Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo emva kokudlula kwemali kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lithatha intelekelelo ecacileyo yomabini amagumbi eKhomishini asiyosiphelo sohambo lowiso-mthetho, kwaye liyincopho nje ebalulekileyo. Amanyathelo alandelayo agqiba ukuba ngaba umthetho uba ngumthetho, indlela oza kwenziwa ngayo, nendlela onokuthi utshintshe ngayo ngexesha elithile. Eli nqaku litsho ngokunzulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuhamba kwedesika-mthetho, ukusuka kwidesika sikaMongameli ukuya kwimithetho yowiso-mthetho, uhlolo lwezomthetho, kunye notshintsho lwamva lwemithetho. Ngesiphelo, uzakuba nemaphu ebanzi yendlela etshintsha ngayo izicelo zomthetho ibe ngumthetho ophilayo, enyanzeleka umthetho.

Izenzo ZobuMongameli: Isango Lokuqala Emva Kokudlula

Xa ityala livunyiwe yiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeQela efanayo, liyanyanzelwa liphinde lityikitywe ngabaphathi-mikhosi begumbi ngalinye. Lo mthetho unikezelwa kuMongameli we-United States, oneentsuku ezilishumi (ezingaphezulu ngeeCawa) ukuba asebenze. Ngexesha lale festile, uMongameli angathatha enye yendlela ezininzi, nganye eneziphumo ezahlukileyo.

Ukusayina IBhili Kumthetho

Isiphumo esicacileyo sesokuba uMongameli uyavumelana nomthetho kwaye awubonisi. Ngelo xesha, ityala liba ngumthetho kawonke-wonke, ngokufuthi ngomsitho osemthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kweepeni ezininzi. Iingxelo zokusayina zingahambisana nesenzo, apho uMongameli anikela ukutolika kwakhe umthetho okanye abonise indlela isebe elilawulayo elizimisele ngayo ukuwuzalisekisa. Ngexesha ezo ngxelo zingagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni, zingaphembelela indlela abameli abawuphumeza ngayo umthetho kwaye zinokuchazwa kwiimeko zenkundla zexesha elizayo. Umzekelo, xa uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush watyikitha i-USA PATRIOTTTS Act ngentetho yakhe yokusayina intetho yakhe yaphawula ukuba imigaqo ethile inyanise ngokwendlela evumelana negunya lakhe lomthetho. Oku bekubonakala kungumngeni-mthetho wesigxowa.

I-Veto eqhelekileyo

Ukuba uMongameli uyalwamkela ityala, angalibuyisela kwigumbi lendawana apho livela khona, kunye neveto umyalezo ochaza impikiswano. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yiveto engekho mthethweni. UMongameli angawususa umthetho wemithetho, inkxalabo yemithetho, okanye izizathu zoqingqo-mthetho. Kwimbali, oomongameli baye basebenzisa iveto ukuvala umthetho abawujonga njengongalumkanga okanye ongawufuniyo umlawuli. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklergin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa i-velt, ngexanduva ye-mali, ngexesha le-635, ngelixa oomongameli bezi mini basebenza njengovavanyo olunetyala kwisebe, uBhunga lokuqwalasela ulawulo.

Pocket Veto

Imposiso encinane kodwa esebalulekile yi-[[FLT: 0] i-veto. Oku kwenzeka xa uMongameli engathathi nyathelo kwityala leentsuku ezilishumi, kwaye iBhunga sele ithunyiwe [[[FLT:]] ifa [[FLT:] [[3]] (isiphelo sentambo]] [i-flate]]] [i-ayisensini] [i- fa] [i-i-FLT] [i-i-FLT]] [inqandatha]] okanye iintsuku ezingaphezulu-lishumi. Kulo , ityala alibi ngumthetho, kwaye ikho into ekhoyo enokuthi ingabi yenze ityala elininzi, kwaye ingakwazi ukuyilawula ngenxa yokuba ingekho kwintlanganiso.[FT][4][FFog.[4] kunye no-Foff]

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, uMongameli akanakuthatha nyathelo xa iKhompathimente ihlala kwintlanganiso `kuloo meko, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. Oku kwaziwa njenge emiselweyo ukwenziwa kwesicelo [ kwaye kwenzeke amaxesha ambalwa kuphela kwimbali yaseMelika.

Ukusabela Kwengqungquthela Kwindawo Ephakamileyo

Xa uMongameli ekhupha umthetho, iKhonkxane ayishiywa ngaphandle kokucela uncedo. UmGaqo-siseko unika inkqubo yokuba iNgqungquthela ilawule iveto, kodwa kunzima ngabom ukufikelela.

