INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ingumtoliki wokugqibela womGaqo-siseko negunya elipheleleyo kwijaji yesizwe. Izigqibo zayo zibumba inkundla esemthethweni, yentlalo, kunye neyopolitiki yesizwe. Ngoxa iNkundla ifumana ingqalelo yoluntu ngexesha lemimiselo ephakamileyo, iinkqubo ezisemva kwezi zigqibo, zikhethwa, ziphikiswane, kwaye zigqitywe kancinci. Ukwakha umzekelo wengqondo ocacileyo wezi nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukulandela iNkumgangatho weNkundlalethi ngaphandle kwentloko-ntloko. Lo khokelo luhamba ngoonke amatyala obomi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukusuka kwisicelo sokuqala ukuya kwiziphumo ezihlala zihleli zoluvo.

Umgcini - khaya: Indlela Afikelela Ngayo Amatyala ENkundla Ephakamileyo

Phezu kwayo nje inkolelo eqhelekileyo yokuba iNkundla Ephakamileyo iyakwazi ukuva naliphi na ityala, inyaniso yeyokuba isebenza njengomgcini wesango okhetheke kakhulu. Kwizibongozo ezimalunga nama-7000 ukuya ku-8 000 ezikhutshelwa nyaka ngamnye, iNkundla inikela uhlolo olupheleleyo kwabangaphantsi kwekhulu. Ukuqonda eli cebo linyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni umsebenzi weNkundla.

Isiqu Seenqanawa

Iqela eliphulukana netyala kwinkundla esezantsi `````Inkundla yezibheno''' okanye inkundla ephakamileyo yase-U.S.' ayinalo ilungelo elizenzekelayo lokubhena kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka lifake isicelo se setyala [i-cleriari'. Olu xwebhu lucela abagwebi ukuba bahlolisise ityala kuba libandakanya urhulumente okanye umGaqo-siseko. Igama [iFT:]] [iiiiiii-flthiri] (izihlandlo ezininzi] ku-"ertrt"]], ithetha ukuba liyaziswe ngokupheleleyo."

Esi sicelo kufuneka sibonise ukuba ityala libangela umlo phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi, liphakamisa umbuzo wokubaluleka okukhethekileyo kwesizwe, okanye lifuna ukucaciswa komthetho wesizwe okanye ulungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko. I-ant(iqela elaphumelela kwinkundla esezantsi) lifaka iifayile zokuphikisana kafutshane nesi sicelo.

Ulawulo Lwezine

Xa izibongozo zisasazwa phakathi kwamagumbi, bangena koko kwaziwa ngokuba "zii-discus". Ngexesha lengqungquthela yabucala, ukuba ubuncinane bane kwabagwebi abasithoba bayavuma ukuba ityala lifanele liphindwe, iNkundla inika isicelo. Lo mgangatho ungacwangciswanga waziwa njenge [ RULES yo-FO . Ukuba ngaba abagwebi abangaphantsi kwabane ukuvota, eso sicelo siyakhatywa, kwaye isigqibo senkundla esezantsi sihlala njengesiphumo sokugqibela samaqela ababandakanyekileyo.

Nabani na olandela iNkundla, ukhupho loLuhlu lwe "loMvulo" ngexesha legama yisiganeko esibalulekileyo. Olu luhlu luchaza ukuba ziziphi izicelo ezanikwayo nezikhatyiweyo. Isoloko inika imiqondiso yangaphambili ngemiba esemthethweni abagwebi abayifumanayo becinezelela kakhulu. Ungazilandela ezi miyalelo kwiwebhsayithi yeNkundla esemthethweni .

Ityala Lenkundla Ephakamileyo

Xa ityala le-certiorari livunyiwe, licwangciselwe impikiswano yomlomo. Ibinzana leNkundla lisuka kuMvulo wokuqala ngo-Oktobha ukuya ekupheleni kukaJuni okanye ekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Iimpikiswano ziqhutyelwa kwinkundla yembali eCapitol Hill kwaye ngoku zivulelwe uluntu ukuba lubekho kwi-odoli elinganiselweyo.

Iimpikiswano Ezingathethekiyo: Incoko, Asiyotyala

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala kwiinkundla ezisezantsi, iimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo azinamangqina matsha, akukho kuxilongwa okunqamlezayo, kwaye kumbalwa kakhulu ukuphikisa okusesikweni. Endaweni yoko, ziyingxoxo eqinileyo, enzulu phakathi kwamagqwetha namagqwetha kwicala ngalinye. Icala ngalinye linikwa imizuzu engama-30 ukuchaza ityala lalo, nangona uMphathi-Sikhulu enokuthi ngamanye amaxesha alilungise eli xesha ukwenzela amatyala anzima.

