Ukwazisa

Ukubhaliswa komtshato ofanayo ngokwesini kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kuye kwaguqula ngokusisiseko ucwangciso lwemali kunye nokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwelizwe lwe-LGBTQ+ izibini. Akusanyanzelekanga ukuba kuxhomekeke kumaxwebhu asemthethweni asemthethweni okanye kwithemba lokufumana imvume elungileyo, izibini ezitshatileyo ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo elinye ngoku zifumana ukhuseleko olufanayo lwemithetho evumelaniswe nezibini ezisebenzisanayo. Ukuqonda indlela la malungelo omtshato adibana ngayo neengenelo zomhlala phantsi komhlala-phantsi, ucwangciso lwerhafu, ucwangciso lwerhafuzo, ucwangciso lwendawo, kunye nokunyanyekadelwa akucelw'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii kuphela kodwa kwano kooomatheyi, kwanabenzi bemithetho efuna ukukhuselwa ngokhuseleko. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lwamalungelo ohlukeneyo

Indaleko Yamalungelo Omtshato Kubantu Abatshatileyo Abangoondini Abafanayo

Phambi kokuphela kwenkulungwane yama-20, ulwalamano olufanayo lobufanasini lwalungabonakali kakhulu emehlweni omthetho. Umlo wokulingana kwenkundla yomtshato waphumelela ku 1990 nasekuqaleni kowama- 2000, namazwe anjenge-Netherlands (2001), iBelgium (2003), iKhanada (2005), kunye neSouth Africa (2006) ekhokela indlela. EUnited States, inkqubela yabakho ngokwezigqibo zenkundla yomgangatho wenkundla kunye nemilinganiselo yebhola, ephumela kwisigqibo somqukumbelo we-U.S. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0]] Ogberge b. Hods[FLD:1] [20], eyayikholelwa ukuba izibini ezingomblo-ex zinokuhlala phantsi kwe-Genethi ye-Genethi. Oko kuqukunyuselwa kwandisa ulawulo olumaninzi lwezinyuko, kuquka intlawulo lwezibonelelo, kunye nentsebenzisoluso , i-somrhutho, kunye ne-orvertiventi, i-ogne, i-sorverse.

Inkqubela yehlabathi lonke ayihambelani. Ngokwama-2024, umtshato osisini omnye usemthethweni kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30, ngoxa abanye abaninzi benikela amaqhina angokwamakhaya kuphela okanye bengaqashelwa kwaphela. Kwanakumazwe apho umtshato usemthethweni, izibini zisenokujamelana neengxaki ukuba ziyafuduka okanye zithathe umhlala-phantsi kwimithetho engaziqondiyo izibophelelo zazo. Ukuqonda eli thuba lamalungelo liyimfuneko nakwesiphi na isibini esihamba nomhlala phantsi kwesitsha esinomhlala phantsi esinokubandakanye iindawo ezininzi okanye ukufuduka kwezizwe ngezizwe.

Indlela Amalungelo Omtshato Akuchaphazela Ngokungqalileyo Ngayo Ukuceba Umsebenzi Womhlala - phantsi

Umtshato unika intsalela yenzuzo karhulumente neyaseburhulumenteni echaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ingeniso nomhlala-phantsi nokhuseleko. Kwizibini ezinesini esifanayo ezingazange zifumane ezi nzuzo ngaphambili, inguquko iye yatshintshwa. Ngeli ngezantsi ziinkalo ezingundoqo apho amalungelo omtshato adityaniswa khona nocwangciso lomhlala-phantsi.

Iingenelo Zokhuseleko Loluntu

Enye yezona zinto zixabisekileyo kubantu abaninzi abathatha umhlala-phantsi luKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle. Phambi komtshato, izibini ezilinganayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo okanye ezisindileyo azinakufumana iingenelo ezikhoyo. Emva [[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges, iNtlalo-ntle yoLuntu (SA) iyaziqonda zonke izitshato zobudlelane ezisemthethweni eziye zasetyenziswa ngokwenjongo enye:

  • Inzuzo ezikhoyo: Iqabane elisezandleni eziphantsi lingafumana inzuzo efikelela ku 50% yeqabane elikwindawo ephezulu yokuhlala umhlala-phantsi ngexesha bobabini besaphila.
  • Inzuzo yokusinda: Emva kokufa kweqabane, iqabane eliseleyo lingafumana i-100% yengenelo yomsebénzi ofileyo, xa kufikelelwa iminyaka ethile kunye nexesha lomtshato.
  • [[NTL:0] Inzuzo yeqabane lomtshato: Ukuba umtshato uphela ngoqhawulo mtshato ubuncinane emva kweminyaka eli-10, lowo ebeliqabane lomtshato unokuba ufanelekele ukufumana iingenelo ezisekelwe kwingxelo yengeniso yeli thuba.

