Ukwazisa: ISicwangciso soMgaqo-siseko soHlelo loBuongameli eIndiya

Ukuququzelelwa koMongameli wase-Indiya yenye yeenkqubo ezizizolo nezinesiphumo ezifakelwe kumGaqo-siseko. Yenziwe kungengesixhobo sezobupolitika kodwa njengendlela yomgaqo-siseko ukuba igcine intloko yesizwe ijongene netyala lokwaphula umthetho okunzulu komGaqo-siseko. Ngokungafaniyo nokususwa kojaji okanye amanye amagosa aphezulu, ukungaququki kukaMongameli kubandakanya inkqubo yequasi-judaric ebandakanya iindlu zombini zePalamente. Le nkqubo idla ngokuqondwa njengesenzo somthetho-mthetho opheleleyo, eneneni, ukuvavanywa apho iRayya Sab (iBBBhunga yeMicimbi) idlala indima epheleleyo njengomzimba we-Austriactic kunye noweader. Eli nqaku linikezela inyathelo elibanzi, elibanzi ngenkcazelo echaneyo yendlela yokuqwalasela iSystan; ii-scriars, iimbopheleleko ezingongobumthetho zendlu ezingongongongongongongongongongongomthetho, eziphezulu, kunye nezomthetho, kunye nezomthetho-

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Inqaku 61

Ukuququzelelwa koMongameli kulawulwa ngokungqalileyo liGatya 61 loMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Eli nqaku libeka phantsi yonke inkqubo, ukusuka ekuqalisweni kwetyala ukuya kwivoti yokugqibela. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umGaqo-siseko awusebenzisi igama elithi “ i-appachment ” ngokucacileyo; endaweni yoko libhekisela kwi “ libhekisela kuMphathiswa wesalathisi ngokuchasene noMgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yahlukile kwinkqubo yokususwa kwejajiko-mthetho yabagwebi okanye uMongameli, njengoko ifuna uninzi olukhethekileyo kuzo zombini izakhiwo zePalamente, ngokunye ukuqulungela izityholo nokuqhuba okunye. URayshabab uthatha indima yokuvavanywa kwegumbi xa kuthengwa i-Lohab, okanye ulawulo lwe-Shab, njengoko ingena kuqinisekisa ukuba umlawuli wephondo oyedwa.

Iziseko zokwandiswa: “ Ukuqulunqwa komGaqo-siseko ”

Ekuphela kwesizathu sokungagunyaziswa kwemithetho-siseko phantsi kweQumrhu 61 ukusetyenziswa koMgaqo-siseko . Eli binzana liye lashiywa libanzi ngabom ngabalawuli befreyim ukuquka uludwe lokuziphatha okubi okululayo okululazayo, okungalulanga ukusetyenziswa komthetho-siseko. Noko ke, asikokufumana ilungiselelo. Ukwaphula umthetho kufuneka kube nzulu, kwangabomqukelwe, yaye kunxulumene ngqo noMongameli u&astquququququququ; imisebenzi enyanzelwe ngabomrhu. Imizekelo iquka [[FLT.2:] ukungazithobeki kwemi izifungo ezikhatywayo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla onegunya elikhethekileyo, nokuba kungenziwangavunywanga kumthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko wezomgalelo.

Ukuqalisa Le Mgaqo: Indima Yendlu Yokuqala

Icebo lokufundisa lingaqalwa kwi iNdlu yePalamente i &nact] &nash; i Lok Sabha okanye i Rajiya Sabba. Inqaku lantla linika imbono edityanisiweyo yokuba isoloko iqala kwi Lok Sabha, kodwa ayilunganga. Ukuba ikhona iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu. [IiNdlela ekhethekileyo] ivumela nayiphi na iNdlu-ndlu ukuba iqale iNdlukhwe (indlu yokuqala) ibeke ifamza okanye idlulise. Ukuqalisa, isaziso sokuhamba kwento eqhutyweyo. [iiinkcukacha eziphezulu ze-FFFFFFoct:2] phambi kokuba kukhelele ikhefu ekhoyo. [indlela epheleleyo yocatshulo, isuke isuke ipenyekelele impondo yendlu.]

IRaje Sabra NjengeNkundla Yokuvavanya Iinkundla

Xa intshukumo enzima iqala kwi Lok Sabha, iRajiya Sabha iba yi “ Second House ” isebenza ngokuphengulula izityholo. Eli lelona nyathelo libalulekileyo lenkqubo. IRajiya Sabha ayithanga nje kuphela isalatha izityholo; iqhuba ikomiti yayo ngokwayo ezimeleyo. Inkqubo eRajinya Sabba ixhomekeke kwityala. Ityala linikwa, kwaye uMongameli unikwa ithuba lokuzikhusela, enoba kusini na okanye ngesiluleko esisemthethweni. I-Rajiyaha ingakhetha ikomiti yokuhlola ubungqina, amangqina, kwaye iqokelela amaxwebhu. Noko ke, isigqibo sokugqibela sihlala kwindlu yonke. Indlu yaze ivote, nokuba ifuna ityala eliqinisekileyo. [i-FF.4] ikho i-Syhany elona ligosawsss.[11]

Inyathelo Elicokisekileyo (Xa Lok Sabha Initiates)

Ukuze le nkqubo icace, nanku ukupheliswa kwenyathelo elikwiziphakamiso ezikwiLok Sabha (okuyinto eqhelekileyo kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, nangona ingengomGaqo-siseko).