Ukukhwela Ibhanile

Ukudlula i-veto eqheleke rhoqo, omabini amagumbi kufuneka adlulise irejista kwakhona, ngoku ngobuninzi bamazwe amabini kwindlu nganye. Lo mqobo uphakame kakhulu kunobuninzi obufunekayo ekuqaleni. Ukuba omabini amaziko aphumeza izigqibo ezizii-3 eziphezulu ezimbini, ityala liba ngumthetho kwiimfuno zikaMongameli. Ukususela ekusungulweni kwe-United States, ingaphantsi komnye kwishumi leveveves ebezisoloko zingekho. Inkqubo ephambili kuthethwa ngayo i-bini le-bini le-bitanstes. I-fromes iquka iSigqibo semfazwe se-1973 (OooMongameli Nixon’to) kunye ne-Rhulumenter, ngaphandle kokuba kumiswe umthetho othe ncam, i-Genegosa.

Ukuvusela Ihlokondiba

Ukuba ingqwalaselo yokuphumelela, iBhunga lidla ngokubuyela kwibhodi yokuzoba. Umyalezo kaMongameli onika izichasi ezingqalileyo, kwaye abaququzeli bomthetho bangasebenzisa loo mpendulo ukulungiselela inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo ethetha ngeengxaki. Oku kungakhokelela kwingxoxo phakathi kwendlu emhlophe nenkokeli ezingundoqo. Ngokufuthi, umthetho oye wagunyaziswa ovumela imigangatho yemali, umgangatho wolawulo, okanye ezinye iingongoma eziphikisanayo. Kwezinye iimeko, umxhasi wokuqala angahlula umthetho abe ziindleko ezininzi ezincinane zokunciphisa inkxalabo. Inkqubo yonke ingathabatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka, kwaye amatyala amaninzi afe ngeli nqanaba. Noko ke, ukuphinda kuphinde kuqaliswe oko kugcine inkqubo yemithetho isebenza ngamandla kunye nezinye iimeko.

Ubuchule nokhupho

Xa ityala lityikitywe kumthetho (okanye i-odoli ephumeleleyo), ifumana inani lomthetho kawonke-wonke (umz. P.L. 118-1) kwaye ibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni. UArchivist wase-United States wabela umthetho igama layo lokugqibela. Kwimihla embalwa, i-Ofisi yoPhuliso yoRhulumente ishicilela umthetho kwifomu yephepha kwaye ekugqibeleni iwupapashe kwimo ye-[FOLD] United States iMithetho eKhulu, iqokelela umthetho osisigxilo kuyo yonke imithetho kawonke nangasese. Umthetho uyadityaniswa kwimithetho yeUnited States, ukuqulungela yonke imimiselo yorhulumente jikelele nengasomiso. I-ofisi ka-Federal Registery idlala indima ephambili kule nkqubo, iqinisekisa ukuba nakuwuphi nabani nabani na okhoyo, kwaye ithetha ntoni nakuwo nabani na.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umhla osebenzayo womthetho usenokuba awulo umhla wotyikityo. Imithetho emininzi ichaza umhla wexesha elizayo osebenzayo. / ngamanye amaxesha 60 okanye 90 iintsuku emva kokumiswa kwe-(ukunikela amaqumrhu kunye nexesha loluntu lokulungiselela. Umzekelo, uMthetho wesikhathalelo ongenakusetyenziswa watyikitywa ngoMatshi 2010, kodwa ulungiselelo olubalulekileyo aluzange lusebenze de kube ngu-2014.

Uzalisekiso: Ukusuka kwimithetho ukuya kwiMithetho yeNkqutyana Yokwenene

Emva kokuba umthetho upapashiwe, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuzalisekisa. Ngokunokwenzeka eli qonga lelona nxalenye intsonkothileyo nenempembelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa iBhunga libhala inkqubo ebanzi, lisebe elilawulayo elimele lenze loo nkqubo isebenze. Ukufakelwa kwemithetho kusoloko kubandakanya abameli abaninzi besizwe, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo eninzi, nezigqibo zemali ezibalulekileyo.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

