Amalungelo asisithintelo sayo nayiphi na inkqubo yedemokhrasi, echaza ulwalamano phakathi komntu nesizwe. Amisela imida yegunya likarhulumente kwaye aqinisekisa inkululeko efunekayo kubemi ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kubomi basekuhlaleni, bavakalise iimbono ezichaseneyo, baqhubeke befuna ulwaneliseko lobuqu. Ukuqonda okuthetha ukuba unamalungelo kwidemokhrasi kufuna ukungahloli nje kuphela isiseko esisemthethweni esiwachazayo kodwa kwanemigaqo yentanda-ntandabulumko, iindlela eziluncedo, kunye neengxaki ezizingisileyo ezilawulayo. Eli nqaku lihlola indalo, iindidi, nokubaluleka kwamalungelo edemokhrasi, ngoxa likwathetha ngezisongelo ezifuna ukulumka kwabami.

Isiseko Samalungelo Esilawulwa Ngulawulo - melo

Uluvo lwale mihla lwamalungelo lusuka kwiinkulungwane zezobupolitika nezentanda-bulumko. Ingqalelo yokuqala enjengeMagna Carta (1215) yaseka umgaqo wokuba kwanabaphathi baphantsi komthetho, banika inkululeko ethile kwimiba. IiNjikelezo zokukhanyiselwa zenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18. UJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJean-Jacasques Rousseau (wayichasisa ingcamango yamalungelo emvelo azalwa ngabo bonke abantu, abazimeleyo ngorhulumente. ULockelele ukuba ubomi, inkululeko, nempahla zinokuthatyathwa, kwaye oorhulumente bafumana ilungelo labo lokuvumelana nabalawulwayo. Ezi ngcamango zaphembelela ngqo iSindululo saseMelika sokuLawulo-Indement kunye nesiFulathiso samaFrentshi samaLungelo

Kwingcamango yedemokhrasi, amalungelo asebenza njengendawo echasene nomthetho omkhulu. Ngaphandle kobundlobongela bamalungelo akhuselweyo, idemokhrasi ibeka umngcipheko ehla iye "ekuthobeni kwenkomfa," apho idlalelwayo ilawula intetho encinane kunye nenkululeko esisiseko. Ngoko ke, amalungelo amaninzi asetyenziswa ngoorhulumente belizwe elilawulayo akwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko okanye uxwebhu oluphezulu olunzima ekunzima ukuluphelisa, ukuwabeka ngaphaya kokufikelela kwemibaluleka-mandla ekhoyo. Le mithetho-siseko soburhulumente siseko sobucala ibonakalisa ingcamango yokuba imigaqo ethile yenkululeko yokuthetha, yenkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efunekayo, ngokokuba ifanele ikhuselwe kwana nxamnye nemithetho ye-demodecima. Ngokubheke phambili ukufunda ngenkqubela engokwembali, [FLDisophysity] [FU.0]

Umthetho wePositivism

Ingxoxo ephambili yentanda-bulumko ixhalabisa enoba amalungelo akhoyo njengamalungelo okuzibanga emilinganiselo yokuziphatha azimeleyo (amalungelo emvelo) okanye ukuba angoorhulumente nje abasunguli beenkqubo zomthetho (i-legal posivivism). Ingcamango yamalungelo emvelo ingqina ukuba abantu baneemfanelo ezithile ngenxa yesidima soluntu lwabo, njengokukhululeka ekuthuthukisweni okanye ilungelo lokuya kwityala elifanelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngaba nawuphi na urhulumente othile uyawavuma ngokusemthethweni (amalungelo emvelo). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iphikisa into yokuba amalungelo angomthetho uthi angowona mgaqo uphakamileyo; akukho mgangatho wokuziphatha ophezulu. Inkoliso yenkqubo yedemokhrasi isebenza kwintlalo yazo zombini iimbono: ifaka amalungelo esemthethweni kumthetho kodwa ikhuthaza ukuqinisekiswa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha yazweni ngokubanziwabantu, ngokukodwa kumalungelo oluntu xa kutolika amalungelo oluntu.

Iindidi zamaLungelo eDemokhrasi

Amalungelo kwidemokhrasi adla ngokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezininzi, nganye isebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo wokukhusela ukuzilawula komntu ngamnye nokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle yeqela.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Amalungelo oluntu akhusela abantu ekungeneleni ngokweembono zelizwe nabanye abadlali. Aquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, yokuhlanganisa, yonqulo, nelungelo lokuzimela. La malungelo aqinisekisa ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukuvakalisa izimvo zabo, ukunxulumana nabanye, nokugcina urhulumente ephendulile ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Amalungelo oluntu aquka ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olufana nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, i-habeas corpus, kunye nekhuselwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo abantu, idemokhrasi iyasilela; abemi abanakukwazi ukuphendula kwintetho yesidlangalamli efunekayo ukuze benze isigqibo esithe ngqo.

