Inkululeko yokuthetha iphakathi kweziseko ezixabisekileyo zolawulo-demokhrasi, enika abemi ithuba lokwabelana ngeengcamango, ukugxeka amagunya, nokuba nenxaxheba kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela kukarhulumente. Kodwa ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo aliyomvume epheleleyo; lisebenza phakathi kwemiqathango echazwe kakuhle elungelelaniswe ukulungelelanisa izimvo zomntu ngamnye ezichasene nokhuseleko loluntu, ulungelelwaniso loluntu, nodumo lobuqu. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi lwamalungelo okukhululekileyo eUnited States, iimeko zembali nezomthetho ezibayila, iindidi ezithile zentetho eziyekele ukukhuselwa ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko, kunye nezicelo oluvelayo oluvelayo olubangelwa yimigangatho yokunxibelelana kwemicimbiso-manani.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo

IsiHlalisi Sokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., esagunyaziswa ngo-1791, sivakalisa ukuba "IKhonvolet ayiyi kwenza mthetho owenziweyo ... ophazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yoomatshini bokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo." ekuqaleni eli lungiselelo lalisebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Ngokwale mfundiso equlukileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa uLawulo Lokuqala kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokusebenzisa uMqhubiso-mthetho we-145, u-Clausces, uqala nge-[FLT] .[FLT] v. Ngonyaka we-1925 [1925]).

Umlinganiselo wentetho ekhuselweyo ubanzi. Ayiquki nje kuphela amazwi abhaliweyo kodwa ikwaquka izenzo zomfuziselo zokwenza iflegi ngokubhijela, ukunxiba intonga emnyama esikolweni, okanye ukuguqa ngexesha lengoma yesizwe. INkundla ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakusilela ukuthetha ngenxa yokuqulethwe yiyo, umyalezo, okanye imbono ngaphandle kokuba intetho ibekwe phakathi kwecandelo elimxinwa eligqalwa njengengakhuselekanga ngokwembali.

Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Njengentetho?

Imbonakalo ekhuselekileyo idlulela ku:

  • IVerbal nonxibelelwano olubhaliweyo
  • Imizobo nezomculo
  • Igalelo lephulo lezobupolitika (njengohlobo lwentetho yokomfuziselo, nge-
  • Izixhobo ze-intanethi, amagqabaza, kunye namajelo eendaba
  • Ukwala ukuthetha (imfundiso yokunyanzela, iWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette[[FLT: 1]]))

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba akuyomfuneko ukuba intetho ixhaphake, ihlasele, okanye ichane ngokunjalo ukuze inandiphe ukhuseleko. Umzekelo, iingxelo ezibubuxoki ngoomakhareji basekuhlaleni zifumana ukhuseleko ngaphandle kokuba zenziwe ngezona nkohlakalo ( iNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan)

Izigqibo Eziyintloko Zenkundla Ephakamileyo Ziphazamisana Nokuthetha

Ukuchazwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha kuye kwavela ngezigqibo eziphawulekayo ezichaza imida yegunya likarhulumente. Ngeli ngezantsi zizinto ezinempembelelo.

Uvavanyo Olucacileyo Nolukhoyo Lwengozi

Scheck v. United States [1919], iNkundla yaxhasa ukuthembeka komsoshiyali owasasaza amaphecana achasene nenqwelo-moya ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi I. UJaji Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wabhala ukuba intetho inokuthiyekwa xa idala "indawo ebanzi nekhoyo" yokuzisa ubungozi obukhoyo" ukuzisa iiBhunga elingaphantsi kwengqungquthela linelungelo lokuthintela. Ityala lavelisa isigebenga esikhwaza ngobuxoki "Fire" kwiholo ezelelekileyo ayikhuselwanga.

Ukulwa Amazwi Nentetho Ehlasimlis ’ Intliziyo

Caplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) yaseka "imfundiso elwa namagama". Inkundla yathi ukuthukwa kujoliswe kumntu osenokuba uxhokonxa impendulo ekhawulezayo ingaphandle kokhuseleko loMgqomo wokuqala. Olu didi luhlala lumxinwa kwaye lulinganiselwe kakhulu ngemithetho kamva.

