokuphonononga, amagosa onyulo abala iibhola zonyulo − ngobusuku bonyulo ngobude obungaphambili, elandelwa ngamanani asemthethweni aquka ukuphuma komqeshwa kunye nelo thala lokugqibela. Isiqinisekiso linyathelo lokugqibela, apho urhulumente okanye iibhodi zobulali ziqinisekisa iziphumo. Ukubonakala gca kwisigaba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthembekeni kukawonke-wonke; ulawulo oluninzi ngoku luqhuba ubalo-manani ohlahlo-lwabiwo-zincwadi lwasemva komjelo wokuqinisekisa amanani ematshini.

Impembelelo yokukhuthaza urhulumente

Isenzo sovota asipheli xa uvotelo luphela; iziphumo zalo zingena kumaleko wolawulo. Ulwakhiwo lokwakhiwa korhulumente, ukubeka izinto eziphambili kwimigaqo, kwaye ukuphembelela imibutho yentlalo nezoqoqosho yexesha elide.

Izigqibo Zemigaqo-nkqubo

Amagosa angondlelwanga asabela ngokungenakuphepheka kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabavoti-zikhetheleyo, kodwa iqondo lokusabela lingummeli ngokungena emdlalweni. Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa umvoti ephezulu phakathi kwamaqela afumana imali ephantsi, oorhulumente bamkela imigaqo eninzi exhasayo. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa kungenelwa abasebenzi be-skewssbate kubemi abatyebileyo, iinkqubo zidla ngokuxhasa izibiyelo eziphezulu-zingeneyo. Umzekelo, uhlalutyo lwemeko lwe-teko lwe-Broking Institution lufumene intswana elungileyo phakathi kwevotarver traut kunye nesisa sobugracties ([[FLT: 0]]]] imigaqo yemithetho ithambeka xa ifumana iziphumo zezenzo zokhuseleko zoluntu.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Emthethweni

Iziphumo zokhetho zigqiba kungekuphela nje ukuba ngubani onegunya, kodwa yiyiphi imibandela efumana udumo. Ukutshintshwa kolawulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho olulawulayo kungabuyisela ingqalelo kwingqalelo, masithi, ukusetyenziswa kwesiseko sokulinganisela irhafu, okanye ukusuka kumgaqo wemeko-bume ukuya kwinkululeko. Ukusekwa kweekomiti, amagunya olawulo, kunye negunya lomphathi ophetheyo konke kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo zonyulo. Kwinkqubo zomongameli, ubuninzi borhulumente owahluleleneyo kunye nolawulo olumanyeneyo kuphembelela isantya kunye nomgangatho womthetho.

Iinguqu Ezakhayo Entlalweni

Imibutho yembali yamalungelo asekuhlaleni, ukusetyenziswa kwamabhinqa, nokulingana komtshato kwafikelela usukelo lwawo ngokudityaniswa kwezenzo zobunyusi kunye nengcinezelo yonyulo. Ukuveliswa kwemithetho kunika inkqubo yokulungiselela inkqubela-phambili yentlalo. Xa inani elaneleyo labavoti abaxhasa ukuhlaziywa kwezomthetho, umzekelo, imithetho emitsha emalunga nokugwetywa, ukuthotywa, nokubuyiselwa kwabantu emakhaya isenokumiswa. Ngokuchasene noko, xa kuncitshiswe amaqela achatshazelwe yimigaqo ethile, loo migaqo isenokuhlala ingatshintshi.

Ubandakanyeko Lwezobupolitika Nokuthembana

Umvoti ophezulu udla ngokukhuthaza ukuthenjiswa kwengingqi. Abantu abavotayo badla ngokuxoxa ngezobupolitika, balandele iindaba, bathabathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Oku kubonakalisa isidima komeleza impucuko yedemokhrasi. Ngokuchasene noko, ukujika okusezantsi kungakhokelela ekudimazekeni nasekuncipheni kwentelekeleni. Iziko leZiko leZiko leMelika leNkcubeko lichaza ukuba ngoyena mvoti usezantsi uchaza kwakhona imigangatho ephakamileyo yobuchasi bezobupolitika ( Umbatha weMelika yenkqubela - 15: moya - , kunye nokunciphisana kwe-enga.[FLT]]).

Izithintelo Zokwabelana Ngentabalala

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kokuba nenxaxheba, abavoti abaninzi abafanelekileyo bajamelana nemiqobo ephelisa ukuguquka kwemikhwa, ebangela ukuba amaqela athile adibane, okanye ephelisa intembelo ekuthembekeni konyulo.