Inyathelo 1: Ukudrafti nokusayina isaziso

Ubuncinane isine esinye samalungu apheleleyo eLok Sabhaha (ngamalungu angama-553, ngoko ubuncinane bemiqondiso eli-136) kufuneka sisayine isaziso esibhaliweyo esichaza izithuba zokungabhangi. Isaziso sinikezelwa kuMthethi weLok Sabhaha. USomlomo usihlola ngokuthobela umGaqo-siseko.

Inyathelo lesi - 2: Ukucingisiswa Yilok Sabha

Ukuba uSomlomo uyavuma isaziso, intshukumo ibekwe phambi kwe Lok Sabba ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo. Emva kwengxoxo, ivoti iyathathwa. Ukudlula, intshukumo mayikhusele uninzi lwamalungu angengaphantsi kwamashumi amabini anesithathu ephelele eLok Sabhaha (umzekelo, i-362 yamavoti athandwayo, akhalisa onke amalungu angama-553 abekho kwaye akukho zithuba). Ukuba ihamba, iyathunyelwa kwi Rajiya Sabha kunye neenkcukacha zezityholo.

Inyathelo lesi-3: Yazisa uMongameli

ILok Sabha yangoko yazisa uMongameli waseIndiya ukuba isigqibo sokungathobeli kwakhe sidlulisiwe. UMongameli ukwanikwa ikopi yezityholo kwaye unikwa ixesha elifanelekileyo lokulungiselela ukhuselo lwakhe. UMongameli angakhetha ukuphendula ngokubhala okanye abonakale ngesiluleko phambi kweRajeya Sabha.

Inyathelo 4: Uphando Netyala KwiRaje Sabha

IRajiya Sabba ngoku ithatha indima yayo njenge House yokuhlola. Usihlalo weRajiya Sabhaha (uMongameli onguMongameli waseIndiya) uyalawula kwimicimbi, kodwa ukuba uMongameli uyacelwa, uMongameli usenokuba nenkxwaleko yomdla (ngokuba uza kuphumelela uMongameli ukuba ususiwe). Kwimeko enjalo, uSeander Chairman uyalawula. URajiya Sabha umisela umhla wokuvavanywa kwetyala. Indlu ingagqiba ukuqhuba uphando olunzulu ngekomiti ekhethileyo, okanye iqhubeke ngqo ngengxoxo ezityholo. UMongameli (ngesiluleko) uvunyelwe ukuba anikele ubungqina, amangqina okunqamleza i-amine, kwaye aphikisane. URajinha angaqinisekisa naluphi naluphi na uxwebhu olufanelekileyo. Lo mntu uqulu xwebhu, okanye uxwebhu, u-Sjuab, umele aqhubeke ngqo ngetyala elinjalo.

Inyathelo 5: Ukukhaliswa kwiRaje Sabha

Emva kophando neempikiswano, iRaje Sabha impikiswano yokubhengeza uMongameli enetyala. Intshukumo mayidlule kwakhona ngamalungu amabini anesithathu amaninzi e Rajiya Sabha. Ukususela oko i Rajiya Sabha inamalungu angama-245, ubuncinane bevoti ezili-164 bufuneka ukuze buthandwe (ukunganikwa zithuba kwaye onke amalungu akhoyo). Ukuba ukushukuma, uMongameli uhlala esusiwe. Ukuba iyangaphumeleli, inkqubo iphela kwaye uMongameli ukhululekile.

Inyathelo lesi-6: Ukususwa nokuphumelela

Xa iRajiya Sabba idlulisa isigqibo, uMongameli uyeka ukubamba isikhundla ukusuka kumhla wesigqibo. UMongameli ongumongameli usebenza njengoMongameli de uMongameli omtsha anyulwe. Inkqubo yokwayama ayinakucelw'elwa nakweyiphi na inkundla ngaphandle kwesizathu sokungekho mthethweni okanye ukwaphula umthetho wendalo. Iinzuzo zezi zityholo azihlolisiswa ngumgwebi kuba iGaqo 61 linika iPalamente igunya lokugqiba ukufaneleka kwezityholo.