Ukuvuselela Novavanyo LweBrandenburg

Brandenburg v.O. [1969] [1] [1] endaweni yovavanyo "cred kunye nengozi ekhoyo" ngomlinganiselo ongqongqo kakhulu. Intetho ekhuthaza isenzo esingekho mthethweni ikhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba ijoliswe ekukhuthazeni okanye ekuphumezeni isenzo esimandundu okanye isenokwenzeka ukuvelisa isenzo esinjalo. Olu miselo lwanika ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kwintetho emenyezelayo, kuquka i Ku Klux Klan coansties, ngaphandle kokuba ithetha ngokucacileyo ifuna ugonyamelo olukhawulezileyo.

Intetho Engumfuziselo Nokutshisa Iflegi

[ TEXS v. Johnson (1998), iNkundla yathi ukutshisa iflegi yaseMelika njengohlobo lokuqhankqalaza kwezobupolitika kunguhlobo olukhuselweyo lwentetho yomfuziselo. Isigqibo saphinda saqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukunqanda intetho kuba ichasene noninzi.

Ukunganyaniseki Novavanyo LweMiller

Miller v. California (1973]) yachaza ubunyhukunyho njengentetho (1) ekhuthaza umdla ophezulu wesondo, (2) ibonisa okanye ichaza ihambo yesini ngendlela engaqhelekanga ngokwemigangatho yasekuhlaleni yale mihla, kunye (3) nokungabi naxabiso elinzulu lombhali, lobugcisa, lobupolitika, okanye lwenzululwazi.

Ukuchaswa

New York Times Co.v. Sullivan [1964]) utshintsho lomthetho wokwenzakalisa ngokufuna amagosa kawonke-wonke amangalele isoli-mrhumo ukungqina "ububi obuqhelekileyo""" ukuze le ntetho yobuxoki yenziwe ngokwazi ubuqhophololo bayo okanye ukungakhathaleli ngeyona ndlela inyaniso. Le milinganiselo yanwetyelwa kumanani kawonke-wonke kwaye ishiyeka intsika ephezulu ye-upont.

Ukuthiya Intetho Nesiseko Somsebenzi

INkundla iye yagqiba ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba intetho yentiyo, nokuba ingathandeki, ikhuselekile jikelele ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kwindawo emileyo efana nokuvuselela, amazwi okulwa, okanye izisongelo zokwenyaniso. Matal v. Tam (2017]), iNkundla yabetha umthetho othintelayo izikhalazo ezicaphukisayo, iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuphinda athethe ngokuchasene nembono.

Iindidi Zentetho Azikhuselwanga

Ngoxa inkoliso yabalindi beFirst Amendment ichaza imibandela yabo, iindidi eziliqela ziye zagqalwa njengeziphumayo ngaphandle kweambrela yayo ekhuselayo.

Ukuvuseleleka Kugonyamelo

Njengoko kuqinisekiswe kwi Brandenburg, intetho ekhuthaza ngokucacileyo isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esikhawulezileyo kwaye isenokuvelisa isenzo esinjalo isenokuthintelwa. I-odoli nje yeengcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni, kwanemvukelo enogonyamelo, iyakhuselwa.

Amagama Alwayo

Ukuthukwa ngokobuqu okungabangela ukusabela kogonyamelo ngokwemvelo akukhuselekanga. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yayivala le mfundiso ukuze ingasebenzi kugqabaza lwezopolitiko.

Izisongelo Zokwenyaniso

Ingxelo zokuba umntu osengqiqweni angayichaza njengembonakaliso enzulu yenjongo yokwenza ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni nxamnye nomntu okanye iqela alikhuselekanga. Virginia v. Black (2003), iNkundla yayibambelele kwelokuba ukunqumla ngenjongo ukusoyikisa kungakwalelwa.

I-obcenity

Izinto ezincinci, njengoko zichazwa uvavanyo lwe-Miller , alunalukhuselo lomgaqo-siseko. Iiphonografi zabantwana azikhuselekanga, nokuba azihlangani ne [ Imilinganiselo, ngenxa yengozi ebandakanyekileyo kwimveliso yazo.

Ucaphulo

Amabinzana obuxoki enyaniso anokuthi ayenze ubani abe netyala. Umgangatho wokuzikhusela uxhomekeke ekubeni i-pontiff ngumntu oqhelekileyo (obonisa ubungendawo bokwenene) okanye umntu wabucala (ongakufuniyo ukungakhathaleli).