I-SSA isebenzisa “indawo yemibhiyozo” umthetho: ukuba umtshato wenziwa ngokusemthethweni kumthetho ovuma umtshato ongokwasemgaqweni, uvunywa ngenzuzo karhulumente nokuba isibini sihlala kwilizwe elingaphiliyo. Izibini ezitshatileyo ngaphambi konyaka ka-2015, i-SSA ngokuqhelekileyo iwujonga umtshato njengosemthethweni okhoyo okanye ukususela ngomhla womtshato, lowo ungowokuba kamva. Oku kungachaphazela izibalo zeengenelo zabasindileyo, ezifuna ubuncinane umtshato weenyanga ezisithoba kwiimeko ezininzi.

Isibini kufuneka silungelelane ngobuchule obuthelekisa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo. Umzekelo, iqabane elingatshatanga lingafuna ukufumana iingenelo ezincinane kwangoko livumela iingenelo zaso ukuba lilibazise ukuthenga ityala lomhlala phantsi. Kwelinye icala, umvuzi ophezulu ungazilibazisa iinzuzo eziya kufikelela kwiminyaka engama-70 ukuze aphucule ekugqibeleni. Ukusebenzisa i-SSA kumatshini wokubala okanye ukubuza umcebisi wemali oqhelene nezibini eziziintlobano zesini eziziintlola ezizinceda ekuphuculeni ezi zigqibo.

Iingenelo Zerhafu

Izibini ezitshatileyo zingakhetha ukudibanisa irhafu yengeniso karhulumente kunye okanye ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwizibini ezininzi ezinee-computes ezifanayo, ukuqokelela iziphumo zerhafu ephantsi, ingakumbi xa elinye iqabane lifumana imali engakumbi kunelinye. I-actal seappoint ivula ufikelelo:

  • I-IRA ehlaziyiweyo kunye nobuchule bokufak ’ isandla kwiRoth IRA yeqabane elingasebenziyo.
  • Ityala lerhafu elifunyenweyo (kwizibini ezifumana ingeniso ephantsi).
  • Imali yokuhlawula ityala lomntwana nelokunyamekela umntu oxhomekeke kuye.
  • Izindlu nezipho ezikhulula irhafu ezivumela iqabane ukuba lidluliselwe ngaphandle kwerhafu okanye ukukhulula ubomi balo bonke.

Noko ke, “isohlwayo somtshato” singasebenza xa omabini amaqabane efumana ingeniso ephezulu efanayo. Kwezi meko, ukugada ngokwahlukeneyo ngamanye amaxesha kunganceda, nangona kudla ngokukhulula izibini ezitshatileyo kwityala kunye nezincono ezininzi. Izibini ezifanayo-sexesheni maziqhube iintelekelelo zerhafu zisebenzisa zombini iimfuno zomhlala-phantsi nyaka ngamnye, ingakumbi xa ingeniso ithe yatshintsha. Kwakhona kubalulekile: i-IRS ifuna ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo zisebenzise i-fashoni enye kurhulumente ebuyisela imbuyekezo zisebenzisa irhafuthezo zomrhumo ezikhoyo, ezinokuthi zibangele iingxaki ngokwemiqatha yemiqathango yazo yerhafuwo yazo.

Ukubonelela Ngesibonelelo Nelifa

Umtshato unika iqabane ngalinye amalungelo athile elifa ebekufanele ukuba lakhiwe ngamaxwebhu abiza imali eninzi.

