Ukwazisa: Indima yeSebe leMicimbi yezeNtlalo-ntle yaseOstreliya

I-Australian Treasure ingundo ongundoqo wolawulo lwezoqoqosho lwelizwe, isebenza ngokukhusela impilo yemali yelizwe. Phakathi kolona xanduva lwalo lubalulekileyo lulawulo lokwehla kwexabiso kunye nogcino lozinzo lwamaxabiso. Lo msebenzi asiyondlela yemfundo nje ephambili yokuzilolonga . Lo msebenzi uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla okuthenga kweentsapho, izigqibo zotyalo-mali, izigqibo zamashishini, kunye noncedo lwemeko-mali ekhoyo. Ngokugcina imekobume eqinileyo, i-oooootatatanti inceda ukuxela ubuchule kwizoqoqosho, ukuvumela abasebenzi nababeki-mali ukuba bacebise ikamva ngentembelo. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela yokungena kweBhosa, izicwangciso, izixhobo, izixhobo, kunye nemingeni efuna utshintsho olukhawulezi mhlaba jikelele.

Uzinzo lwexabiso lusoloko luchazwa njengokwehla kwamaxabiso okuzinzileyo. Xa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphezulu kakhulu, kuphelisa ingeniso yokwenene kunye nogcino, ingakumbi ezo zifumana ingeniso ezizinzileyo. Xa ziphantsi kakhulu okanye zingalunganga (zichithi), zingakhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nokungaguquguquki kwezoqoqosho. Umsebenzi weBhunga lezimali, ekunxibelelaneni ngokusondeleyo neReserve Bank yase-Australia (RBA), ijolise ekugcineni ukunyuka kwentengo kuludwe lwexhoba oluxhasa ukukhula. Oku kubandakanya umxube-ntla-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo zenkqubo, ukuqwalasela, kunye nokuqhubekela phambili.

Ukuqonda Ukukhuphuka Kwemali Nempembelelo Yako Kwimali

Unyuko lumlinganiselo apho umgangatho othe jikelele wamaxabiso ezinto kunye neenkonzo unyuka ngexesha, ukhokelela ekuncipheni kwamandla okuthenga ngemali. Nangona ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okuphakathi kunguphawu oluqhelekileyo lwezoqoqosho olukhulayo . Ngokufuthi ukunyuka kwemali okungamaxesha amaninzi kunokubangela ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwezoqoqosho okubalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwempahla, ukubhalisa imali eqikelelweyo, kwaye kungakhokelela ekuhlawuleni imali ejijekezayo apho imali nemali iqhutyekwa phezulu. Ngokuphikisana, ukukhutshwa kwemali, okanye ukuhla kwamaxabiso, kunokubangela abathengi ukuba bathengisele ekuliseni izinto ezithengwayo kwanamaxabiso asezantsi, nto leyo ibangela ukuncitshiswa kwemveliso, ukurhoxiswa kwemveliso, nokunyuka kokungabikho kwemisebenzi.

ITreasure kunye neRBA isebenzisa ulawulo lokwehla komonakalo lwesiseko solawulo kumathemba e-ankile. Ukususela ekuqaleni koo1990, ixhoba belikukulondoloza ukunyuka komaxabiso emali phakathi kwe-2-3% ngegama eliphakathi. Eli xhoba linika uphawu olucacileyo lwezigqibo zemali kunye neenkqubo zemali. Indima yeBhota yeyokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente ``indleko nerhafu-ukungahlawulwa kwemali''.

Uzinzo lwexabiso asisiso isiphelo ngokwalo kodwa yindlela yokufikelela iinjongo ezizinzileyo zezoqoqosho: ukwanda okuzinzileyo, ukungaqeshwa okusezantsi, nozinzo lwemali. Xa amaxabiso ezinzileyo, amashishini angenza izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezizinzileyo, abasebenzi bangenza izigqibo zexesha elide ngentembelo, bayakwazi ukunxibelelana ngemivuzo yabo yokwenene, kwaye abalondolozi bangaceba ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngaphandle koloyiko lokukhukuliseka. Ukuzimisela kukaNondyebo waseAustralia kolu sukelo kuboniswa kuhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lwe-data yezoqoqosho, kuquka i-Consumer Price Index (CI), i-APRIce Index Index, kunye nomlinganiselo ongundoqo wokunyuka kwexabiso.

