Ukuqonda Indlela Oza Kufika Ngayo Ixesha

Umthetho wokubuya ekhaya ofuna ukuba abantu bahlale endlwini ngexesha elimiselweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukufika kwexesha kunyanzeliswa kwabancinane, kodwa kusenokusebenza nakubantu abadala kwiimeko ezithile, njengaxa iimeko zingxamisekile. Injongo ephambili yokufika kwexesha kukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ukuphumelela nokungaguquguquki kwexesha kuye kwaba yimibandela edityanisiweyo phakathi kwabenzi bemithetho, iingcali zomthetho, nabameli bebutho.

Imbali Ethetha Ngemiqathango

Imithetho yexesha ibisetyenziswa ukutyhubela imbali, amaxesha amaninzi ngexesha lezidubedube okanye lemfazwe. Igama elithi "incorfew" ngokwalo lisuka kwiFrentshi Endala "ikhovre-feu," elithetha "umlilo ogqumayo" uphawu lokucima umlilo ebusuku.

  • IYurophu ephakathi: ideshini yanyanzeliswa ukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye inciphisa umngcipheko womlilo emva kobumnyama. Ukudubula kwentsimbi kungabonisa ixesha lokugquma umlilo nokuhlala endlwini.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imfazwe yehlabathi II:[ izixeko ezininzi zazisebenzisa amaxesha okufika kwexesha ukwenzela abemi ukukhusela ekugqobhozeni kwenqwelo-moya nokulinganisela imisebenzi enokubanceda utshaba. Imimiselo emnyama yakhatshwa ngalamaxesha okufika kwexesha.
  • Amaxesha exesha lexesha: Amaxesha exesha angaphambili adla ngokumiswa ngenxa yesiphithiphithi, ungquzulwano lwamakhaya, okanye iintlekele zemvelo. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bemibhiyozo yomyinge emva kokufa kukaGeorge Floyd, uninzi lwezixeko zase-U.S. lwamisela imithetho emiselwe ukunqanda ugonyamelo nokonakalisa.
  • Impendulo yePandemic:[ Ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, amazwe amaninzi abeka imiqathango yomhla wokufika kwexesha ukuze kuthintelwe iimbutho zonxulumano kwaye kuncitshiswe usasazo lwentsholongwane, olufana nomhla wesibhozo ngokuhlwa eFransi nase Itali.

Ukuphunyezwa kwangoku kweMiqathango

Namhlanje, kusetyenziswa imiqathango yokumiselwa kwexesha ngokweemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, nganye ineenjongo ezingafaniyo nezingokwasemthethweni:

  • [[FLT: 0]] Ixesha lokufika kwexesha: Izixeko ezininzi zase-U.S. zimisela abantwana amathuba okufika ekhaya, aqheleke phakathi kwe 10 p.m. kunye nesihlanu kusasa, ukunqanda ubuhlongandlebe, ukuphamba, nokungaxenga-guquki. Ukunyanzela kulandelela kwizilumkiso okanye inkonzo yoluntu kubazali.
  • Ixesha lokufika ngexesha lonyaka eligqithisiweyo: Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangamisela amaxesha okufika kwexesha ngexesha lentlekele zendalo (umz., iinkanyamba, imililo yomlilo) ukwenza ukuba kusebenze imisebenzi yokuhlangula, ukuthintela ukuphanga, kwaye bakhusele abaphendula kuqala.
  • Imiqathango yempilo ehlayo: Imithetho yexesha ingaphunyezwa ukulinganisela iimbutho ngexesha leengxaki zempilo, njengeendyikitya zokufa. Ezi zidla ngokujolisa amashishini angengomalungu omsebenzi kwaye zithintele intshukumo ngexesha leeyure ezithile.
  • Ukubekwa kwexesha ngokwendawo ezithile: Ezinye izixeko zibeke amaxesha okufika kwamaxesha okufika kwabantu abadala kwimimandla yokuzonwabisa emiselweyo ukunciphisa ugonyamelo olunxulumene notywala, nangona ezi zinqabile kwaye zisoloko zicelw'ityala.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Imithetho Yexesha

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene kuyanceda ukuze ubone imiphumo ecacileyo yexesha lokufika ekhaya:

  • Dallas, Texas (ukufika kwexesha elibelekileyo): Kwiminyaka yonyaka ka 1990, uDallas wasebenzisa ixesha elingqongqo lokufika kwabantwana. Uhlolisiso lweYunivesithi yaseTexas lwafumanisa ukuba ukubekwa kwexesha kwanciphisa ukubanjwa kwabantwana ngexesha lokufika kwexesha nge-8%, kodwa umlinganiselo wolutsha awuzange unciphe kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ixesha lokufika komntwana lichaphazele ulutsha olumbalwa.
  • INew Orleans, Louisiana (ukungabikho kwexesha lokubuya emva kweKatrina): Emva kwenkanyamba uKatrina, umhla wesi-8 p.m. ukubuya kwexesha kwamiselwa ukukhusela ukuphanga nokukhusela abasebenzi bokwakha kwakhona. Ngoxa kwakuphumelela ukubuyisela ucwangco, ixesha labemi lokufika ekhaya lalinganiselwa amandla okubuyela kumakhaya abo nezenzo eziqhelekileyo, ukuzoba ukugxekwa kwamaqela enkululeko yasekuhlaleni.
  • Isifo esimandundu se-euron (2020-2021): umhla wexesha le- France nge 8 p.m. ngexesha lonyaka weCHOVAD ibonise unciphiso lwe-20% kwintsholongwane edluliselwayo kwiiveki ezimbini zokuqala, ngokutsho kwePassteur Institute. Noko ke, ukumiswa kwexesha kwakhona kwakhokelela kwimilo yempilo engokwengqondo kunye nezenzo zogonyamelo zasekhaya, ukubalaselisa ukuphuma phakathi kwempilo kawonke-wonke nentlalo.

Impembelelo Yemiqathango

Iziphumo zobundlobongela bokufika kwexesha zingaba luncedo kwaye zingabi ntle. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwazo nokuqinisekisa ukuba zisetyenziswa ngokulinganayo.

Imiphumo Emihle

Abameli bexesha lokufika kwexesha bachaza iingenelo eziliqela:

  • Unciphiso kumlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho: Izaphuli-mthetho zingawuthintela umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha lobusuku, ingakumbi ulwaphulo-mthetho lwempahla kunye norhwaphilizo. Uhlolo lwe-meta-yali-phando olungamashumi amane lwezifundo zeCocrane lwafumanisa ukuba ukuhla kwexesha kunxulumene nokunciphisa okusezantsi kolwaphulo-mthetho lwabantwana ngexesha lomhla wokufika kwexesha.
  • Ukhuseleko olulinganisiweyo lwabancinane: Imithetho yexesha ingakhusela abantu abaselula kwiingozi ezifana neengozi, ugonyamelo, okanye ukuxhatshazwa. Umzekelo, amashwa eenqwelo-moya aphakathi kwabakwishumi elivisayo ehla ngexesha lonyaka kwizixeko ezinyanzelisa imiqathango yokuqhuba ebusuku.
  • Intembeko epheleleyo yoluntu: Xa imiqathango yomthetho wonyaka inyanzeliswa kakuhle kwaye icace, ingakhuthaza imvakalelo yokhuseleko phakathi kwabemi. Uhlolisiso oluye lwasezixekweni ezikhethiweyo lubonisa ukuba 60% yabantu abadala baxhasa ukufika kwexesha kwabantwana, bekholelwa ukuba bayanceda ukugcina ucwangco.
  • Ukuyekelela umsebenzi wamapolisa owenziwe ngeeyure eziphezulu: Ngokulinganisela inani labantu abasesitratweni ngexesha lasemva kwexesha, ukufika kwexesha kunakho ukuvumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kwabiwe ngoncedo olungakumbi.

Iziphumo Ezingalunganga

Kwelinye icala, ukufika kwexesha kunokubangela izinto ezininzi ezingathandekiyo:

  • Ukwahlulwa kwenkululeko yobuqu: Imithetho yemithetho ingaphazamisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko, ingakumbi abantwana abasenokuba nezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokuphuma (umz., umsebenzi, imisebenzi yesikolo). Iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni zisoloko zichaza ukwaphulwa koMphengululo wokuqala (inkululeko yendibano) kunye noMphengululo wesi-C5 (ukuphengulula nokutha okunembaxa kuyimfuneko).
  • Impembelelo egqithisiweyo kuluntu oluceliweyo: Impembelelo egqithisileyo ingachaphazela inani labemi abathile. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 olusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya lufumanise ukuba ulutsha olumnyama nolweSpeyin lungama-30% anokucatshulwa ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwexesha langoko kunolutsha olumhlophe, kwanasemva kokulawula kwizinto ezinxulumene nentlalo yezoqoqosho.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Izizathu zoxinzeleleko olunyusiweyo: Imithetho yetyala ingakhokelela kwiingxabano phakathi konyanzelo lomthetho namalungu oluntu, ingakumbi xa unyanzeliso luthathwa njengesandla esinzima. Iziganeko eziphezulu zeprofile, ezifana nokubulawa kwe-Traevon Martin (nangokuba ayinxulumene ngqo nomthetho wokwehla kwexesha), igxininisa indlela ubupolisa obunokukhula ngayo ebusuku.
  • Ingqiqo engachananga yokhuseleko: Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba ukufika kwexesha kusenokusuka nje kutshintshele ulwaphulo-mthetho kwamanye amaxesha okanye kwiindawo, kunokuba kuncitshiswe ulwaphulo-mthetho olupheleleyo. Umzekelo, uphando lwasePhiladelphia lwafumanisa ukuba ukubanjwa kwabantwana kwanda ngexesha elifutshane ngaphambi nasemva kwexesha lokufika kwexesha.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni nolomGaqo-siseko

Inkundla yezomthetho iye yavavanywa kwiinkundla eUnited States. INkundla Ephakamileyo ayikhuphanga sisigqibo esiqinisekisiweyo sokufika kwexesha labantwana, ishiya amatyala okuchaza umlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko loluntu namalungelo abo. Amatyala angundoqo aquka:

  • Bykofsky v. Isebe le Middletown (1975): Inkundla yorhulumente yaxhasa ixesha lokwehla kwabantwana, igqiba ukuba isixeko sinomdla onyanzelekileyo wokukhusela abantwana kulwaphulo-mthetho olusebusuku.
  • Schleifer v. iSixeko saseCharlottesville (1998: Isekethi yesine yawubhukuqa umthetho wobuntwana wesixeko sonke, ifumanise ukuba wawubanzi kakhulu kwaye ungenazo iinketho ezaneleyo kwimisebenzi esemthethweni.
  • Quib v. IsiXeko saseNew York (2020): Ngexesha leCHOVID-19, inkundla yephondo laseNew York yaxhasa ixesha longxamiseko lomthetho wobunini, icaphula imfuneko yempilo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, inkundla yaphawula ukuba ixesha lokufika komtshato kufuneka lilungiswe ngokufutshane kwaye libekwe phantsi kohlolo oluthe rhoqo.

Ukucaciswa Kwengxolo

Imimiselo yengxolo yimithetho elawula isantya sengxolo evunyelweyo kwiindawo ezithile ngamaxesha athile. Le mithetho ijolise ekukhuseleni ubomi babemi nokugcina uxolo phakathi kwabantu. Ngokungafaniyo nemiqathango yokufika kwexesha, ethintela intshukumo, imithetho yengxolo ijonge imithombo yesandi------injini, umculo ongxolayo, ukwakhiwa, ukukhonkotha, okanye izixhobo zoshishino.

Imvelaphi Yengxolo Engangqalanga Embalini

Ingcamango yokulawula ingxolo ikwinkulungwane zakudala. Inkqubela-phambili iquka:

Iintlobo zengxolo epholileyo

Imithetho yomlomo iyahluka-hluka ngokubanzi, kodwa idla ngokuba ziindidi eziliqela:

  • Ingxolo egqithiseleyo: imithetho elinganisela umlinganiselo wengxolo kwiindawo zokuhlala ngexesha elithile, eqheleke emva kwe 10 p.m. nangaphambi kwe 7 kusasa imigangatho ebhabhayo idla ngokuba phakathi kwama-50 nama-60 dB kwiindawo ezizolileyo.
  • Ingxolo evakalayo: Imithetho yolawulo lwengxolo evela kumashishini, njengemivalo, iivenkile zokutyela, kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa. Ezi zingaquka iimfuno zokukhusela isandi, imida enyusiweyo yexesha lomculo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango.
  • Ingxolo yokwahlula: Imiqathango yolwakhiwo ngentsasa okanye emva kwemini. Izixeko ezininzi zivumela ukwakhiwa kuphela ukusuka ku 7 kusasa ukuya ku 6 ngokuhlwa, nemilinganiselo engqongqo kwiimpelaveki nakwiholide.
  • Ingxolo yeVehicle: Imithetho yokulawula umbhobho, ihokingi, kunye ne-injini. Umzekelo, iVhicle yeKhalifoniya ithintela imilinganiselo yengxolo engaphezu kwama-95 dB yezithuthuthu kunye nama-80 B kwiinqwelo-mafutha.
  • Ingxolo evakalayo: ingxolo ejoliswe ekugxalazeni izinja, iinkukhu ezikhalayo, okanye ezinye izandi zezilwanyana eziphazamisa uxolo. Abanini-zo bangajongana nentengo emva kokuba bekhala ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Ukubetha Ingxolo: Imilinganiselo Yedecibel