  • Ukhuseleko lobusela: Ukuba umntu otshatileyo ufa ngaphandle kokuthanda, iqabane eliseleyo lidla ilifa isahlulo esibalulekileyo (okanye sonke) somhlaba, kuxhomekeke kumthetho wesizwe nokuba kukho abantwana.
  • [[NTL:0] Izinyusi ezingenamda zomtshato: Izicwangciso ezishiyelwe iqabane elisindileyo zigqithisa ngaphandle kwerhafu yefama karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani bomhlaba.
  • ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso yerhafu yefa: Inxalenye engasetyenziswayo yentlawulo yemali yeqabane elifileyo yemali yeqabane elifileyo ingadluliselwa kwiqabane eliseleyo, ngokunempumelelo iphinda-phindeke kabini ukukhululwa kwenteleko yezibini ezitshatileyo.
  • Ilungelo lokusebenza njengommeli wobuqu: Iqabane eliphilayo likwimo yokuqala kumgca ukusebenza njengombuthi okanye umlawuli womhlaba.

Ngaphandle kwale migaqo yokukhusela, ukulungiselela umhlaba kuhlala kubaluleke kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni. Ngaphezu koko, iintsapho ezidibeneyo, abantwana abasuka kulwalamano olufanelekileyo, kunye neempahla ezigcinwe kwi-akhawunti zobutshala zifuna umanyano olululo. Ulawulo okanye ukuthembeka okungatshintshiyo kungayiphelisa imithetho engagqibekanga yokungagqibekiyo yokufumana izinto zesibini esitshatileyo kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba izinto zidlule ngokweminqweno yesibini. Ngaphezu koko, izibini ezifanayo zobudlelane-zimele zihlole izibhengezo ezinika inzuzo kwii-IRAS, 401(k), iinkqubo zobomi, kunye nee-akhawunti zobomi ezihlawulwa ngukufa, njengoko ezi zingenayo intengo zithanda. Emva kokuba umtshato ufudulo lubizwa ngokuba ngumzali okanye umntakwenu (njengomzali) kufuneka zihlaziswe ukuba iqabane lifumane iimpahla.

I-DSD eLawulayo

Umtshato unika izibini ezinesini esifanayo ukuba zifumane iingenelo ezilungiselelwe umqeshi. Xa zithathe umhlala-phantsi, oku kuthetha oku:

  • Amalungelo okuvuma: Kwiiplani zomhlala-phantsi ezichaziweyo, iqabane kufuneka lisayine umniki-mali ukuba iqabane lifuna ukukhetha enye imali ehlawulwayo kunelungu elifanelekileyo nelizimeleyo kwaye lisinde kwimali ebhaliswe ngalo. Oku kukhusela iqabane eliseleyo ekushiyweni ngaphandle kwengeniso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imiyalelo yolwalamano lwasekhaya ecwangcisiweyo (QDROs): Kwisiganeko soqhawulo-mtshato, inxalenye yecebo lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi inganikwa iqabane lomntu otshate naye ngaphandle kwesohlwayo serhafu.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukubekwa kwetyala lomhlala-phantsi: Iqabane eliphilayo lingaqengqeleka phezu kwefa le-IRA okanye 401(k) kwigama lalo, ukuqukumbela umlinganiselo ofunekayo wonikezelo de ube neminyaka engama-73. Abangeneli abangasebenzisiyo kufuneka bathathe usasazo olungaphezulu kweminyaka eli-10.

Iingenelo zempilo zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. I-inshorensi yempilo yomqeshi-mqeshi ingamhlawulela iqabane, kwaye impepho ithathwa njengengeniso ehlawulwayo yerhafu. Emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, amandla okuqhubeka ipapasha phantsi kwe-COBRA okanye ukufikelela kwicebo lempilo yeqabane elirhoxileyo anokuvala umsantsa de iMedicare i-aximignes. Izibini ezitshatileyo ezithe tyeleleneyo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba isebe lomqeshi wazo wazo lihlazise iingxelo zomtshato zomtshato ohlukeneyo kwaye ziqonde ukuba iintsapho ezifanayo zichatshate kwimi.

Ukuhlala Usemngciphekweni Nokucingwa

Ngaphandle kocwangciso olusemthethweni olumiselwe u-Oberge wall, izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zisajongene nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo lokucwangcisa umhlala-phantsi olufuna ingqalelo.