Iindlela Zokulawula Ukukhuthala Kwemali

UNondyebo we-Australia usebenzisa iqhinga elizinzisiweyo lokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nokukhuthaza uzinzo lwamaxabiso. Oku kubandakanya intsebenziswano esondeleyo neReserve Bank yase-Australia, ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo, kunye nokujongwa okugqithiseleyo kweempawu zezoqoqosho.

Ukulungelelaniswa komgaqo-nkqubo wezesondo

IBhunga leMali lisebenza ngesandla-ngesandla-luvo ngeRBA, emisela inkqubo yemali, ngokunjalo ngolungiso lwemali kumlinganiselo wemali esemthethweni. Indima yeNgxowa-mali kolu manyano kukubonelela uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho kunye neentelekelelo, kwakunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-fiscal iyahambelana nokuma okubanzi kwemali. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, i-Mootal ixhasa inkqubo yemali yokwandisa inkcitho kwiinjongo ezingundoqo, kuquka uQondano-mali kunye nenkcitho yorhulumente eyandayo, ukuthintela ukukhutshwa nokufunwa kwemali eninzi. Ngokuphikisanayo, amaxesha okunyuka kokwehla kwexabiso, i-mali ingaxhasa ukufezeka kwexabiso le-RBA.

Olu manyano lumiselwe ngokusesikweni ngeentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo phakathi kwamagosa eTreasure kunye namalungu ebhodi ye-RBA, kwakunye nangeempapasho ezidityanisiweyo ezifana neCPF:0 [indlela yokusebenza yeBHD ne-Outlook. I-Others inika igalelo kwizigqibo zemali zeRBA ngonobhala wemali, olilungu leBhodi yeRBA. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yemali neyomali ayisebenzi kwiinjongo ezinqamlezileyo.

Amanyathelo Omgaqo-nkqubo Wemali

Inkqubo ye-Fiscal sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela imfuno edibeneyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukunyuka kwexabiso. UNondyebo wase-Australia usebenzisa ukuchithwa kwemali nohlawulwa kwerhafu kurhulumente okanye ukuvuselela okanye ukupholisa intlawulo yezoqoqosho. Ngexesha lokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, inkqubo yokwandisa irhafu okanye ukunyuka kwemali yesiseko sophuhliso lwendalo. Ngokuchaseneyo, ngexesha lokwehla komgangatho, inkqubo yemali enxulumeneyo, inkqubo yemali esetyenziswayo ukunyusa inkcitho okanye ukunyusa irhafunxa.

Umzekelo ongundoqo kukusetyenziswa kooNondyebo abazinzileyo, njengexabiso lerhafu elihamba phambili kunye neengenelo zokungaqeshwa, ezizilungelelanisayo nomjikelo wezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, xa uqoqosho lusanda kwaye ukunyuka komlinganiselo woqoqosho, ingeniso yerhafu ephezulu evela kwingeniso ephezulu inceda ukuthomalalisa imfuno ngaphandle kwenkqubo ecacileyo yomgaqo-siseko. Ngokuphikisana noko, ngexesha lokurhoxa kwemali, iingeniso zerhafu eziphantsi kunye nenkcitho yentlalo-ntlalo-ntle inika intshukumisa ecacileyo, njengemiqathango yokusebenza kwemali yexeshana ekhutshwayo kwixabiso lombane.

Uhlolo noqikelelo lweziBonelelo zezeNtlalo

Iveksi igcina inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali nezinye izibonisi ezingundoqo zezoqoqosho. Oku kuquka ukuhlalutya iCommerce Price Index (CPI), amanyathelo angundoqo okunyuka kwamaxabiso (njengokulungelelaniswa nokutyetyiswa kobukhulu bomjeliso), ukunyuka kwemali, ugcino-lwazi lwemisebenzi, kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ivector ivelisa uhlaziyo lwemeko lwezoqoqosho oluthe rhoqo, kuquka i-Outlook Economicrogen kunye ne [[FLT]-UMFMEARD [2] I-UMFOKS, kunye ne-UMFSCY OK [[FLT]], ezinika iinkcukacha kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko.

