Isiseko soMbutho: Indlela Imisebenzi Karhulumente wase-U.S.

IKhomishini ye-United States ime njengesebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente wesizwe, iqumrhu elenzelwe ukwenza imithetho, limele abantu baseMelika, lize linikele ulawulo lwesebe elilawulayo. Limiswe liQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko, iKhomishini isoloko ichazwa njenge "sebe lokuqala" likarhulumente ngenxa yokuba linxulumene ngqo nonyulo kwaye liphethe amandla esi sikhwatshana. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iCwangciso-mali kubaluleke ngayo ekuqondeni inkqubo yowiso-mthetho obanzi kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso echaza ulawulo lwaseMelika.

Isiseko Sengqungquthela

IBhunga lahlulahlulwe langamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Esi sakhiwo se-bamallery sasikulalanisa kwangabom phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane ebudeni beNdibano yomGaqo-siseko we-1787. Indlu imela abantu abasekelwe kubemi, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi ichaza umelo olulinganayo kwiphondo ngalinye. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba ubukhulu babemi nolawulo lukarhulumente ziyahlonelwa kwinkqubo yemithetho.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli ngoku inamalungu angama-455 ovota, ngalinye elisebenza ngegama leminyaka emibini. Inani labameli kurhulumente ngamnye linqunyulwe ngabantu, yaye imo nganye iqinisekiswe ubuncinane ngesihlalo esinye. Ngenxa yokuba amalungu endlu ajongene nonyulo nyaka ngamnye, ayasabela kakhulu kwimiba yawo kwaye atyekele ekujongeni phambili kwimiba yasekuhlaleni. Indlu ikwanamandla apheleleyo okusungula iindleko kunye namagosa angomnye karhulumente. Igumbi likhokelwa nguSomlomo weNdlu, indawo enyulwa liqela elikhulu, kwaye yesibini kumgca wokulawula umongameli emva koMongameli.

IBhunga

IBhunga leNtsimbi lenziwe ngamalungu ali-100, enamalungu amabini amele urhulumente ngamnye kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Abaququzeleli basebenza kwiimeko ezisithende ezimalunga nesithandathu seminyaka, ezimalunga nesithathu seNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ukwenzela unyulo kwakhona nyaka ngamnye. Eli xesha lide kunye nomthetho olawulayo unika izimvo ezibanzi kwimicimbi yesizwe kwaye bavumele ukuba bajolise kwiinjongo zenkqubo yexesha elide. Indlu yeCantenenti inamagunya akhethekileyo, kuquka igunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, izivumelwano zobubhiyolo, i-rafective, kunye nokuqhuba iimviwonga. UMongameli oPhathiswayo we-United States usebenza njengoMongameli weBhunga leBhunga, ukuvumela iivoti-ontathe xa kuyimfuneko.

Isizathu Sokuba Imfundiso Yokungathathi Ntweni Ibaluleke

Isakhiwo se-bidamaral senza ukhangelo lwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwisebe lowiso-mthetho ngokwalo. Umthetho kufuneka ugqithise omabini amaziko afanayo phambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. Le mikhosi ifunekayo iyayekelela kwaye ithintela naliphi na igumbi ekulawuleni inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi ivelise imithetho eyahlukileyo, amasiko, kunye nemigaqo ebonisa ubungakanani bayo obahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko. Ukuqonda oku kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo eWashington.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kwinkcukacha

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kwicebo ukuya kumthetho lude kwaye luyilelwe ngabom. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ocetyiswayo uhlolwa ngenyameko, uphikiswano, kwaye ucoceke. Ngoxa indlela ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwemali nemozulu yezobupolitika, amaqondo jikelele enkqubo yowiso-mthetho ahlala engaguquguquki.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingazisa ityala. Kwindlu, ilungu libeka ityala kwidesika yomabhalane. Kwindlu yezindlu, kwindlu yezindlu, kwindlu yemibutho ivakalisa nje uxwebhu phantsi. Xa ithe yaziswa, ityala linikwe inani kwaye libhekise kwikomiti efanelekileyo okanye iikomiti ezisekelwe kumbandela walo. Umzekelo, umthetho omalunga nenkqubo yonyango lwasemzimbeni uzakubhekiswa kwiKomiti ye Home eMzini naseCommerce okanye kwiKomiti yeNtsimbingelelo yezeMpilo, iSle, iSleaship, nePenssions. Eli candelo lijongel'umgathetho libalulekile kuba ikomiti inegunya lokulungisa, ukulibala, okanye ukubulala umthetho.