Owona mkhondo ubalulekileyo weempikiswano zomlomo kukusoloko kuqukunjelwa kwemibuzo evela kwibhedi. Abagwebi abalindi ngobubele de igqwetha ligqibe intetho elungisiweyo; baphazamisa rhoqo ukuphanda ubuthathaka, bavavanye iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni, kwaye baqonde iintsingiselo ezisebenzisekayo zomthetho. Umxhasi ophumelelayo makaziqhelanise ngoko nangoko, ashiye amagqabaza alungiselelwe ukuphendula amatyala. Abagwebi abanamava kwiNkundla ePhakathi badla ngokuthi ubunjani bengxoxo ayilinganiswanga yintetho, kodwa ngohlobo lwencoko ebangelayo.

Indima Yokuqalisa Ukugula

Kude phambi kwegqwetha eliya kwiqonga, izibuko leNkundla lizaliswe ngolunye uhlobo lwempikiswano: i-amicici curiae . Iguqulelwe ngokuthi "abahlobo benkundla," ezi mfutshane zithunyelwa ngabantu ngabanye, amaqela enzala, amaqela, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente angenawo amaqela angqalileyo kwityala kodwa anomdla onamandla kwiziphumo zalo.

IAmicus inokuba nempembelelo enkulu. Zinika izigwebo ngemeko yokuba amaqela angakhuli ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, kwimeko emalunga namalungelo obuqu kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamanani, iinkampani ezininzi zobugcisa kunye neentlangano zenkululeko yabemi zinganikezela intsilelo ezichaza iinyaniso zobugcisa zoqokelelo logcino-lwazi. Kwimeko emalunga namalungelo okuvota, ababhali-mbali banganikezela iinkcukacha ezifutshane zembali yomthetho ofanelekileyo. Ukulandelela ukuba ngawaphi amaqela afake ifayile eshwankantsi zendlela kwaye athe athe athe athe gqaba kwimbono yawo anika iwindow ebangelwe yimbonakalo ecwangcileyo ejikeleze imeko ethile. I-Oyez Projective inikeza abagcini bembali abalungileyo bogcino-zingqinelanano zofifumfutshane neencwadi zemeko ezinkulu.

Ngaphakathi kweNkomfa: Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo

Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano zomlomo, abagwebi bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwinkomfa yabucala ukuze bavote. Ezi nkomfa ziqhutyelwa ekusitheleni. Akukho basebenzi, akukho mabhalane, akukho zixhobo zokushicilela zivumelekileyo. Kukho abagwebi abasithoba kuphela.

Intetho Yengqungquthela

IJaji enkulu ivula ingxubusho yetyala ngalinye ngokushwankathela izibakala kunye nemiba engokwasemthethweni esengozini. Emva koko, ngokuhla komyalelo wobukhulu, iJaji nganye inikela uhlalutyo lwayo kwaye ibonisa indlela abazimisele ngayo ukuvota. Xa ingxubusho iqukumbela, ivoti yomququ iyathathwa. Ukuba iJaji eyintloko ikuninzi, banika omnye weminye imiba yezobulungisa kwingingqi. Ukuba iJaji eyintloko iphakathi kweqela lemibutho elingulowo umisela umsebenzi.

Eli gunya lesabelo lilungelelanisiwe. IJaji ePhakamileyo ingalisebenzisa ukwakha imiQela, ukukhuthaza ukudibana, okanye ukwenza umthetho omxinwa otsala amavoti angakumbi. Isigwebo esimiselwe sona sidlulisela uluvo lokwenza umkhosi kwamanye amagumbi.

Ukudrafta Nolawulo Lwezigwebo

Inkqubo yoluvo yokubhala kulapho ukuqhuba inqwelo-mafutha kokwenene kwenzeka khona. "Uluvo lobukhweli" ekuqaleni luyidrafti. Kufuneka itsale amavoti amahlanu ukuba abe luvo lweNkundla. Abagwebi abaxhasa iziphumo kwivoti yokuqala yengqungquthela bangaguqula iingqondo zabo emva kokufunda idrafti. Bangacela utshintsho, bafune ukuba ulwimi oluthile lususwe okanye longezelelwe, okanye basongele ukubhala ikhonkco elahlukileyo ukuba izinto abazifuniyo azithethiswanga.

Ngeli xesha lokujikeleza, abagwebi bangabhala iimbono eziqukunjelwayo (ukuvumelana neziphumo kodwa ngezizathu ezohlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni) okanye ukurhoxa iimbono[ (ukungavumelani nesiphumo kunye nokuqiqa). Ukungavumelani ngamandla kungaphembelela iimbono ezininzi zexesha elizayo, ukubeka isiseko seNkundla yexesha elizayo ukubhukuqa ideliselwa phantsi kweqhina elicacisiweyo. Umva--------------------phakathi kwamagumbi ngelixesha liphakathi kusembini ukuya kuphi naphi naxa uvumelo lusakhiwa okanye luqhawukile kwiNkundla.