Imithetho emininzi imisela igunya lokumisela igunya kwisebe lolawulo. Umzekelo, iNgqongqo-nkqubo yokuKhuselwa kweNtlalo-ntle (EPA) izalisekisa imithetho yezokhuseleko lwemeko-bume, iSebe lezeMpilo nezomsebenzi woluntu (HS) lizalisekisa imithetho yezonyango, kunye neSibonelelo sobuSekela kunye neKhomishini (SEC) izalisekisa imimiselo yogcino-mthetho. Isebe kufuneka lichaze umthetho lize limise imithetho engqalileyo echaza ukuziphatha okungavumelekanga, imigaqo yokuthobela, kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa. Inkqubo yomthetho ilandela i-AState Procediation Procediture Acture Active Active Active Act (A), [FF], ifuna isaziso kunye nexesha lokuphendula iziphumo zikawonke, eliphinda livakalise iziphumo zengxelo zemali, eliye likhuphe igalelo eliphumayo kwiziphumo ezithe zaleenkupho:[FFF] [F] [FEF] okanye iziphumo eziphuma-ful.[5]

Ngokomzekelo, xa iBhunga ladlulisa iDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho weConsumer Protection Act ngo-2010, umthetho omtsha wawufuna ukuba kwenziwe amakhulu emithetho emitsha ngamaziko amaninzi. Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho yarhuqeka iminyaka emininzi, eminye imithetho ingagqitywanga emva kweminyaka elishumi. Oku kubonisa indlela ukuzalisekisa okunokuthi kulibazise okanye kuphinde kuncitshiswe ngayo injongo yokuqala yomthetho.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

Xa imithetho ibekwe, abameli bamele baqinisekise ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthotyelwa kokhuseleko. Oku kusenokubandakanya uhlolo, uphicotho-zincwadi, uphando, iileta ezilumkisayo, intengo, okanye kwanee-partirals. Umzekelo, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) iqhuba uhlolo lomsebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemilinganiselo yokhuseleko. I-Actitionstion isoloko ineendidi lwezixhobo zokuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi, ukusuka kukhokelo olungacwangciswanga, ukusetyenziswa ngokwesiko. Ukusebenza komthetho kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwimithombo kunye nokuvuma kombutho wezombutho. Ukuba umbutho uswele inkxaso okanye umnqweno wokuxhasa imicimbi yezopolitiko, kwanomthetho omiselwe kakuhle unokuba nempembelelo encinane.

Inkcitho kunye nohlolo

Ukuzalisekisa kukwafuna imali. Ngoxa iKhomishini igunyazisa inkqubo esemthethweni, inkxaso-mali inikezelwa ngerhafu yonyaka. Ukuba ikomiti yezicelo ayiniki mali eyaneleyo, umbutho usenokuba uzabalazela ukuphumeza imisebenzi yawo. Oku kunokukhokelela kumsantsa phakathi koko kucetyiweyo kweBhunga noko kuphunyezwe ngokwenene. Umzekelo, imithetho emininzi yemeko-bume iye yamiselwa phantsi kwemiyalelo yayo, ikhokelela ekuvumeleni ukuhlolisiswa nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Inkqubo yezicelo yezopolitiko yenye inkqubo yemfazwe apho ukugwetyelwa komthetho kungaguquka khona.

Impinda Yezogwebo: Iinkundla Zinentsingiselo Yokugqibela

Kwanasemva kokuba umthetho uphunyezwe, ubugqeba bawo okanye ukucaciswa kwawo ngokwemithetho kusenokucelw ’ umngeni enkundleni. Uhlolo lwejaji lusiseko lolawulo lwaseMelika. Umntu okanye umbutho ochaphazelekayo ngumthetho unokufaka ityala lokuba umthetho uyawuphula umGaqo-siseko okanye ukuba umbutho udlule igunya lawo lokuwusebenzisa. Ityala lisebenza ngendlela yalo yokusebenza kwinkqubo yenkundla yephondo: inkundla yesithilithili, inkundla yezibheno, inkundla yenkundla yezobheno, kwaye isenokuba ikho eMGii. [FLT] [FLT: 0] Ityala lesizwe le-Intembeko yomthetho ye-Intengiso v. [Sebeltius] [FLT] [iglate:] [iglated KG] ityala lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho] [imthetho] [ityala] [ignome] [ikthe] [ik) linokuqinisekisa iNkuqinisekisa ukuba imele ukusetyenziswa, iNte

Ukuhlolwa, uhlolo, kunye nohlaziyo

Akuyonto imileyo. Emva kokuba iqalisiwe, ingena kumjikelo wokuhlola, wokuhlola nokulungisa okunokwenzeka. Oku kujongwa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekulawuleni okulungelelanisiweyo.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga libamba iindlebe, iingxelo, kwaye lihlolisisa indlela abameli abayisebenzisa ngayo imithetho. IiKomiti ezinjenge-ofisi yokuphendula ityala likaRhulumente (GAO) ziqhuba uphicotho kunye nohlolo. Umzekelo, i-GAO inika izicelo ezingamakhulukhulu eengxelo nyaka ngamnye ezivavanya ukusebenza kwenkqubo, ukuchonga inkunkuma, nokuncomela inkqubela. Ezi ngxelo zingakhuthaza ukupheliswa komthetho okanye umthetho omtsha. Ukuva okugqithisileyo kunika uluntu ukulungiselela ukunyusa imicimbi yolawulo malunga nokukhuselwa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo.