Imithetho Eguquguqukayo Karhulumente Nesisongelo Seenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. sikwazekelelwa [iNkundla yaMabhinqa Yezempilo [2022]) saphakamisa amaxhala phakathi kwabaphengululi abathile abasemthethweni athi amanye amalungelo agunyaziswe kwinkqubo encinci efunekayo, `kuquka umtshato oweshumi elinesithoba'. [[FLT:] [2] intelekelelo yomtshato [[FLT] [2002]] ifuna ukuba urhulumente wesizwe kunye nawo onke amazwe angazi ukuba avume ukuba iqhina elinye elingenziwa nakweliphi na ilizwe, akufuneki ukuba kucelwe imvume efanayo yokutshata ukuba izibini ezihambayo zinokuvunyelwa ukuba ziphinde zivunywe, kodwa zinokuvunywe ngokunye ukubhaptizwa.[FLD]

Kuzibini eziceba ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwimo ethile, kububulumko uphando ngomgangatho wesibini esineemvakalelo ezifanayo, kuquka imithetho ephathelele ilifa, ukwenza izigqibo zonyango, kunye nokugcina. Amanye amazwe anokhuseleko olunamandla olungenaluhlanga; amanye anemiqathango. Ukudibanisa igqwetha lendawo elilawula le miba kunganika uxolo lwengqondo.

Uqhawulo - mtshato Nokwahlukana

Amalungelo afanayo omtshato anika uncedo nawo adala izibophelelo. Uqhawulo-mtshato phakathi kwezibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo, kwaye ukudilika kusenokuba nzima ngexesha elifutshane lokuqatshelwa ngokusemthethweni kwezinye izibini. Ukuqhawula umhlala-phantsi, ukunika iinzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nokucebisana ngenkxaso yomtshato konke kufuna ucwangciso olusemthethweni nolwemali. Ukutshata okanye izivumelwano ze-pasethi ye-yokunyaka zingayicacisa le miba. Izibini ezifanayo kufuneka ziqonde ukuba kwanamaqabane asekhaya okanye amaqhina amakhaya kamva aguqulelwe ekubeni abe nemithetho eyahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kumthetho wesizwe.

Ukunyanyekelwa kwexesha elide neMedicaid

Izibini ezitshatileyo zineendleko zokuzikhusela phantsi kweMedicaid kwiindleko zexesha elide. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iqabane lomcebisi weMedicaid linokugcina umlinganiselo othile wengeniso nezinto zomsebenzi (“imali yeqabane lomtshato elingunozala") ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa ukuba zibe ngamahlwempu. Izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwamalungu afanayo ezitshatileyo ezijonge umtshato wazo kufuneka zinyangwe ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenokungalingani. Izibini zimele zisebenze negqwetha lomthetho eliqonda ukunqamleza kweMedi, umtshato, kunye nembonakalo yesondo.

Icebiso elisebenzayo kwizibini ezinesini esifanayo ezilungiselela ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi

Ukwakhela kuhlalutyo olungasentla, nawa amanyathelo aqinileyo anokuthathwa zizibini ezifakelwayo eziziintlobano zesini ukuze zandise ukhuseleko lomhlala-phantsi.

Hlaziya Ulwenzo Lwawo onke Amaxwebhu Asemthethweni

Umtshato wodwa awuwasusi amaxwebhu aphelelwe lixesha asungulwe ngaphambi komtshato. Isibini ngasinye kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba ukuthanda, ukuthembana, amandla egqwetha, amaxwebhu okuvotelwa kwezempilo, kunye nezigqibo zokuphila zibonisa ukuba umtshato wangoku umi kakuhle kwaye uthanda ukuba uhambe kakuhle. I-Bheneficiote kwii-akhawunti zomhlala-phantsi, kwi-inshorensi yobomi, kunye nenkcubeko kufuneka zilungiswe ukuze zithiye igama leqabane apho kufunwa khona iqabane. Izibini ezinezingqungquthela ezina nabantwana bangaphambili zifanele zenze amalungiselelo asekelwe ekulungiseleleni iqabane nabantwana, zisebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-QTIP ezithelekele inteko.

Iingxelo zokhuseleko ezidityanisiweyo zokhuseleko lwentlalo

Ngenxa yokuba izibini ezinomkhethe ofanayo zinokuba neengxelo zemali ezahlukeneyo kunye neminyaka yobudala, ziyakwazi ukuvelisa iinzuzo zazo ezidityanisiweyo zobomi ngokukhetha ixesha elingcono elithelekisa iqabane ngalinye. I-Social Security Administration inikela “ukhuseleko lwam lokuhlala kunye” apho abantu banokujonga irekhodi yabo yengeniso neengenelo eziqikelelweyo. Izibini kufuneka ziqwalasele ukudibana nomcebisi wemali onokuthi asebenzise amathuba aquka ubomi, ezinye imithombo yengeniso, kunye nokuphumelela komnye umntu ofumana uncedo lokuqhubeka efumana uncedo.