Ukuqonda Iimbono Zenkundla Ephakamileyo

Xa kukhululwa isigqibo, kudla ngokushwankathelwa ngamaphephandaba kumxholo omnye: "Iziko liphakamisa umthetho," okanye "Izikhundla ziwisa umthetho" kodwa nabani na ofuna ukuqonda okunzulu, ukufunda uluvo ngokwalo kubalulekile. Iimbono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziyilwa ziimpikiswano ezisemthethweni ezichaza . isiphumo esithe ngqo safikelelwa.

Isiseko Sengcamango

Uluvo olubhalwe kakuhle luqulethe ii-aspects ezimbalwa ezingundoqo. Intshayelelo inikeza umbuzo ongokwasemthethweni kunye nokubamba kweNkundla. ulwahlulelo lwezibakala zezibakala luchaza iziganeko ezithile ezakhokelela kwityala. lusebenzisa uhlaziyo olusemthethweni lusebenzisa imimiselo enxulumeneyo, imimiselo yesiseko, kunye nemizekelo kwizibakalathi. Uluvo ke luthi ngoko luchaze umgwebo luze lumisele umgangatho omtsha osemthethweni okanye luchaze lowo ukhoyo.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi [ ukuphatha kunye dicta kuluvo. Ukubamba ngumthetho obophelelayo osemthethweni omele ulandelwe ziinkundla zexesha elizayo. IDicta (intyathanga ye idictum[]]) zigqabaza okanye amanqaku enziwe yincwadi yesigwebo engafunekanga sinyanzelekeli ukugqiba ityala. Ngelixa isichasi selixakeko sexesha elizayo ayiqhubeki. I-qhinga eliqhelekileyo lixakiswe kakhulu ukuba umba oluphambili lunano khetho okanye i-dict.

Uqhelaniso neStar Decis

Le Nkundla isebenza phantsi kwemfundiso ye i-status decisis `Slatini ye "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe." Lo mgaqo uthi xa iNkundla igqibile ukuphakamisa umbuzo ongokwasemthethweni, kufuneka inamathele kuloo mmiselo kwimeko zexesha elizayo. IStarle decisis ikhuthaza uzinzo, ukuqikelelwa, nokusesikweni kumthetho.

Noko ke, iNkundla ayibotshelelwanga ngokupheleleyo yimizekelo yayo. Ingabhukuqa izigqibo zangaphambili, kodwa ifuna ulungiso olomeleleyo lokwenza oko, njengokutshintsha kolwazi lwenyaniso, umboniso wokuba umthetho wangaphambili awusebenzi, okanye ukutshintsha kwimo ebanzi esemthethweni. Ukudibanisa umyilo kunqabile, kungoko izigqibo ezinkulu ezifana Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo okanye Dobs v. Jackson's Health Organization ithathwa njengeziganeko eziphawula iziganeko.

Impembelelo Nempembelelo Yezigqibo

Xa isigqibo sikhutshwe, isiphumo saso esisebenzayo siyahluka. Inkundla ingaba ngqindilili umthetho wenkundla esezantsi, ujijeka-jijeka , okanye kunye [[FLT:] umba obuyela kwinkundla esezantsi ukwenzela imicimbi ehambelanayo noluvo lwayo.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayinayo indlela yayo yokusebenza. Ixhomekeke kwiinkundla ezisezantsi nakwisebe eliphetheyo ukuzalisekisa imithetho yayo. Ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphelisiwe, urhulumente kufuneka ayeke ukugcinwa komthetho. Ukuba ulawulo lwesizwe luxhaswe, urhulumente kufuneka asebenzise. Oku kuxhomekeka kwamanye amasebe karhulumente ligumbi lembombo lenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. [[FLT: 0] [LY] Icandelo lolwazi lwesizwe eCornell linika iingcaciso ezicacileyo zolwimi ngendlela izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezisebenza ngayo kwinkqubo ebanzi engokwasemthethweni.

Impembelelo Esetyenziswa Ngendlela Ebanzi

Ngapha koko, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zimisela umzekelo osisinyanzelo kwinkundla nganye yelizwe kwimbambano ethile engomthetho ekuyo. Umthetho omnye ungawuguqula wonke ummandla womthetho ebusuku. Umzekelo, isigqibo malunga noko kubumba "uphengululo" phantsi koMphengululo wesine ngokukhawuleza siguqula indlela amapolisa amele aqhube ngayo uphando. Isigqibo esingendlela yokukhutshwa komthetho karhulumente singenza uninzi lwemimiselo karhulumente ngexesha elinye.