Isenzo seKomiti

Iikomiti zilapho uninzi lomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho lwenzeka khona. Ikomiti ingaqulunqa khona iingxelo ezivela kwiingcali, kumagosa karhulumente, nakumabamba. Emva kokuva, ikomiti idibana kwintlanganiso yokunyusa ityala ukuze ithethe ngokuququzelelwa kwetyala. Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo msebenzi, ixelelwa kwigumbi elipheleleyo elinengxelo yekomiti echaza amalungiselelo ayo kunye nesixhobo sokunika imvume. Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nyathelo, ityala libalelwa ukuba "lifile kwikomiti" loba ngumphumo oqhelekileyo, njengoko ikomiti isebenzisa icebo elibalulekileyo lokuhamba. Ngokwenkqubo ye- i-Cregorgian.[FFURGU.[FLT]

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Xa isindululo setyala sithe saxelwa ngaphandle kwekomiti, sisiya kumgangatho wegumbi layo elizimeleyo ukuze siqwalaselwe. Iinkqubo zokuxoxa ziyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwendlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu. Endlwini, iKomiti yeMimiselo imisela iingxoxo, kuquka imida yexesha elimisiweyo kunye neziphendu zexesha ezinokunikelwa. Oku kuvumela iNdlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba iqhubeke kakuhle. Emva kokuqukumbelana, impikiswano isoloko ingenamgalelo ngaphandle kokuba ukushukuma kwe-drive okuvunywayo kuvunyiweyo ngenkomfathathathathathathathu (60 ivoti). Le ngxoxo inika abaququzeleli-mali abaphezulu amandla okufumana i-ijiko-ba, ukuvala okanye ukuvota ngokuthetha ngobude. Emva kokuba kuqukuqe, amalungu afumana i-voti.

Ukulungisa Umahluko

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, umahluko kufuneka usombululwe ngaphambi kokuba ityala lithunyelwe kuMongameli. Oku kusoloko kufezwa ngekomiti yenkomfa, iqela lokwexeshana eliyilwe ngamalungu asemagumbini omabini. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ixubusha ngoguqulelo oluyekelelayo, ngoko ekufuneka ivunyelwe yiMpazalo neBhunga. Okanye, amagumbi angasebenzisa inkqubo yokulungisa utshintshiso, apho igumbi ngalinye livota kwiminye imposiso. Eli nyathelo loxolelwano liqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umthetho wokugqibela unenkxaso yamagumbi omabini.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa omabini amaziko evuma umthetho ofanayo, ityala linikwa uMongameli. UMongameli uneenketho ezininzi. UMongameli angasayiyina ityala, alenze umthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo ngeentsuku ezilishumi ngexesha ingqungquthela iseqesheni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino. UMongameli angawubuyisela umthetho, awuwubuyisela kwiBhunga ngemiqathango. Ingqungquthela ingawudlulisa uwonke-wonke-wonke, nangona inqabile. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo kwaye akathathi mithetho kwixaki yeentsuku ezilishumi, isibhengezo asibi ngumthetho. Oku kwaziwa njengepoko encinane.