Amalungelo Ezobupolitika

Amalungelo ezobupolitika avumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekulawuleni ilizwe labo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo lilungelo lokuvota nelungelo lokusebenzela isikhundla sikawonke-wonke. Amalungelo ezobupolitika akwaquka inkululeko yomanyano lwezopolitiko nokucela urhulumente. La malungelo ayindlela engqalileyo yokubonakaliswa kolawulo oluqhelekileyo, ukuvumela abantu ukuba bakhethe abameli babo baze baphembelele inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Amalungelo ezobupolitika awafuni kuphela iziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni kodwa akwafuneka ukufikelela ngezantsi okufana nokungabhaliswa komvoti-mthetho, iindawo zokuhlanganisa ezifikelelekayo, kunye nokukhusela ekubopheleleni abavoti.

Amalungelo ezoqoqosho nawasentlalweni

Amalungelo ezoqoqosho nawasekuhlaleni athetha ngeemeko zezinto eziphathekayo ezifunekayo kubomi obunesidima. Aquka ilungelo lokusebenza, lomvuzo ofanelekileyo, lokhuseleko lwentlalo, lolwazi lwemfundo, kunye nolawulo lwempilo. Ngoxa la malungelo maxa wambi ejongwa njengephuphayo kunokuba angqineke efanelekile, ulawulo-lwazi oluninzi luzibandakanya kwimimiselo yazo okanye ngomthetho. Ukuzaliseka kwamalungelo ezoqoqosho nawoluntu kujongene nenkcaso yokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banamandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo esizwe nawopolitiki. Ubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo okanye ukungafundi kusenokuwa ncam ngokunelisa abantu ngabanye, ukuguqula ulawulo-demokhrasi lube lilungelo labatyebileyo. [[[FLT:] Isindululo se-Uniactivers of Rights [[FLT]] [FLD]]

Ulawulo

Ezinye iidemokhrasi ziyawamkela amalungelo amaqela kunabantu ngabanye. Abantu bomthonyama, abantu abathetha iilwimi ezincinane, nabantu abahlala kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo basenokuba namalungelo ahlangeneyo okugcina ulwimi lwabo, ukuqhelisela izithethe zabo, nokuzilawula kwiingingqi ezithile. La malungelo ayaqonda ukuba ukuzilawula kusoloko kudityaniswe nokuzichaza kwamaqela, kwaye ukukhusela izithethe ezincinane kusenokufuna amanyathelo akhethekileyo. Amalungelo okuqokelela amalungelo amele alungelelaniswe ngocoselelo namalungelo omntu ngamnye ukuze aphephe ingcinezelo okanye ucalucalucalucalulo.

Izixhobo Ezikhusela Amalungelo Kulawulo - melo

Ukuba namalungelo amaphepha akwanele; ulawulo-melo kufuneka lwakhe amaziko kunye neenkqubo ezenza amalungelo aphumelele. Indlela engundoqo ngumthetho, ofuna ukuba bonke abemi namagosa karhulumente bathobele imigangatho efanayo engokwasemthethweni kwaye imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo nangokucacileyo. Kwidemokhrasi, akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho, nkqu namagosa aphezulu.

Ingcebiso yezomthetho neeNkundla zomGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla ezininzi zedemokhrasi zinika igunya iinkundla zolawulo-bume ukuba zihlole umthetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu zokuthobela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngokuhlolisisa okuqulunqwa, iinkundla zingawisa imithetho engqubana nenkululeko esisiseko, zinike ingqwalasela kwiinkundla zowiso-mthetho ezixhobisayo. Iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko okanye iinkundla eziphakamileyo ezinegunya zisebenza njengabalondolozi benkqubo yamalungelo. Ukuzimela kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu; ukuba iijaji zinokumiselwa okanye zishenxiswa ngokusemthethweni, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kusenokuba ngamaxhoba. Imizekelo eyaziwayo iquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States neNkundle yeMigaqo-siseko yezoMgaqo-mikhosi yaseJamani.

IiKhomishini namadoda angenalungelo loluntu

Ngaphandle kweenkundla, amaziko akhethekileyo anceda ukujonga nokukhuthaza amalungelo abantu. Iikhomishini zesizwe eziphanda ngezikhalazo zokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, uphando lwezophando, kwaye zincomela iinguqu zenkqubo. Amagunya azimeleyo afumana izikhalazo ngokuxhatshazwa kwezolawulo.