Ezi zixelo zingaphambili zijongelwe phambili ekuziseni izigqibo zenkqubo. Umzekelo, ukuba iprojekthi yokunyuka kwamaxabiso eemodeli iza kugqitha kwibhanti elijoliswe kulo ngenxa yokunikezela ngothuko okanye imfuno enamandla, iTreemote ingacebisa ngolungiso olutshayelelayo. ITreate ingasebenzisana namanye amasebe karhulumente, njengeAustralian Bureau of Statistics, ukuphucula ubunjani bogcino-lwazi kunye nokusebenza kwexesha. Le ndlela yobungqina iqinisekisa ukuba iimpendulo zenkqubo zijoliswe kwisigqibo kwaye ziyasebenza.

Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa nguNondyebo ukuze Kugcinwe Ixabiso

Iverhe inezixhobo ezininzi ekulayishwa ngazo, ezininzi zazo zisetyenziswa ngokunxulumene nezixhobo zemali ezilawulwa yiRBA. Ezi zixhobo zenzelwe ukuphembelela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okufunwa kwamacala onikezelo.

Imilinganiselo yeNkxaso noQoqosho

Ngeli xesha i-RBA imisela umyinge wemali esemthethweni, izigqibo zenkqubo yemali zinokunyusa okanye ziphinde zithintele iziphumo zenkqubo yemali. Umzekelo, ukuba iRBA inyusa inzala ukunqanda ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, iNgciwo yemali inganciphisa iindleko zikarhulumente ngexesha elinye ukuze iphephe imiqondiso ephikisanayo. Umlinganiselo wemali yetyala kunye nendleko yokuboleka zichaphazeleka kogcino-mali, nto leyo echaphazela indleko yetyala likarhulumente. Ngokugcina indawo yesandi, i-Trente inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yemali yeRBA iyasebenza.

Iventie ilawula ityala likarhulumente lenkqubo yokunika ubuchule. Ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, iTreasure isenokunikezela ngamaqhina omfutshane okwandisa inzala ukunciphisa umngcipheko wenzala, okanye ilungise ukwenziwa kwamatyala ukulawula ukuswela kwemali. Olu manyano luyimfuneko ukulondoloza ukuzinza kwemali.

Umsebenzi wokujolisa kwisakhelo sokunyuka

Isibini-3% sexhoba lozaliso lomgangatho wesiseko senkqubo yemali yase-Australia. Umba wemali uxhasa eli xhoba ngemithetho yayo yezorhwebo kunye nenkqubo yokwakha. Umzekelo, irhafu kunye neenkqubo zokudlulisa iveyinti zenziwe ukuba zingathathi cala kwixesha lokungqinelana, ngoko ke azincedi ekuncipheni kwexabiso le-SAPS. I-Otherineal isebenza nakuphucula uphuhliso lwemveliso, nto leyo enceda ukugcina amaxabiso eqinile. Iingcebiso ezinje njengomgaqo wokhuphiswano, ukukhuphiswano, kunye notyalo lwezimbo lwemali zijoliswe ekunciphiseni iindleko kunye nokwandisa umthamo woqoqo lwezoqoqosho ukuze lukhule ngaphandle kokubangela ukunyuka kokwanda.

Indima kaNondyebo ekunyukeni komonakalo wemali ikwabandakanya ukunxibelelana nokuqiqa emva kwezigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngokuchaza indlela inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwemali ehambelana ngayo nexhoba lozaliso, iNondyebo inceda uluntu lonke ukuba lulindele ugcino-mali, olungundoqo othintelayo ukunyuka kokwenyani komngcipheko. Le yinxalenye yecebo elibanzi lokubona ngaphaya komthetho kunye nokuphendula.

Uhlengahlengiso lwemali nerhafu esetyenziswa ngurhulumente

Umba weMali unolawulo olubalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, oluphembelela ngqo iimfuno ezidibeneyo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lochaphazeleko lwasemva kwepandemi, uNondyebo wasebenzisa uthotho lwemilinganiselo yokuchitha okujoliswe kuko, njengolu [[FLT: 0] ucwangciso lokuzisondeza ngokuzeleyo kunye nenkqubo yeBhunga leKhaya, ukukhuthaza iimfuno ngaphandle kokuphelisa uqoqosho. La manyathelo athe athe athe ngqo agqitywa ukuzalisekisa imali ye-RBA'.