Indlela Yokuyijonga Ngokuphumelelayo Inkundla

Ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, ukulandela iNkundla Ephakamileyo kulula kwaye kunomvuzo onzulu. Ngenxa yokuba iNkundla ingawukhuthazi umsebenzi wayo ngokukhutshwa koomatshini bokushicilela okanye ngamaphulo eendaba, ababukeli abanolwazi baxhomekeke kwintlanganisela yemithombo ephambili neyesibini.

Imithombo

  • Iwebsite yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ePhakamileyo: Le yimvelaphi epheleleyo yezimvo ezityibilikayo, ikhalenda yengxoxo, uluhlu lwemiyalelo, kunye nemithetho yeNkundla. Izimvo zibekwe ngomhla wokukhululwa.
  • Iprojekthi [[FLT: 0] Yooez: Isetyenziswa yiChicago-Kent College of Law, i-Oyez inikeza irekhodi ebanzi, efunyanisiweyo yempikiswano eziphunyeziweyo, edityaniswe kushicilelo lwesandi. Ikwanika iimfihlelo zesiNgesi ezicacileyo zomzekelo omkhulu kunye nolwazi lwembali kuzo zonke izigwebo.
  • C-SPAN: Ibonelelo zihlala zinika inkcazo yezona zibhengezo zoluvo zilindelweyo kwaye zinika ngokunzulu inkqubo yomthetho kunye nohlalutyo.

Uhlalutyo nengcaciso

  • SCOTUSlog: Yi-blog ephambili engeyoparatisi egquma yonke izicelo, impikiswano, kunye nesigqibo. Inkcukacha zayo ezicacileyo zesiNgesi kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo zoluvo zixabisekile kuye nabani na ozama ukuqonda umsebenzi weNkundla ngexesha lokwenene. I-PNT ifundwa ngokubanzi ziingcali zomthetho, iintatheli, nabafundisi.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] IMajor News Outlets: Imibutho yezondaba ekhoyo enjenge Associated Press, The New York Times, neThe Wall Street Journal igcine abaququzeleli abanikezelweyo beNkundla Ephakamileyo abanikela umongo nohlalutyo. Noko ke, kusoloko kububulumko ukufunda uluvo lokuqala ukuze uzenzele umgwebo ozimeleyo.

Imfundiso Enkulu Nemisebenzi Yokutolika

Ukusiqonda ngenene isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuyanceda ukuphaphela iintanda-bulumko ezikhuphisanayo ezisoloko ziphembelela iingcamango zamatyala. Ngoxa kungayomfuneko ukuba ube ngumphengululi, usazi ukuba ezi mpikiswano zidityaniswe kangakanani na, kuphucula ubuchule bakho bokuxela nokutolika imigaqo.

UbuOrigealist bungqina ukuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele utolikwe ngokusekelwe kwintsingiselo kawonke-wonke yombhalo wawo ngexesha eyagunyaziswa ngalo. Abaququzeli baphikisana ngoku kugunyaziswa kwemigaqo yezahlulelo kwaye bamisela umthetho kwimvume yedemokhrasi. UbuGaqo-siseko buyindlela enxulumene ngokusondeleyo yokubhekisa ngqo kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yemithetho okanye umbhalo womgaqo-siseko.

UbuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo bucebisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko luxwebhu olunamandla olunentsingiselo eguqukayo njengentguquko yebutho labantu. Abaxhasi baphikisa le nto bevumela iNkundla ukuba ilungelelanise imigaqo efana "nokhuseleko olulinganayo" okanye "isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" kwiimeko zangoku ezingenakuba zibonwe kwangaphambili ngabaqulu-fream.

Ezi zicwangciso aziyoengcamango ezingqongqo. Izigwebi zisenokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, zinika isibonakude esixabisekileyo ekuthi ngaso sihlolisise iimpikiswano ezinikelwa ngokuvakalayo nangengqiqo eboniswa kwiimbono.

INkundla Njengesiko Esiphilayo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo asilo sikhumbuzo esimileyo kwixa elidluleyo; sisakhiwo esiqhubekayo esisebenzayo esizitshintshayo, esicacisayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha siguqulela umthetho waseMelika. Amandla aso alele kunyanzelo okanye kunyulo, kodwa kugunyaziso lokuqiqa kwayo kunye nokuthemba kukawonke-wonke ekungakhethi kwayo. Ngokufunda indlela esebenza ngayo imiba ekhethiweyo, indlela eziqhutywa ngayo iingxoxo, indlela ezicaciswe ngayo, nendlela iingcamango ezijikelelwa ngayo, nendlela iinqobo eziguquka ngayo . Uzixhobisa ngayo ukuze udibanise nowona mandla okanye urhulumente wesebe elingekade ulunyukelwe. Ixesha elizayo uluvo olungundoqo lukhululwa, uza kulungiselelwa ukuba uhambe ngaphaya komxholo kwaye uqonde iingcamango eziza kubumba umthetho oza kuzisa izizukulwana eziza kuza.