Uvavanyo kunye noqokelelo logcino-lwazi olunempembelelo

Inkqutyana zezoshishino ziqokelela ugcino-lwazi ukuze zilinganise iziphumo. I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) ingafuna iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo njenge-Congregational Uhlaziyo I-ofisi yoHlalelo loLawulo (CBO) athathe iziphumo zoqingqo-mali kwaye ayakwazi ukuphinda azihlolisise ngokwexesha elithile. Abaxhasi bee-data ukuquka amaqela oonothwali-mali, abameli bamashishini, nabaphandi bemfundo yemfundo. Ngomzekelo, i-Anabantwana’s Health Inscurensiorferance Program (CHI) iye yafundwa kakhulu ukuqonda iziphumo zayo zempilo yabantwana, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqululweni kobuyiselweni kobuphi bempilo kunye nenkqubo.

IziHlaliso Nomthetho Omtsha

Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo, iKhomyutha isenokuwuguqula umthetho wokuqala. Oku kunokwenzeka ngakwiindleko zokuzimela, okanye xa umthetho uvela ukuze kuqulunqwa kwakhona , okanye xa kusungulwa inkqubo eqhelekileyo yeenkqubo enemihla yokuphelelwa kwemihla (ummiselo). Umzekelo, uDombololo oluchasene noMgaqo-nkqubo woMphathiswakazi lwadluliswa ekuqaleni ngo-194 kwaye luye lwavunywa kwakhona kwaye lwalungiswa amaxesha amaninzi ukususela ngoko. Izindululo zingathetha ngeziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, ukuvaleka okufutshane, ukwandisa imali, okanye imigaqo elungelelanisiweyo. Ngamanye amaxesha umthetho uthathelwa indawo ngokupheleleyo ngomthetho omtsha, njengaxa ukungabikho kumthetho owekho kumye ummiselo osekhohlo we-All Sventive Believe Act ngowave Act ngo- 2015.

Amalungiselelo okuphuma kwelanga ngokwawo anyanzelisa uhlolo lwexesha. Umthetho oquka igalelo lokutshona kwelanga uzakuphela ngokuzenzekelayo emva komhla obekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini iphinde iwugunyazise. Oku kwenza indlela eyakhelwe uvavanyo kunye nokuhlaziya. USA PATRIOT Act ineelungiselelo eziliqela zokutshona kwelanga zamagunya athile ophatho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo ezishushu malunga nokuphinda uqulunqe kwakhona.

Indima Yokuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

Kuyo yonke inkqubo yasemva kokudluliswa, uwonke-wonke usengaphembelela iziphumo. Ngexesha lokubekwa komthetho, abemi bangangenisa amagqabaza kumasebe, bangenele ukuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke, okanye babe nenxaxheba kwiikomiti zolawulo lukawonke-wonke. Emva kokuba umthetho uphunyezwe, umntu ngamnye kunye nemibutho ingaxhasa iBhunga ukuze kulungiswe, ukumangalelwa kwefayile, okanye ukubandakanyeka kumaphulo okulwa kwetyala. Inkqubo yedemokhrasi ayipheleli kwibhokisi yebholaboti-*it iqhubekela kulo lonke icandelo lomthetho lobomi bebhayisekile.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lwemali alupheli xa idlulisa iNgqungquthela. Ukusuka kwidesika likaMongameli ukuya kumaqumrhu abhala imithetho, ukusuka kwiinkundla ezitolika umthetho ukuya kwiikomiti zobuveleli ezijonga iziphumo zawo, inkqubo yasemva kokudlula ityebile namathuba okutshintsha, ukuvavanya, nokuphuculwa. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunika amandla abemi, abalawuli, kunye nabaxhasi bokusebenza kwenkqubo karhulumente. Ukuba ungumfundi wehlabathi wenkqubo karhulumente, ummeli wesizathu, okanye umqwalaseli nje ofunxileyo, ukwazi oko kwenzeka emva kokudlula kwemali kukunika uxabiso olunzulu nokwakhiwa komthetho wedemokhrasi. [FFFOLT], indlela egunyaziweyo, ibonelelwa ngayo.[FOLT] kunye ne-Activesterog.[4]