Imithetho yeVoter

Ngaphezu kwama-30 amazwe amisele imithetho engqongqo yabavoti. Ngoxa abaxhasi bephikisa ngokuthintela ubuqhophololo, uphando lusoloko lufumana ukuba ukuvota akuqhelekanga. UManyano lwaManyano lwaMantokazi Voters luqikelela ukuba le mithetho ichaphazela ngokungathethekiyo abavoti bemibala, abantu abakhulileyo, nabantu abafumana ingeniso ephantsi, abangenamathuba amancinane okuba neentlobo ze-ID ezifunekayo. Impembelelo ekurhoxisweni kwe-ID inokuba nentsingiselo; umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2013 eShelby County v v. URaker uvumela ukuba imbali yocalucalulo itshintshe imithetho yokuvota ngaphandle kokucalula, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyusweni kwemilinganiselo ye-ID kumazwe amaninzi asemazantsi.

Iinkupho zoFikelelo

Kusenzima kubantu abaninzi ukufikelela kwimiqathango. Iindawo zokutyela zidla ngokungabi nazihlalo zesitulo esinamavili, iminyango emincinane, okanye zisezakhiwoni ezingenayo imiqondiso eyaneleyo kubavoti abangakwazi ukubona. Imiqobo yeelwimi iyaqhubekeka: iSivumelwano samaLungelo sifuna uncedo lolwimi kumazwe athile, kodwa ukuthobela akuguquguquki. Ngaphezu koko, abavoti abasebenza imisebenzi emininzi okanye abasweleyo izinto zokuhamba banokufumanisa kunzima ukufikelela kwindawo yokucoca ngexesha elilinganiselweyo. I-National Disability Network Devity Network ixhasa ukuvota okulula, kuquka i-systemnside trans Covition kunye nokuhambisa i-otalog.

Inkcazelo

Ukusasazeka kolwazi olububuxoki ngokuvota . njengokungachananga kwemihla, amarhe okuzimilisela, okanye amarhe malunga nokuphangalalisa kwebhola, kusenokudida kwaye kuthintele abavoti. Iiplatfomu zezentlalo-ntle ziye zaba ziindawo zokuzalanisa i-prognographifix, maxa wambi zandiswa ngabadlali bangaphandle abafuna ukuhlwayela ukungavumelani. Ngenxa yokuba abavoti badla ngokuhlanganyela iintelekelelo ezingaqinisekwanga kwimixokiyo, ukulungisa ubuxoki kufuna imigudu ephambili kumagosa onyulo, iinkqubo zobucukubhede, kunye neenkampani zobugcisa. ICybersecurefire Secure Security Agement (ISA) inika oovimba bokucima unyulo ([FLG.[FG.0]]

Ucelomngeni Lokubhalisa

Iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zokubhalisa ngezantsi kwemiqathango yangaphambili, iimfuno ezingqongqo zokuhlaziya iidilesi, kunye nokuhlambulula kweeroli zabavoti---"acan diffranties" i-Union ye-American Civil Libercys (ACLU) ibhale ingxelo yeemeko ezininzi apho abavoti abafanelekileyo basuswayo kuluhlu ngenxa yeempazamo zabefundisi okanye ii-algorithm ezidibeneyo. Ukubhalisa okukodwayo kunye nokuvota okuzenzekelayo kuboniswe ukunyuswa ngonyuso lwe 5 ukuya kumanqaku alishumi achaza ukuba bamkela.

Ukungavisisani Okungaqhelekanga

Malunga nezigidi ezi-4.6 zamaMerika aneenkolelo ezingekho mthethweni azinakuvota ngenxa yemithetho ethintela amalungelo okuvota kangangeminyaka okanye ngokungapheliyo emva kokukhululwa. Oku ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela abantu base-Afrika, abavalelwe ngexabiso eliphezulu. Utshintsho lwakutshanje kumaphondo anjengeFlorida neKhalifoniya luye lwabuyisela amalungelo kwabaninzi, kodwa umsebenzi wemithetho owenzelwe ukuvala izithuba ubangela ukudideka nemiqobo eqhubekayo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuhambiseni Izinto

I-voteotate engolwazi ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. Imfundo ./_Imfundo esemthethweni kunye nezinto ezingacwangciswanga zasekuhlaleni ) zinika abemi ulwazi lokulawula inkqubo yokuvota kwaye benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Imfundo Esetyenziswa Ngamaxwebhu

Kuphela malunga nesiqingatha samaphondo ase-U.S. afuna unyaka opheleleyo wemfundo yoluntu. Abafundi abafunda ngamasebe amathathu karhulumente, imbali yamalungelo okuvota, nendlela yokubhalisa banokuvota njengabantu abadala. Iintlangano ezifana ne-ICbictures, ezisekwa yiJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo uSandra Day O’Connor, banika izibonelelo ezikhululekileyo ezibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho kunye neenkqubo zomthetho zifaka isiqinisekiso esinzulu. Ubungqina obuvela kwiZiko Lolwazi & Uphendlo lweCvic Learnity and Civicementment (CIRCIREEmentment) bubonisa ukuba abantu abaselula abafumana imfundo ephezulu yezezezemali entle ngokuphawulekayo banokuvota kunyulo lwabo lokuqala.