Imithetho yengxolo idla ngokuchaza umlinganiselo omkhulu wesandi, olinganiswe ngee-decibels (dB). Ukuqonda le mida kungundoqo ekunyanzelweni komthetho. Imida eqhele ukusetyenziswa

  • [[UMTL: 0]30 dB: ithala leencwadi elithe cwaka okanye incoko yesebe.
  • [[UMTL:0] dB:[ Imvula ephakathi okanye isiqandisi sasekhaya.
  • [[UMTL: 0] dB: Incoko eqhelekileyo okanye umculo ongasemva.
  • [[UMTL:0] u-dB 70 : Ukucoca iVacuum okanye ukuxakeka kweetrafiki (ngokufuthi umda weendawo zokuhlala ebusuku).
  • dB:[ iresitore enengxolo (inokuvunyelwa ngexesha lorhwebo kummandla wezorhwebo).

Imiphumo Yokungabikho Kwengxolo

Imithetho yomsindo inokuba nempembelelo enzulu kuluntu, ichaphazela abemi, amashishini nempilo kawonke wonke.

Imiphumo Emihle

Iingenelo zengxolo ziquka:

Iziphumo Ezingalunganga

Noko ke, amasiko engxolo anokuba nemiba ephazamisayo:

  • Impembelelo yezorhwebo: imimiselo yengxolo engqongqo ingathintela imisebenzi yeshishini, ingakumbi kwisithili sobomi basebusuku. Iireant nemivalo zingalahlekelwa yingeniso ukuba kufuneka zisondele phambi kwencopho yeeyure, kwaye iindawo zekonsathi zisenokuzama ukufikelela imida yedecibel. ELondon, “Indlela yotshintsho" yomgaqo wamkelelwa ukukhusela amashishini kwizikhalazo zokuhlala.
  • Izizathu ezithe ngqo zokungquzulana: Iingxabano zisoloko zivela phakathi kwabamelwane ngenxa yezikhalazo zengxolo, maxa wambi zinyuka ukuze zithathe inyathelo elisemthethweni. Kwimimandla exineneyo yasedolophini, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungaphazamisa ulwalamano loluntu.
  • Imingeni yonyanzeliso: Ukunyanzela imimiselo yengxolo kuyaziwa njengenzima. Imilinganiselo yesandi ifuna izixhobo ezilungelelanisiweyo nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo; izikhalazo zisoloko zixhomekeke kwimiqobo esisiseko. Ngaphezu kombutho wamapolisa owenziwe wanzo-nyezelelwayo zinganciphisa iminxeba yengxolo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunxunguphaleni.
  • Ukungqubana ngokwesiko: Imimiselo yengxolo ingangqubana noqheliselo lwenkcubeko. Umzekelo, ezinye iindawo ziqhuba imibhiyozo yonqulo okanye imithendeleko ebandakanya umculo onyusiweyo kude kube sebusuku. Ukulinganiswa kwendlela yokwahlula ingxolo kukuxanduva oluqhubekayo.