Ubuqhetseba Nentetho Ebangela Ukuba Ihambo Yezaphuli - mthetho Ibe Nempembelelo

Ubuxoki obubangela umonakalo obonakalayo − njengobuqhetseba, ukunyoba, okanye ukunyoba.

Intetho Yentengiso

Izibhengezo kunye nonyuselo lorhwebo lufumana ukhuseleko oluncinci kunezindululo zoLuhlu lokuqala zezopolitiko okanye zobugcisa. Zingalawulwa ukukhusela izinto ezibubuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo, kodwa izithintelo ezicacileyo kwimveliso yolwazi ziphantsi kohlolo oluphakathi ( I-Central Hudson Gas & Umbane. v. IKhomishini yoMsebenzi woMsebenzi we-Phondo).

Imiqathango Karhulumente Efanelekileyo: Ixesha, Indawo, Nendlela

Kwanentetho ekhuselekileyo ingathotyelwa kwimithetho esengqiqweni engajolisi imixholo yayo. Le ibizwa ngokuba lixesha, indawo, indlela ethintelwa ngayo. Ukuba ngumGaqo-siseko, imithetho enjalo kufuneka:

  • Luthelekise (lusetyenziswe kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi imbono isithethi)
  • Ukunika umdla obalulekileyo kurhulumente
  • Shiya i-aces ezivulekileyo ezinokusetyenziswa kwezinye iziqhagamshelanisi zonxibelelwano

Imizekelo iquka ukufuna imvume yeentlanganiso ezinkulu zikawonke-wonke, ukunyanzelisa imithetho yengxolo kummandla ohlala abantu ebusuku, nokulinganisela ukukhutshwa kwamaphecana kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ukuze kuphephe ukuxinana. Urhulumente usenokubiza impahla ethile kawonke-wonke njenge-"nonpublic forum" (umz., iziko lomkhosi, iintolongo) apho intetho inokulawulwa ngokungqongqo ngakumbi.

Imfundiso Yembali Kawonke - wonke

Iinkundla zahlula izithuba zikawonke-wonke zibe ziindidi ezintathu:

  • uwonke-wonke wesithethe weendawo zogcino-lwazi: izitrato, iipaki, kunye neendlela ezisecaleni kwendlela (ii-speech) apha ufumana eyona ndawo iphezulu yokhuseleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uyilo lukawonke-wonke lweendawo zoburhulumente: luvulelwe umsebenzi ochazayo, njengamagumbi entlanganiso kawonke-wonke okanye iindawo zeyunivesithi.
  • Impahla yorhulumente engasetyenziswayo ngokwesithethe ekuthetheni, njengeetheminali zesikhululo senqwelo-moya okanye isiseko somkhosi.

Imithetho kwizithethe neendawo zikawonke-wonke ezimiselweyo kufuneka zingangeni cala kwaye zifakelwe ngokunqamlezileyo. Kwimimandla engeyoyayo yoluntu, imiqathango kufuneka ibe nengqiqo kwaye ingabi nambono imbi.

Ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo Kwiinkampu Zasekolishi

Amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo anikela iingxoxo ezikhethekileyo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Njengabadlali bephondo, amayunivesithi oluntu kufuneka ahlonele amalungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala wabafundi nabaqeshwa. Noko ke, imekobume yasezikolweni iye yaba ziindawo eziphambili kwizithethi eziphikisanayo, intetho yentiyo, kunye nemfuneko yokufuna "indawo ezikhuselekileyo"

INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi IHealy v. James (1972) yagqiba kwelokuba iikholeji zikawonke-wonke azinakuwathintela amaqela abafundi kwiklasi kuba nje ulawulo lungavumelani nesigidimi sazo. Ngokufanayo, Rosaster v. University of Virginia (1995] ikholelwa ukuba iyunivesithi kawonke-wonke-wonke ayinakukwazi ukuxhasa impapasho yonqulo lomfundi ngoxa ixhasa amanye amaqela abafundi amaqela ejongelwanolwano.