Imithombo yogcino-lwazi kunye nolwazi

Inkcazelo efikelelekayo, engeyoyapartista malunga nabachongi, imilinganiso yokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota zinika abemi amandla. IiWebsite ezifana neVote.org kunye neCanivote.org zinika iinkcukacha zokubhalisa, indawo yokuhlola, kunye nee-collets. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zonyulo zasekuhlaleni zifumana izixhobo ze-intanethi kunye neziqhubi ezishushu zokuphendula imibuzo yabo bavoti. Kuluntu olungaphantsi kwenkonzo, amathala e-medipolathisi athembekileyo anjengethala leencwadi, iicawa, iicawa kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni ulwazi oluchanileyo.

Ubungqina

Unyuko lojiko-jiko lolwakhiwo xa abamelwane bethetha nabamelwane. Ufundo olusuka kwiYale Institute for Social and Policy Studies lubonisa ukuba ubuso bobuso bujonge phezulu bunganyusa imbonakalo yokuposa exhotyiswe kakuhle ngeencam ezininzi. Iintlangano ezithi abangenisi be-athom, iiwatshi, okanye igalelo lomsebenzi woshicilelo olucacileyo zincede abavoti banxibelelane neenkqubo zedemokhrasi kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Lo mcimbi woluntu wokuvota uqinisa ingcamango yokuba ukuthabatha inxaxheba akusongelo nje kuphela sisenzo esithile kodwa ngumthwalo osisiko esidibani.

Ukucinga Okubalulekileyo Nokufunda

Kwixesha lobuninzi bolwazi kunye namajelo eendaba, abavoti kufuneka bavavanye ukuthembeka kwemiba ethethwa ngabatshati-nxaxheba nemigaqo-nkqubo. Imfundo yamajelo eendaba ifundisa indlela yokubona ikhethe, ukukhangela imithombo, nokwahlula iingxelo eziyinyaniso kwiimbono okanye kwinkcazelo egqwethekileyo. Izikolo eziphezulu neeyunivesithi zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo ukufunda amanani kwizifundo zazo zesikolo. Ngaphezu koko, isibakala se-99c i-Picillet Fact kunye ne-Chec.org ifundisa indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti beengxelo ezikhoyo

Ukuvuleka kwenqanawa nokubaluleka kwayo

Voter ipesenti yabemi abafanelekileyo abafaka ibholathi--li lisibonisi esingundoqo sempilo yedemokhrasi. Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, kunyulwa unyulo lomongameli wase-U.S. lusuka ngaphantsi kwama-50% ngo1924 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-66% kwi-202020. Unyulo lwemiphakathi lutsala abavoti abambalwa kakhulu, ngokuqhelekileyo abamalunga nama-40% ukuya kuma-50%. Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni, olunempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla (iebhodi zesikolo, amabhunga ezixeko, amabhunga akhoyo), lusoloko lubona ukujika ngaphantsi kwe-20%.

Ujiko oluphantsi luyingxaki kuba amagosa anyuliweyo asabela kakhulu kubavoti kunabangavoti. Xa inxaxheba iphoswa kuluntu oludala, olutyebileyo, olumhlophe, inkqubo kawonke-wonke ibonakalisa izinto eziza kuqala, ngelixa iimfuno zabaselula, amahlwempu, kunye nabantu abahlukeneyo bengenakuthelekiswa. Ukurhoxa kufuna ukudibana nemiqobo yokwakha kunye neziphene zezikhundla. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, iiholide zonyulo, kunye neposi yokuvota ezinwebileyo zibonise ukuba zinegalelo elikhulu. Okwangoku, iphulo eligxininisa imiba ephezulu yabafola-Rhoxiweyo ngokungxala ngokungxala lungakhuthaza abathathi benxaxheba abathathi bebathathi bathathe inxaxheba.