Uluntu oluzimeleyo loondaba noosomashishini

Amalungelo akhuselwa nakuphapheleka kwemibutho yamaphephandaba ekhululekileyo nesebenzayo yoluntu. Abacholacholi babhenca ukuxhatshazwa, ukulawulwa kwegunya, kwaye bafundisa uluntu ngamalungelo abo. Imibutho engeyoyarhulumente (NGO) enjenge i-Civil Liberesties Union okanye i-Mnesty International litigate mayela namatyala, iqhuba i-advocacy, kwaye ixhasa imibutho yotyani. Amalungelo e-democracratic achumayo apho kukho ingqungquthela kawonke-wonke apho abemi banokulungiselela nokuthetha ngokukhululekile.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo: Ukunikwa Amandla, Okusesikweni Nokumanyana

Amalungelo awayomiqobo nje yokhuseleko; aneengenelo ezibonakalayo kuluntu olulawulwa yidemokhrasi.

Ukunikwa Amandla Abemi

Amalungelo anika abantu amandla okuba benze njengabemi abakhutheleyo kunokuba bangenele imibandela engekho mthethweni. Ilungelo lokuvota linika abantu ilizwi elingqalileyo ekukhetheni iinkokeli zabo. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa abaqhankqalazi livumela ukuba bacel ’ umngeni iinkqubo ezingekho sesikweni. Ilungelo lolwazi linceda abavoti ukuba benze izigqibo ezifundisayo. Abemi abanikwe amandla badla ngokubeka ityala kurhulumente, banciphise ukonakala nolawulo oluzimeleyo. Uphando lwezentengiso lubonisa ukuba amazwe anelungelo elinamandla lokukhusela ugonyamelo lwezobupolitika kunye nomgangatho ophakamileyo wokuthembana kumaqumrhu.

IJaji yeNtlalo nokuQhubeka

Amalungelo aluncedo ekuhlangabezaneni nokungalingani kwembali nezakhiwo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo nokungavumeli ucalucalulo ngezizathu ezifana nohlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, okanye indlela yesondo, isiseko samalungelo sisebenza njengesiseko sobulungisa bentlalo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuqinisekisa, iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kubantu abaneziphene, namalungelo olwimi oluncinane onke afumaneka ngokuzibophelela ekwenzeni amalungelo okwenene kuwo wonke umntu. Ngaphandle kwezi meko, ulingana okusesikweni kufihla iimbono ezinzulu zokufikelela nokufumana ithuba.

Ukuzimela Ngolawulo - melo Neenguqu Zoxolo

Amalungelo akhuselwe kakuhle anciphisa amathuba okungqubana ngogonyamelo. Xa abemi beneziteshi ezisemthethweni zokuvakalisa izikhalazo, ukhuphiswano, nokufuna iziphendu, abafane babhenele ekuvukeleni. Imikhosi ebhaliweyo ethetha ngamalungelo anamandla idla ngokunandipha ukuthunyelwa koxolo namandla nokuzinziswa koxolo ngexesha leengxaki. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa amalungelo ephulwa ngokwendlela ethile, ukuthembana kwentlalo kuyancipha, kwaye ukungazinziwa kwezobupolitika kuyakhula.

Iingxaki Zamalungelo Ezandulelayo Kwimimandla Engalawulekiyo

Nangona zibalulekile, amalungelo olawulo-mpukane ajamelana nezisongelo ezikhulayo kule nkulungwane yama - 21. Abahlali nabenzi bomthetho bamele baluqonde olu celomngeni ukuze bakhusele ingqibelelo yabo yolawulo-melo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-odoli kunye nokunqongophala kwedemokhrasi

Kumazwe amaninzi aye ajongwa njengolawulo-lawulo lolawulo-bume oluzinzileyo, iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo ziye zathoba amandla kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo, zabeka imiqathango yenkululeko yokushicilela, zaza zajolisa abachasi bezobupolitika. Le nkqubo, ngokufuthi ebizwa ngokuba kukuphambuka kwedemokhrasi, ayisoloko ibandakanya ukubhukuqa ngequbuliso; inokwenzeka njengoko oorhulumente bewaphula amalungelo ngequbuliso ngoxa begcina imbonakalo yonyulo. Ukurhoxisa nokulinganisela, iinkundla eziqeshiweyo, kunye nokuqhekezwa kolwaphulo-mthetho zimiqondiso yesilumkiso. Ingi kunye nemibutho yezizwe kufuneka zihlale ziphaphele ekuchazeni loo migudu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bamanani kunye nobuninzi