Kwirhafu, iNgxelo yeNkcitho iyakwazi ukutshintsha irhafu yengeniso yomntu ngamnye, irhafu yequmrhu, kunye nerhafu engangqalanga njenge-GST ukuze iphembelele ukusetyenziswa kwemali. Umzekelo, ukunciphisa irhafu ngexesha lokuhla kwerhafu kungayinyusa ingeniso elahlwayo kunye nemfuno, ngoxa ukwanda kwerhafu kunokuthoba ukufudumala kwezoqoqosho. Kwakhona iNgxelo yemali isebenzisa inkqubo yerhafu ukubeka phambili ekulondolozeni imali, nto leyo enokuthi incede kunciphe ingcinezelo yokwehla kobungakanani.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yoLawulo nenkqubo

Ngaphezu kolawulo olufutshane olufunwayo, iBhunga leMpahla lisebenzisa iinkqubo zokwakha ukunyusa ukuphumelela koqoqosho ekuncipheni kwemali. Oku kuquka utshintsho kwiimarike zengqesho, zezombane, kunye nokunikezelwa kwezindlu (ezinako ukuchaphazela uzinzo lwamaxabiso.) umzekelo, inkqubo yeBhunga lemali [ ijolise ekunyuseni ukuphumelela kwentengiso kunye namaxabiso asezantsi abathengi. Ngokufanayo, amanyathelo okwandisa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu anceda ekuthinteleni ukutsaleka kokutsalwa kwemali, okuyilungu elikhulu leCPI.

Iveksi ikwabandakanyeka kwintsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngemiba efana ne-G20 ne-OECD ukusingatha iingcinezelo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso ehlabathi, ezifana nokunikezela ngetsheyina kunye nexabiso lemveliso. Ngokukhuthaza urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe notyalo-mali, i-Cetary inceda ukucutha ukunyuka kwamaxabiso athengwa kwamanye amazwe.

Imbali Neembalasane Ezibalulekileyo

Indlela ye-Australia yokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali ivele kangangamashumi eminyaka. Kwiminyaka yee1970 kunye neyowe-1980, ilizwe lafumana ukunyuka okuphezulu nokuguqukayo, lifikelela kwincopho engaphezulu kwe 17% ekuqaleni koo1980. Oku kwakhokelela ekuthatheni ixhoba lokunyuka kwamaxabiso emali ekuqaleni koo1990, okokuqala, ngokwamathub, kwaye ngokusesikweni yiRBA. IBhosamente yadlala indima ephambili kulo tshintsho ngokugxininisa uqeqesho lwemali kunye nokuxhasa ukuzimela kwebhanki ephakathi.

Ngexesha lonyaka ka-1990, ukujolisa kweNkcitho yoqingqo-mali kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamatyala kwanceda ukugcina ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kusezantsi. Ixesha lokusukela ku-1993 ukuya ku-2007 laziwa ngokuba yi "Great Morional," enenani elikhulu," elizinzileyo kunye nokwehla kwamaxabiso. I-Global Finance Crisis ka-2009 efunekayo ilungelelaniswe kunye nentshukumisa yemali, eyathi iveliswa yindleko kunye nokugawulwa kwerhafu. Kutshanje, isibeko se-COVID sabona ulwando olungenakuthelekiswa nanto, kulandelwa kunyuko okuthe kratya okusuka kunyuko okukhawulezileyo kunyaka wama-2021 ukuya phambili. Impendulo ye-Trentine yaquka ukurhoxinzeleka okuthezelela kunye nokuxhasa umjikelo we-RBAn.

Ezi ziganeko zembali zigxininisa indlela yokulungelelanisa ugcino-mali. Ingxaki nganye inike izifundo eziphucule iindlela zayo, ezifana nokubaluleka komlinganiselo wexesha, iingozi zokungalawuleki kwemithetho kunye nemfuneko yonxibelelwano olucacileyo.

Iingxaki Nembono Yekamva

Ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi. I-Ostreliya yezoNkcubeko ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olufuna ukucinga ngendlela entsha nokusekwa kwemigaqo eqinileyo.

Ukungaqiniseki Kwezoqoqosho Emhlabeni Wonke

Amatyathanga adibeneyo emhlabeni wonke, uxinzeleleko lwezepolitiki, kunye nentengo yentengo zizinto eziphindaphindwayo zemithombo yamaxabiso emali. Iventi kufuneka isebenze namaqabane amazwe ngamazwe ukunciphisa ezi ngozi. Umzekelo, imfazwe eUkraine kunye nesigwebo eRashiya zikhokelele ekuxinzeleleni kumandla nakumaxabiso okutya, okuye kwabangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali yasekhaya. Ngokufanayo, ukuphucula kwemali emva kwe-pance kuye kwaphawulwa ngeebhotile zokunikezela ngebhotile, eziye zasetyenziswa yiTrentern ekhothayo ngemiqathango yemali, enjengemali esetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kwemali yasekhaya.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kukwaphakamisa iingozi ezintsha zokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Iziganeko zemozulu ezigabadeleyo zingaphazamisa imveliso yokulima, isiseko somonakalo, kunye nokwandisa iindleko zamandla. Ukuphendula kwenkqubo yeNgciwa-mali kuquka ukuxhasa ukuguqukela kuqoqosho oluphantsi ngotyalo-mali oluneekhebhuli kunye nokutyalwa kwekharbon, okunganceda ekuzinziseni ukulindela kwexabiso elide.