Inkqubo yeKomiti

IiKomiti zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "ii-afrets" zeBhunga, kwaye ngesizathu esilungileyo. Umthamo kunye nokuntsonkotha komthetho kwenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuba ilungu ngalinye libe ingcali kuyo yonke imbambano. IiKomiti zivumela iKhomishini ukuba ilawule. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeekomiti, kuquka iikomiti ezimileyo nezisisigxina zemithetho emiselweyo, ezikhetha okanye iikomiti ezikhethekileyo eziphanda iimbambano ezithile, kunye neekomiti ezidityanisiweyo eziquka amalungu amaqela omabini. Inkqubo yeekomiti ibandakanya iKomiti enamandla yeNdlundlobe, elawula ukuhambela komthetho kumgangatho, kunye neKomiti yeQephelo-Qeta elawulayo, esingatha ii-Judiary, esingatha iinkqubo zezomthetho nemigaqo engundoqo. Amalungu afuna izabelo ezihambelanayo nezilangazelelo, neemfuno zekomiti ezininzi ze-'iklasigne.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko Zengqungquthela

UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela yamagunya amaninzi awenza akwazi ukusebenza njengequmrhu eliyintloko lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. La mandla adweliswe kwinqaku I, icandelo 8, kwaye anwenwe ngexesha elingephi ngokutolika nangokuqhelisa. Iimbopheleleko zeBhunga zidlulela ngaphaya nje kwemithetho edlulisayo.

Amandla oMthetho

Umsebenzi ongundoqo weBhunga kukwenza imithetho. IKhomishini inegunya lokumisela imigaqo emininzi, equka irhafu, ezorhwebo, ukhuselo, ukufuduka, imfundo, kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo. Icandelo "eliyimfuneko nelifanelekileyo" linika iNkqutyana ubulula bokumisela imithetho ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni amandla ayo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana liye laba sisiseko solwandiso olubalulekileyo lwegunya lesizwe kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

IBhunga linomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko wokongamela isebe elilawulayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Ukulawula kubandakanya iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, uphando, kunye nezicelo zoxwebhu nobungqina. Ulawulo lweBhunga lungabhenca inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhatshazwa kwamaziko asekuhlaleni kwaye lungakhokelela kwiinguqu zemithetho-siseko. I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoRhulumente (GAO), isebe elizimeleyo elisebenzela iBhunga, ukuqhuba ii-Phondo nokuhlola iinkqubo zikarhulumente. [[FLT: 0] umsebenzi we-GAO's's[ uxhasa iBhunganiso lwemithetho-mthetho eqhuba iimbopheleleko zayo kunye nokunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza nokuphendulelwano-mali karhulumente.

Igunya lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Amandla esipakethe esinye sezixhobo zeBhunga elibalulekileyo. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba onke amatyala engeniso avele kwiNdlu yabameli. Ingqungquthela imisela indlela imali karhulumente ephakanyiswa ngayo ngerhafu nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwinkqubo yonyaka yokuququzelela. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukugunyazisa umthetho, omisela ukuchitha izilingi, kunye nomthetho wezibonelelo, onika imali. I-Congregational Ubhankial Office (CO) inika uhlalutyo lwemali olungenayo lwempembelelo yoqingqo-mali ecetyikisiweyo. Ulawulo lweBhunga lwemali lunika umthetho onamandla olawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Icebiso Nemvume

IBhunga leNtlanganiso linamandla akhethekileyo okunika icebiso nokuvuma ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano. UMongameli ugweba abantu ngokwezikhundla ezifana noonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, oonozakuzaku, nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ezi zindululo zibhekiswa kwiNdlu yeQela, apho iikomiti ziqululelana zize zivote ukuba zincomele ukuqinisekiswa. IBhunga elipheleleyo ngoko livota ekuchongeni, kunye noninzi olulula olufunekayo kwizikhundla ezininzi. KwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, inkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yeyona ingqongqo yeNkundla, ingqongqo yezo yenze i-Phondo i-Phondo icace kakhulu kwaye iye yazenza i-ontathe yaziquququze ngezivumelwano zokunconywa ngomrhutho-2.