Iiyunivesithi ezininzi zikawonke-wonke ziye zamkela "imithetho yobugcisa" ethintela ukuhlazisa okanye ukukhathaza intetho. Iinkundla ziye zabetha imigaqo ebanzi ekhuselwe kakhulu. ISebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yamalungelo abantu likwalumkisa ukuba ukukhathazwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka kuhambelane noMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Kwemimiselo.

Iiyunivesithi ezizimeleyo azinyanzelekanga ngokuthe ngqo kuMmiselo Wokuqala woLawulo kuba aziyontlangano karhulumente.

Ixesha Lamanani Nokuthetha

Imigangatho yamanani ``izixhobo zentlalo-ntle, ii-Web site, ii-foums, kunye nee-apps' zokuthumela imiyalezo] ziye zandisa indlela yokuthetha yomntu ngamnye. Kodwa zikwaphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngendlela imigaqo yenkululeko yokuthetha esebenza ngayo kwizikhewu zemibutho yabucala kunye nonxibelelwano olunenothungelwano emhlabeni wonke.

Izixhobo zobugcisa zoluntu njengeNtlanganiso entsha yoluntu

Packingham v. umNtla Carolina (2017]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela i-media yentlalo njenge "isikwere sikawonke-wonke sangoku" kwaye yakholelwa ukuba umthetho obhangisela abaphuli-mthetho ababhaliswe ngokwesini ekungeneni kwiFacebook kunye namanxuwa afanayo achasene noMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko. Ummiselo waqinisekisa ukuba izithuba zamanani zibalulekile ukwenzela ukukhuselwa kwentetho.

Kanti iinkampani zezentlalo zobupolitika zizimeleyo yaye zinelungelo lokunyanzelisa imigaqo yazo yokulungelelanisa izinto. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxoxo ezishushu ngokuvavanywa kwendlela yokuhlola, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho echaziwe, nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-siseko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi amaqonga amakhulu asebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo kwintetho yesidlangalala, ngoxa abakhuseli bephawula ukuba ukuthamba kubalulekile ekulweni nokukhathazwa ngokweempazamo, kunye nokungavumelekanga.

Icandelo 230 kunye noMthetho

Icandelo 230 loMthetho woNxibelelwano woMthetho woKhupho (1996) linika ukhuseleko olubanzi kwimigangatho ye-intanethi ukwenzela i-odoli elungiselelwe umsebenzi. Ikhusela iinkampani ekuphathwe njenge "publisher" yecandelo lesithathu lezithuba ngeli livumela ukuba zineliseke ngokufanelekileyo kukholo olulungileyo. Esi sicwangciso somthetho sinconyelwe ngokunceda ukukhula kwe-intanethi kodwa sikwagxekwa ngokuvumela ulwandiso oluyingozi ukuba lunyuke. Izicelo ezininzi zomthetho zifuna utshintsho okanye icandelo le-Repetalial Ligalelo 230, kunye neziphumo zokuthetha ngesisa kwi-intanethi.

Ukubuyiselwa kukarhulumente kokuthetha kwiNtetho

Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke baye bazama ukulawula intetho ye-intanethi, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele iintetho eziphosakeleyo, intiyo, kunye neengcamango zabanqolobi. EUnited States, iSiHlamiso sokuqala simisela imida engqongqo kwimigudu enjalo. Ngokomzekelo, imithetho ejolise "amaphephandaba angekho mgangathweni" isenokungaqondwa njengemiqathango esekelwe kwiimbono.

Noko ke, urhulumente unokulawula iindidi ezithile ezincinane: ukungenelela konyulo lwamanye amazwe, ubuqhetseba nokuphembelela ugonyamelo.

Ukhuthazo lwemithetho-siseko kunye nolawulo

Iplatforms zisebenzisa ii-algorithm ukucebisa umxholo, ngokufuthi ukuvumela ukuganana ngaphezulu kocoselelo. Oku kungakhulisa intetho ebubuxoki okanye eyingozi. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-algorithm kufuneka kuphathwe njengendlela yesenzo somhleli, ukukhutshwa kwamaqonga eCandelo 230. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukufuna amaqonga ukutshintsha amanani kunokubacinezela ukuba bathethe ngokugqithisileyo, ngokucaphukisayo.

Imbono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngenkululeko Yokuthetha

Indlela yokuthetha ekhululekileyo yaseMerika iphakathi kweyona ikhuselayo ehlabathini.