Ukubaluleka kwendima yeRaje Sabha &rsquo

IRajiya Sabba &ssquo; ibandakanyeka akungomthetho nje oqhelekileyo. Yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko eqhutywa ngabom ukukhupha ukhutsho oluphezulu kunye nolungelelwano lorhulumente kwinkqubo yokungakhuthazi. IRajiya Sabba imela amaphondo, kwaye amalungu ayo awanyulwanga ngqo ngabantu ngendlela efanayo neLok Sabba Amalungu. Oku kunika indlu ephezulu imbono engaqhelekanga, ethotyelwe yingcinezelo ekhawulezileyo. Ngokufuna ukuba zombini iHoes &mdash, imele abantu (iLak Sabba) kunye namanye amalungu amele amazwe (Rayaha) u-Sabba) avumelanayo, umGawulayo, uqinisekisa umanyano olwahlukileyo noluhlu lwezopolitiko. Ngaphezu koko, uklele ukuba omabini kwiNdlukwano yeNdluea eMkhosi weNdlueaweea, emele umongameli omnye, ngaphandle kokuba evumelanelwe umongameli owedwa, uvumelane umongameli owemandunduku, uvumelane i-&dashdash, avume loo mongameli, uyavuma, urhulumente

Imbali: Ngaba Kwakha Kwalingwa Ukuzama Ukuzilawula?

I-Indiya ayizange ibone ukuphenjelelwa okupheleleyo koMongameli. Noko ke, kukho iimeko apho izisongelo zoMgaqo-siseko zasetyenziswa njengoxinzelelo lwezobupolitika. Eyona meko iphawulekayo yeyo inguMhosana uGianil Zail Singh[ ekugqibeleni koo 1980. Ukungathobeki kokuziphatha okubi kunye nokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko kwafakwa, kwaye ukushukuma kwenyathelo kwabekwa kwiLok Sabha. Noko ke, xa ezinye iintsebenziswano azizange zidibanise inkxaso yesine, kwaye umbangongono ayizange iphume emva kwesigqibo sokungafuni ukunyulwa kwakhona. Olunye uvavanyo lwabandakanya [FLT:P.P.[3] Krayn.[3]

Uthelekiso nenkqubo yokulunga kwezinye imikhosi

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo indima yeRajiya Sabha, kuluncedo ukuthelekisa i-Indiya &squo; inkqubo kunye neyase-United States. E-US, ukuyenganiswa kuqaliswe yiNdlu yabameli (abaninzi abaqhelekileyo), kunye nokuvavanywa nokuyimela kufuna isibini sesithathu soninzi kwiKhote. I-Indiya Actrsquo; imodeli iyafana kodwa inesicombululo esingundoqo: eIndiya, iNd, iNdlundlo kufuneka igqithe ithuthisi epheleleyo yamalungu ayo, kanti kwindlu yase-US, ingangenelwa ngamalungu ayo akhoyo. I-Endiyakhququa; isebenzisa i-ethe ncam ephezulu yeminye i-Asfe; i-ekhompumenti, i-Authomos. I-Authom, isebenzisa i-EXEXEX.

Ukuhlaziywa Nokugxekwa Okunokwenzeka

Abanye abaphengululi bomgaqo-siseko baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yokungagqibeki intsonkothile kakhulu kwaye ayinakusetyenzwa ngokwezobupolitika. Imfuneko yokuba abantu ababhinqileyo babini- 3 kwizindlu zombini (abangamalungu apheleleyo, hayi nje ngoku) yenza kube nzima ukususa uMongameli ngaphandle kokuba kukho inkxaso enkulu ye-bipartian. Abanye bachaza ukuba inkcazo ecacileyo ye- &lquo; ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezomthetho ngokungekho mthethweni; ukushiya umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezobupolitika, nangona kungakhange kwenzeke nto leyo. Kuye kwacelwa izicelo zokwenza lula inkqubo okanye zokunciphisa umqobo wokuqalisa, kodwa akukho mzamo womthetho onzulu owenziwe. I-Rajyavia &harsques; indima yokuvavanywa kwegumbi lokulawula i-gconvolustra i-ast.

Isiphelo: IRaje Sabra njengeGuardian of the Conduitmental

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuvavanya obandakanya iRaje Sabha ngumgaqo-nkqubo olungelelanisiweyo oxhasa ubungcwele bomGaqo-siseko ngelinye igama lolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Indlu ephezulu i’ indima njenge-uphando kunye negumbi lokuvavanya iqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukususwa koMongameli kusekelwe kwisiseko esipheleleyo, i-quasi-juvia-justia, kungekhona kwiingcingo zezopolitiko. Isenzo esizininzi esiyimfuneko kwi-Rhabhuthi ku-rapy Sabha sinikeza isivikelo esiqinileyo ekuxhaseni i-swini, siqinisa umgaqo othi uMongameli asebenze njengentloko yesizwe, hayi njengeqela eliphambili laliphi na iqela lezobupolitika. Nangona inkqubo ingasetyenziswanga ekuqhelisweni kwayo, isebenza njengemfuneko enamandla ekuthinteleni i-gropublicrac. Ukuqonda okufanelekileyo, ubuchule obuqhelekileyo, ubuchule bokuqonda nokuqonda nokuqonda i-embalelo lwe-Endiya; [F1] uqeqesho olupheleleyo, uphakadeluthe [3] oluthe `Foful