Iminikelo Yomsebenzi Womhlala - phantsi Owongezelelekileyo

Izibini ezitshatileyo zinganikela kwimali egciniweyo yeIRA (isithethe okanye iRoth) xa zifumana ingeniso eyaneleyo. Ukuba elinye iqabane lifumana ingeniso encinane okanye aliyifumani, iqabane elisebenzayo lingafak' isandla kwi-IRA yeqabane elingasebenziyo, ngokunempumelelo liphinda-phinde imali ehlawulwayo yerhafu yendlu. Ngo-2025, umlinganiselo we-IRA u-$7,000 (R3 000 kula nyaka wama-50 okanye ngaphezulu). Uksqeshi onje, uceba njengo-401(k) kunye 403(b) no-3) kufuneka unyuswe kwimali yomhlala-phantsi womhlala-phantsi womsebenzi, ingakumbi ukuba umqeshi unika i-mali ehambisana.

Ukulungiselela iindleko zonyango

Unyango lusoloko luziindleko ezinkulu zomhlala-phantsi. Izibini ezitshate noogxazileyo kufuneka zihlole ii-inshorensi zempilo ezinokukhethwa ngexesha lomsebenzi, kuquka ityala lomqeshi elithe kratya kwiqabane. Xa zineminyaka engama-65, omabini amaqabane afanele afumane imali ekufuneka ahlawulelwe iMedicare, kodwa ngamnye kufuneka abhalise buqu. IZigwebo ezilandelayo ziyasebenza ukuba iCandelo B okanye iThemba D limiselwe elinye ixesha ngaphandle kokuhlawula ityala elincophozo. Izibini kufuneka zicinge ngokuthenga iinshorensiza-yo yexesha elide, okanye ukuba elinye iqabane lineengxaki zempilo, libeka bucala imali egcinwe kwimali egciniwe yempilo (HA) ebudeni beminyaka yokusebenza kwalo.

Ukufuna Ubuchule, Ukuqinisekisa Amacebiso Oogqirha

Izicwangciso zezemali, abalungiseleli berhafu, kunye namagqwetha asebenza ngokubhekiselele kwiLGBTQ+ axabisekile. Izicwangciso zobuchule ezifana ne-CFP okanye i-CFC ziluncedo, kodwa isitshixo sifumana umveli-mva oqondayo icandelo elinye lesibini lobuzwe: imbali yokungalingani okusemthethweni, ukubaluleka kolwakhiwo, kunye nokunokwenzeka kotshintsho olusemthethweni lwexesha elizayo. Iintlangano ezinjenge [[FLT:][2][5] [Iiiiiiiindawo yogcino-mthetho] i-Mpaketho] [[FLT] +KLT] kunye nookna lwabiwo olungokwasemthethweni.[FT]

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlala Uxakekile

Ukucwangcisa umhlala-phantsi asisosiganeko esinye. Utshintsho lwemeko zobuqu, kunye neenjongo zemali zizenzeka. Izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zimele zicwangcise uhlolo olubanzi ubuncinane kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu, okanye nanini na isiganeko sobomi esingundoqo sibakho (ukuzalwa, ukufa, ukutshintsha komsebenzi, ukushukuma, okanye ukutshintsha imeko yomtshato). Ukugcina iingxelo zononophelo lwesiqinisekiso somtshato, imimiselo yoqhawulo mtshato, kunye notshintsho lwegama kungathintela ukuphatha intloko ebuhlungu xa kusithiwa ziluncedo.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabenzi benkqubo, lo mxholo ugxininisa imfuneko yemfundo epheleleyo yomhlala-phantsi kunye nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni. Njengoko iLGBTQ+ iminyaka yobudala yabemi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zemali zinyamekela zonke izibini ezitshatileyo ngokulinganayo zihlala zibalulekile. Ngokuqonda impembelelo epheleleyo yamalungelo omtshato ekucebeni umhlala-phantsi, izibini ezingoonobuhlanga zinokulwakha ikamva elikhuselekileyo ezilifaneleyo.