  • Canada: Itshati yase Canada yoKhuseleko nenkululeko ikhusela indlela echanekileyo kodwa ivumela imida elungileyo. Imithetho yentetho yentiyo, kuquka leyo ithintela ukukhuthaza intiyo ngokuchasene namaqela aziwayo, iye yaxhathiswa njengelungeleleneyo.
  • IsiJamani: ngokugqithisileyo] ukukhusela isidima somntu ngamnye, ukuvalwa komthetho waseJamani kuphembelela intiyo yobuhlanga, ukukhanyelwa koBulawa bamanzi, nemiqondiso yamaNazi. I-Networkment Act (NetzDG) ifuna amaqonga onxibelelwano ukuze kususwe ngokukhawuleza oko kuqulethwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • [[NTL:0] I-United Kingdom: i-UK iyalela intetho esongelayo, etshabhisayo, okanye ethukayo ngenjongo yokukhuthaza intiyo yobuhlanga. Imithetho yokuhluthwa ikwayiyo ngokucacileyo ukuba ngumhlobo kunase-U.S.
  • Fransa: umthetho wamaFrentshi ubopha intetho yentiyo, ukukhanyelwa koBulawa bamanzi, kunye nokunyeliswa. Urhulumente ukwathathe amanyathelo okulawula inkcazelo ngexesha lonyulo.

Izixhobo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke, njengeGatya 19 loMvumelwano weZizwe Ngezizwe Ongokwamalungelo Abemi NawamaProtiliti, zikhusela ukuthethwa kwenkululeko kodwa zivumela imiqathango yokhuseleko, ucwangco nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke. IUnited States iye yabeka amatyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yayo yokuHlakulelwa koQala imigaqo ayichatshazelwa yizivumelwano.

Imigaqo Yamaxesha Angaphambili Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Iingxoxo ezikhululekileyo namhlanje zisusiwe kakhulu.

  • [ isithethe sorhoxisa: unxulumano lukawonke-wonke olucociweyo okanye olususiweyo kubantu ukwenzela iintetho eziphikisayo, kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nomgca phakathi kweziphumo zoluntu kunye nohlalutyo lukarhulumente.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukususwa kwamanani eprofile ephezulu kumaziko aphezulu entlalo kukhuthaze ukufuduka ukuya kumaqonga ngomlinganiselo omncinane wolwaneliseko, ukudubula inkxalabo ngamagumbi esandi kunye notshintsho.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imisformation kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo yempilo:[[FT:1] Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amaqonga azama ukulungelelanisa ukususwa kwemiba yobuxoki engothintelo nokuphepha ukuqhatha. Uxinzelelo lukarhulumente kwiqonga ukususa intetho ethile ephakanyisiweyo kwi-alamu yokuHlayisha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-ethermakes kunye ne-media: iziqulatho ezifakelweyo ezibonisa ngokungeyonyani abantu bokwenene kwimeko ezivavanya ukonakalisa okukhoyo kunye nemithetho yemfihlo kwaye zisenokufuna iiseko ezintsha ezisemthethweni.
  • Inkululeko ye-Academic kunye nembono engafaniyo: Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imeko- bume yaseyunivesithi iya isohlwaya iimbono ezigqwethekileyo okanye ihetrodox, ngoxa abakhuseli besithi amaziko asabela kwingozi yokwenene kwintetho yentiyo.

Isiphelo

Inkululeko yokuthetha asilolungelo elingenasiphelo. UMthetho wokuqala Wokwenziwa komthetho ukhusela umgangatho omde wentetho, kodwa ukwabonisa iindawo apho ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, isidima sobuqu . Imilinganiselo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo isoloko ivavanywa ngobugcisa obutsha, imigaqo etshintshayo yentlalo, kunye neenkcazelo zomthetho. Ukuqonda le mida kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo awo ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukuxhasa utshintsho. Njengoko ummandla wamanani eqhubeka uguqula indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, imigaqo yembono yokuba nembono encinane, ukuthungalinganiyo, nokukhusela okuqinileyo kwiingcamango ezingaqhelekanga kuhlala kusekho intlungela ye-demo-democracrac.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga i 'ACLU'' isikhokelo sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, iprojekthi Oyez kwiimbono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye nezifundo zophando kulwazi lwenkululeko yolwimi.