Izixhobo zonyanzeliso kunye nezindululo

Urhulumente uphuhlisa iindlela ezichuliweyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ingxolo:

  • Iinkqubo zokuhlola ingxolo ezizenzekelayo: izixeko ezinjenge Paris ne New York zifake iziva-mvo zengxolo kwiindawo zokuzonwabisa ezixakekileyo ezibangela ukuchaphazeleka xa imida yedecibel igqithisiwe. Oku kunciphisa imfuneko yongenelelo lwamapolisa.
  • Iinkqubo zoququzelo: Ezinye izithili zinika ulawulo lwengingqi yengxolo, ezinokuba luncedo kakhulu kunentengiso. Inkqubo yeNkqutyana ye-San Francisco inikela ingxelo yesantya sempumelelo se-70% sokucombulula izikhalazo zengxolo ngengxoxo.
  • Imali ehlawulwayo: Ukuphepha izigwebo ezikrakra kubenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho bexesha lokuqala, izixeko ezininzi zisebenzisa intengo ephumeleleyo. Umzekelo, ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala lungaphumela kwisilumkiso, ngexa amatyala aphindaphindiweyo enokuthi abangele ukunyuka kwentlawulo okanye ukususwa kwephepha-mvume.

Izalathiso zexesha elifanelekileyo

Ngeli xesha zombini ukufika kwexesha nokubekwa kwemiqathango yengxolo kujolise ekukhuthazeni ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ahlukile, amanani, kunye nempembelelo entlalo. Uthelekiso-ntle ngamacala lubalaselisa ukurhoxa korhwebo:

  • iTargets:[ ixhoba lomhambi womntu ngamnye; imiqathango yengxolo ijolise kwimisebenzi ethile (umz., umculo, ulwakhiwo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] ubunzima bokwandiswa kwemali: Izakhelo zifuna abagada abakwimigangatho yesitrato, abanokuba ziindawo ezingenisa izibonelelo kwaye ezityekele kwikhethe. Imithetho yengxolo ixhomekeke kwimilinganiselo yobuchule, enokutshintshatshintsha.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Inkululeko yemali: Izakucelw'ingcingo njengemithetho engekho mthethweni ngenxa yokuba ithintela intshukumo ekhululekileyo. Imithetho yomlomo ixhaswe ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba imfiliba okanye i-demorication.
  • ulwamkelo lwendawo: Abaququzeli basoloko bejamelene nenkcaso evela kulutsha nakumaqela amalungelo abantu, ngoxa imithetho yengxolo idla ngokuxhaswa ngabahlali abafuna uxolo(---abanini bamashishini asemadolobheni bangachasa.

Ezinye Iindlela Nezenzo Ezifanelekileyo

Ngenxa yemiphumo edityanisiweyo yeenkqubo zombini, uluntu oluninzi lufuna ezinye iindlela ezingekho ngqongqo kangako:

  • Kumaxesha okufika kwexesha: ungenelelo olujoliswe kulo "amaziko okufika kwexesha labantwana" anika imisebenzi yasemva kobusuku kunokuba anyanzelise ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wetyala" anika abagcini-mthetho ityala ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ngemithetho yengxolo: Inkxaso-mali yemali exhasa amashishini, iiyure zokuzithandela zozolo kwisithili sokuzonwabisa, okanye “uqingqo-mali lwengxolo” oluvumela umgangatho othile ophezulu wedecibel ngeveki.
  • ukudityaniswa kombutho: Abahlali abajikelezayo kunye namashishini akwimithetho esemthethweni yokwenziwa komsebenzi womsebenzi banokunyusa ukuthobela nokunciphisa iindleko zokunyanzelisa. Umzekelo, isixeko sase Austin, eTexas, sasebenzisa iindlebe zikawonke-wonke kunye nophando ukuyila umthetho wengxolo olungelelanisa impucuko yomculo kunye neemfuno zokuhlala.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yezokhuseleko neyoxolo nemithetho yengxolo zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokulondoloza ucwangco kunye nokwandisa ubunjani bobomi kuluntu. Ngoxa zinokuba neziphumo ezifanelekileyo nezingalunganga, ukuphunyezwa kwazo kufuna ulwazelelelo nolungelelwano olululo. Abenzi bezomthetho kufuneka bavavanye iinzuzo zokhuseleko noxolo ngokuphazamisana nenkululeko yobuqu kunye nobugqeba bezoqoqosho. Ukuqinisekisa ukunyanzeleka komthetho othe tyeleleneyo . Ngokusebenzisa imigaqo ecacileyo, igalelo loluntu, kunye nezinye iindlela ezicetyiweyo zinceda le migaqo iphumeza injongo yayo ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo ongalindelekilenga. Abafundisi kunye nabafundi kufuneka babandakanye kwiingxubukiso ezichaziweyo ngale migaqo, beqonda ukuba imigaqo engcono ilungele ukusetyenziswa ziimfuno ezikhethekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo yoluntu.