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwadala imida emitsha yamalungelo. Iinkqubo zolawulo lwemikhosi, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi ziinkampani zabucala, kunye nokwenza izigqibo zemithetho-mithetho ingaphazamisa kwi-screenshot yomntu ngamnye nakwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle e-media angandisa amazwi akhululekileyo kwaye asasaza intetho ethoba elula. Imithetho ejikeleze ukhuseleko lwe-data, ukubonakala koluvo lwe-algoric, kunye ne-intanethi yokuthetha ngentiyo iyazi, kodwa isoloko iphazamisa ukhuseleko, ukusungula, kunye yimfihlo lucelomngeni olungundoqo lwedemocractic Foundation yexesha elikhoyo. [[FLT:]

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokuxhatshazwa Kwezobupolitika

Ukungalingani okunyukayo kwezoqoqosho kuguqula ukungalingani kwezobupolitika. Abantu kunye nemibutho efumileyo banokuphembelela ngokungenakulinganiswa ngokomthetho, amaphulo, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo, ngokunempumelelo athoba umgaqo wedemokhrasi welizwi elifanayo lezobupolitika. Xa imali ilawula kwezobupolitika, amalungelo abantu abaqhelekileyo okuze bamele i-ofisi yabo anokutshintshwa. Utshintsho lwezemali, imiqathango yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kunye nemiqathango yokuchasa ukonakala iyimfuneko ukulungelelanisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika.

Ukuqhatha Nokuhlaselwa Kwamalungelo Amancinane

Imibutho yePopulist isoloko iziveza njengeenkuselo "zabantu" kwiqela eliphezulu, kodwa isoloko ijolise amaqela amancinane `amaqela asuka kwamanye amazwe, ubuhlanga okanye ubugxwayiba, iLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. (aslanderss). Intetho enjalo ingakhokelela kumthetho onciphisa amalungelo, njengomthetho ochasene nenkqubo engaqhelekanga, okanye imiqathango ethintelayo ekunyamekeleni ubufana okanye ubudoda. Ukukhusela amalungelo amancinci kwiingquzulwano ezininzi kusisigxina esisigxina kwidemo-demo-demokhrasi. Ukhuseleko oluqinileyo kunye nolawulo lwezikhuseli ezizimeleyo luyimfuneko.

Indima Yabemi Ekuthetheleni Amalungelo

Okokugqibela, ukuba namalungelo kwidemokhrasi akuyomeko yokungathabathi nxaxheba; kufuna ukuba abemi bafumane umanyano olusebenzayo. Kufuneka baziswe ngamalungelo abo, bawasebenzise, bawaxhase namaziko abakhuselayo. Ukuthetha nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zikawonke-wonke ngamanyathelo okuqala, kodwa ukukhusela amalungelo kufuna ukuchanabeka okungekho sikweni okungakumbi, ukuxhasa imiqathango engokwasemthethweni, ukunikela kwimibutho yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, nokubeka amagosa anyuliweyo exanduva. Amalungelo omelele kanye njengokuba abantu bekulungele ukuwamela.

Imfundo idlala indima engundoqo. Izikolo akufunekanga zifundise nje amagama amalungelo kuphela kodwa intsingiselo yazo yembali kunye nokuqiqa okusemva kwazo. Ukufunda imithombo yezobugcisa kunceda abemi balapho bahlule isibakala nenkcazelo esasazwayo. Yaye isithethe sokunyamezelana nokuhlonelana siqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenzisa amalungelo akunciphisani. Ekugqibeleni, idemokhrasi yinkqubo efuna ukulondolozwa ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye amalungelo ayisiseko sayo.

Isiphelo

Ukuba namalungelo kwidemokhrasi kuthetha ukuba nenkululeko esemthethweni efunekayo ukuze uzenze ngokukhululekileyo kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho yokunyanzelisa loo nkululeko. Kuquka ukuzibophelela kumthetho, ukulingana, nesidima sabantu. Amalungelo anika amandla abantu, akhuthaza ubulungisa, kunye nozinzo, kodwa akaze akhuseleke ngaphandle kokuzikhusela. Njengoko izisongelo ezintsha ziphuma . "zisuka] ekuchongeni kwedemokhrasi ukuya ekutyekeni kwezoqoqosho, amaziko, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka zisebenze kunye ekusekeleni amalungelo okwenza ukuba kubekho ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ikamva lolawulo-demokhrasi lixhomekeke ekubeni siphathe amalungelo njengeli elisebenzayo okanye njengesivumelwano esiphilayo esimele sivuse izizukisi.