Amandla Okufikelela

IBhunga linegunya lokutyhola nokususa amagosa esizwe, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nabagwebi. Indlu inegunya lokungamangaleli, elingumyalelo wokukhupha izityholo. Uvoti oluqhelekileyo oluseNdlu yanele ukuququzelela. IBhunga liqhuba ityala, neJaji ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo elawula xa uMongameli evavanywa. Uninzi lwabachongi kwiNdlu yeeNtlanga kufuneka luvumelwano nokususwa kwesikhundla. I-ivoti ye-ofisi yamkelekile kwaye ingumcimbi oye wasetyenziswa kuphela ngamaxesha ambalwa kwimbali yeMerika.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

IKhomishini ayiqhubeki isebenza ngokuzikhetha. UMongameli umisa inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela apho isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lingasikela umda amandla abanye. IKhomishini ihlola isebe eliphetheyo ngokuqwalasela, amandla emali, amandla okulawula isikhwakhwa semali, ukukwazi ukuyeka ukuphatha i-vetoes, negunya lokungavumela. UMongameli uhlola iKhontelethi ngamandla e-veto kunye nokucebisa umthetho. Isebe lezobulungisa lihlola zombini iiKhonkqu kunye noMongameli ngamandla okuhlola, nto leyo evumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba igunya lisasazwe kwaye akukho sebe lilelo linegunya elilawula kakhulu. Ukukhangela ngokunzulu indlela ezisebenza ngayo, [[FLD:0].US.A isikhokelo sokuqinisekisa indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo imithetho ecacileyo phakathi kolawulo lolawulo lomthetho.[FFG.]

Umelo noKhetho

Abalawuli beNgqungquthela yoMgaqo-siseko abayila ukuba babe lisebe likarhulumente elisabela kakhulu kubantu. Amalungu eNdlu anyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, ewenza angabi naluvo lokutshintsha-tshintsha kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke. Abaququzeleli, ngoxa besebenza ixesha elide, basamele ukuchonga ngokusemthethweni. Inkqubo yokuzimela, eyenzekayo emva kweminyaka elishumi yokubalwa kwabantu, imisela imida yemimandla eqengqelekayo, emisela imilinganiselo yephondo. I-Repicioceria ephezulu, ngemibango yeGgerrymander eqheleke kakhulu kumaphondo amaninzi. Imbono yokumela ikwaya kufikelela kwingini kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zobuzwe. Nangona iBhunganeye yahluka-ndengeminyaka engamashumi akutshanje, ayikabonisi ngokugqibeleleyo ubumi ndawonye ubumi basezweni belizwe.i-Scom, maxa wamanye amaxesha, inkxtempty, ink, ngemingcul, ngemingcul.

Ucelomngeni Notshintsho Lwanamhlanje

IBhunga lijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olubalulekileyo kwimihla yethu. Ukuthamba okuthe kratya kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukudlulisela umthetho, nge-nfinbusters, ukulibaziseka kwemithetho, kunye nokuvota kweqela okuqhelekileyo. Ukukholosa ngoluntu kwiKhomishini kukumgangatho ophantsi obalulekileyo, iMelika ezininzi ezijonga isiko njengelingasebenzi kakuhle kwaye eliphenjelelwa kakhulu zizinto ezikhethekileyo. Ukukhula kwamandla empango-mandla empango-mandla kukwaya kushenxise ukulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wegunya kude nesebe lowiswano. Izicelo zotshintsho ziquka imilinganiselo yokwenza inkqubo ye-witroviment icace engakumbi, ukunciphisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, nakumgangatho ophantsi. Ukuphelisa inkqubo yoqingqomatshini, ukuguqula uqingqomatshini, nokuqinisa imithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha kukwenziwa kuko konke okuye kwathethwayo.

IKhomishini ihlala isesona siseko solawulo lwamaMelika. Ukwakhiwa kwayo, iinkqubo, kunye namagunya abumba iinkqubo ezichaphazela ubomi bonke baseMerika. Ngokuqonda indlela iCongress esebenza ngayo, abemi banokubandakanyeka ngcono nabameli babo baze bathabathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuba ngovota, ngokuqhagamshelana nelungu leBhunga, okanye ngokulandela inkqubela yemithetho-siseko sowisomthetho, ukuhlala benolwazi ngeBhunga kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bentlalo-ntle. Abo bafuna ulwazi oluqhubekayo, i-ofisi ye-ofisi .