Iinguqu Ezakhelweyo Kwimeko - bume

Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, enjengokuzihambela nokukhutshwa kwamanani, ineziphumo zokuhla kwexabiso ngokucutha amaxabiso, kodwa ikwadala iingxaki zokulungisa. I-Otherine kufuneka ilawule ezi nguqu ukuze iphephe amaxesha okungaqeshwa nokukhutshwa kwemali okuphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abalupheleyo eAustralia baza kubeka uxinzelelo kwiindleko zikarhulumente kwimpilo nempesheni, ezinokuthi zibe nokunyuka kwemali xa zinokukhatshwa kukunyuka kwemveliso. Iingxelo zenani leenkqubo zenani lenzala kunye neziphumo ezithe kratya ezithe zaxa zijongene nokutshintsha oku.

Ukulungelelaniswa komgaqo-nkqubo nonxibelelwano

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lokunyuka kwexabiso lufuna umanyano olungenamthungo phakathi kwemali nemithetho yemali. Noko ke, kunokubakho ungquzulwano phakathi kweenjongo zexesha elifutshane zezobupolitika kunye nozinzo lwexabiso elide. Uvezi-mali kufuneka agcine ukuthembeka kwakhe kunye nozimele-mpumlo ukuze axhathise iingcinezelo zemigaqo-nkqubo yolwandiso. Ngaphezu koko, unxibelelwano noluntu lubalulekile. Ivelisa iinkcukacha zokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkqubo ukunceda ekulindeleni kwee-ankile nokuthembana.

Ukukhangela phambili, uNondyebo uya kuthatha ubuchule obunamandla bokufuzisela, njengokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene kunye nokufunda ngomatshini, ukuphucula ubuchule bokuxela kwangaphambili. Kuza kufuneka kwakhona kudibane imozulu kunye nolwakhiwo lwezoqoqosho lwemivo engundoqo. Ikamva lolawulo lozaliso luza kufuna ubuchule bokulinganisela ulawulo olufunayo kunye notshintsho olusecaleni konikezelo, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezinto eziphambili zasekhaya, kunye nocelomngeni olukhawulezileyo oluzinziswayo.

Isiphelo: Ukuxhathisa intlawulo kwihlabathi Elitshintshayo

Indlela yeNkcitho yemali yase-Australia yokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nozinzo lwamaxabiso ibanzi, iyalungelelaniswa, kwaye isekelwe kubungqina. Ngokunxibelelana ngokusondeleyo neBhanki yeReserve, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule benkqubo, kunye nokujongwa okuqhubekayo kwemiqondiso yezoqoqosho, i-Mootal ifuna ukugcina ixhoba lokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-oyile enceda i-Australia ngaphezu kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka. Ngoxa imingeni efana nokutshatshaza komhlaba wonke, iinguqu zesakhiwo, kunye nemithetho yezorhwebo iqhubeka, amandla e-oventi yemali okufunda kwizinto zakudala kunye ne-information ngekamva icebisa ukuba iqhubeke isebenza kakuhle.

Uzinzo lwexabiso asilolonto nje elijoliswe kulo ngobuchule ```isiseko sokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, ukulingana kwentlalo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemali. Umsebenzi weNgcitho uqinisekisa ukuba abantu base-Australia banokuceba, bachithe imali, bachithe imali, bachithe kunye nokuzifica ngentembelo, kwanakumaxesha angaqinisekanga. Njengokuba kuvela iingozi ezintsha, ukusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya kutshintsho lwamanani abantu, ukuzimisela kukaNondyebo wobungcangca, ukutshintsha, ukutshintsha, nokucotha, kunye nohlalutyo olungqongqo kuyakuba ngundoqo ekulondolozeni ixabiso nokuxhasa unyuko olupheleleyo.