Ukuthelekisa kwezizwe ngezizwe kubalaselisa impembelelo yemithetho yokuvota. Amazwe anokuvota ngokunyanzelisayo, njenge-Ostreliya neBelgium, asoloko efumana isantya esingaphezulu kwama-85%. Nangona ukuvota okunyanzelisayo kuthandabuzeka eUnited States, lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba imicimbi yemimiselo yomthetho.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Zanamhlanje

Ukuqonda le mibandela kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukuvota kuhlala kulula, kukhuselekile yaye kuthembekile.

Ubuxhakaxhaka nokhuseleko

Oomatshini bovoto be-electronic beye basetyenziswa kangangamashumi eminyaka, kodwa inkxalabo ngokuqhekezwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye ne-software ye-software iye yabangela ukubuyela kwii-collets zovavanyo lwephepha kumaphondo amaninzi. Iindlela zephepha zibangela ukuba uphicotho-zincwadi lukwazi ukuvavanywa kunye nokuchazwa, ukubonelela ngengxelo engqinelayo enokukhangelwa nxamnye nobude bezixhobo ze-elektroniki. Iingcali zenkcubeko zigxininisa ukuba akukho nkqubo ingenakuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ukukhusela okungalinganiyo okunga, okuquka ukuvavanywa kovavanyo lwamaphepha, ukuvavanywa kweziphumo, kunye nokukhuselwa kweziphumo ezikhuselekileyo. I-Ifractive Infature Information Informationstyreal Instrificitys Center (ISAC) kunceda amagosa oonontlalo lwasekuhlaleni ukuba asongelo.

Ucinezeleko lwezixhobo zokukhupha igesi nokufikelela

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, igalelo lemithetho elithintela ukufikelela kovota liye ladluliselwa kumaphondo amaninzi, elisoloko ligwetywa ngoloyiko lobuqhetseba. Abahlalutyi baphikisa la manyathelo luhlobo lokucinezela ukuba ngokungenakulinganiswa kuthwale uluntu oluncinane. Ngokungakodwa, amazwana amaninzi aye andisa ukufikelela ngobhaliso lwe-intanethi, ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, kwaye akukho 76excuse olungekhoyo kuvota. Ida phakathi komthetho nolwandiso luza kuqhubeka, ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yemithetho yovoti yexesha elizayo.

Utshintsho Olusemnyango

Utshintsho olucetyiweyo lokomeleza idemokhrasi luquka:

  • Uvotelo olubiweyo: Bavumela abavoti ukuba bafumane abalawuli abakwizikhundla; ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufikelela kuninzi, ophantsi umvotelwa uyasuswa kwaye uvotelwe ngokusasazwa. Oku kunganciphisa iphulo elibi kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba abaphumeleleyo banenkxaso ebanzi.
  • Imisebenzi ezimeleyo yokuhlaziya: Ilungiselelwe ukulwa ukulwa i gerrymander ngokususa imaphu zokwenza ulawulo olude kumaqela omthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali yephulo lokuxhasa inkxaso-mali: Ukuthelekisa iminikelo emincinane nemali kawonke wonke ukunciphisa impembelelo yabanikezeli abakhulu ne PACs ezinkulu.
  • uvoti oluthandwayo lwesizwe: Isivumelwano selizwe esiphakathi esiza kufumana ivoti ehlawulwayo kumvuzo wevoti yoluntu lonke ethandwayo kanye yanele ukudibanisa amazwe.

Lutshintsho ngalunye lujamelene nemiqobo yezobupolitika, kodwa abaxhasi banokuthi banokuwandisa umvoti nomthembisi.

Isiphelo

Ukunika ingcebiso yeyona zixhobo inamandla abemi abanayo ukubumba urhulumente wabo. Imisela ukuba ngubani obhala imithetho, ocwangcisa uqingqo-mali, kwaye utoliko lobulungisa. Noko ke, isithembiso sedemokhrasi sizaliseka kuphela xa bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo benokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokukhululekileyo nangokulinganayo. Imiqobo eshiyekileyo ukusuka kwimithetho engqongqo ukuya kuphelisa imfundo enganelanga kunye nokungalungisi. Ngokunyusa ukufikelela, ukuphucula imfundo yezentlalo-ntle, kunye nokusebenzisa inkqubela yezobugcisa enyusa ukhuseleko ngaphandle kokucinezela, ibutho labantu linokusondela kumgangatho ofanelekileyo obonakalisa ngokwenene ukuthanda kwabantu. Unyulo ngalunye luthuba lokuqinisekisa umgaqo osisiseko ofanelekileyo osekelwe kwimvume elawulwayo. Ngokutsho ukuba ukuvota, ukuvota akuyiyo, akuyiyo iprojeki nje imo yorhulumente.