Table of Contents

Iintlanganiso zekomiti yeKhonkxamente zimela enye yeenxalenye eziphambili kodwa ezisoloko zingaqondwa kakuhle kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho waseMerika. Ezi ndibano zisebenza njengegumbi le-injini leNgqungquthela, apho kuqhutywa khona umsebenzi ontsonkothileyo wobugcisa, wokuhlola, nowokucombulula umthetho ngaphambi kokuba amatyala afike kumgangatho weNdlu okanye weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo kwezi ntlanganiso kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngendlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo nendlela urhulumente amele aphendule ngayo eUnited States.

Ziyintoni Iikomiti ZeeBhunga Ezizimeleyo?

Iikomiti zeBhunga zingoorhulumente abakhethekileyo abasebenza ngokuhlola imimandla ethile yemigaqo-siseko, ukukhokela abameli bakarhulumente, nokulawula umsebenzi wemithetho-siseko. IiKomiti zibalulekile ekusebenzeni okunempumelelo kwemibutho yemithetho, zinika amalungu ulwazi olukhethekileyo lwemicimbi phantsi kolawulo lwawo ngoxa ehlola imisebenzi eqhubekayo karhulumente, ukuchonga imibandela elungele ukuhlolisiswa kwemithetho-siseko, ukuqokelela nokucombulula ulwazi, nokuncomela iindlela zokusebenza.

Inkqubo yeekomiti yavela kwimfuno esebenzisekayo. Ekuqaleni yayijoliswe njengomlinganiselo wokwexeshana wokuxubusha umthetho obhekisele kwiKomiti yeWonke, inkqubo yeekomiti yanda yaza yaphuhliswa ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-19 kunye nobukhulu bukarhulumente wesizwe, kunye neekomiti ezininzi ezikhethiweyo eziziikomiti eziziziikomiti ezimileyo. Le ndaleko yaguqula iikomiti zaba zizigxina ezisisigxina ezinemithetho neembopheleleko ezichaziweyo.

Iintlobo zeeKomiti zeBhunga

IBhunga lisebenzisa iindidi eziliqela ezahlukileyo zeekomiti, nganye isebenza imisebenzi ethile kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zakhiwo zahlukeneyo zekomiti kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umsebenzi wengqungquthela olungelelanisiweyo nophunyezwa ngayo.

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Iikomiti ezikhoyo zimiselwe phantsi kwemithetho emileyo yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kwaye zinobuchule ekuqwalaselweni kwemiba ethile yemibandela, neNdlu yeQela ngoku ineekomiti ezimileyo ezili-16. Indlu ineekomiti ezimileyo ezingama-20. Ezi komiti ziphatha isambuku somsebenzi wowiso-mthetho kwaye zinegunya lokunikela ingxelo yeetyala kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Iikomiti ezimileyo ziziqu ezisisigxina ezineembopheleleko ezithile kunye nolawulo olukhethekileyo oluchazwe kwimithetho yeBhunga leNdlu yeMimandla, kwaye nangona ezinye iikomiti ziphantse zibe zidala njengeBhunga leNtlanga, iNdlu yeeNqila ngamaxesha athile ihlaziya amagama kunye nemithetho yeekomiti ezimileyo ukuphendula imicimbi yesizwe esijikelezayo. Imizekelo iquka iKomiti yeeAppropriations, iKomiti yeeNkonzo zeZixhobiso, iKomiti yezemali, kunye neKomiti ye-Judiciary.

Khetha kunye neeKomiti ezizodwa

Ikomiti ekhethiweyo okanye ekhethekileyo yikomiti emiselweyo emiselwe ukwenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo ongaphaya kwegunya okanye ubuchule bekomiti emileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo enziwe sisigqibo esichaza imisebenzi yayo kunye namagunya kunye neenkqubo zokumisela amalungu ayo. Ngokufuthi iikomiti ezikhethayo zihlola imibandela etsha engangeni kakuhle kulawulo lwekomiti ekhoyo okanye enqumla imida yemithetho elawulayo, kwaye zisenokuba zezexeshana okanye ezisisigxina.

Iikomiti ezikhethiweyo nezikhethekileyo zisoloko ziphanda kunokuba ziphendulwe ngokwendalo, nangona abanye benegunya lokuqulunqa izivumelwano nokunika ingxelo ngomthetho, kwaye ikomiti ekhethiweyo idla ngokuphelelwa xa igqiba imisebenzi yayo emiselweyo, nangona isenokuhlaziywa. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka iKomiti yokuKhetha iNdlela yobuCwangciso kunye neekomiti ezahlukeneyo zophando eziyilwe ukuhlolisisa imibandela ethile okanye amanyala.

IiKomiti ezidityanisiweyo

Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo zenziwe ngamalungu eNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu, kwaye iikomiti ezisisigxina zanamhlanje ziqhuba izifundo okanye zenze imisebenzi yokugcinwa kwendlu kunokuba ziqwalasele amanyathelo, njengeKomiti eManyeneyo ekushicileleni ejonge imisebenzi ye-Ofisi yoRhulumente yoPhuhliso kunye neenkqubo zokushicilela jikelele karhulumente. Ikomiti ezidityanisiweyo zidla ngokusekwa ngemithetho emixinwa kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zingenagunya lokuchaza umthetho, ngesitulo esidla ngokungquzulanisa iBhunga ngasinye phakathi kwamalungu eMzini kunye neNdlukwano.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Ikomiti yenkomfa yikomiti yexeshana ebumbene ukucombulula ukungavisisani phakathi kweenguqulelo zeNdlu yeNdlu ekhuphisanayo neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ukuyekelela phakathi kweesikhundla zamagumbi amabini abekwe kwindlu epheleleyo neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ukuze ivunyelwe. Ezi komiti zinendima ebalulekileyo ekumanyaniseni iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yenkomfa ecwangcisiweyo kuye kwancipha ngokuthe ngcembe kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Ikomitana

Iikomiti ezininzi zibumba amakomiti amatsha ukuze zabelane ngemisebenzi ethile kwikomiti epheleleyo, eneekomiti ezincinci ezijongene neekomiti ezingobazali bazo kwaye zisebenze ngaphakathi kwemigaqo emiselwe ngabo. Iikomiti ezikhoyo zidla ngokudala amatyala angaphantsi agunyaziswe yimithetho ukuze aqwalaselwe kwaye axelwe iindleko, ezinika imisebenzi ekhethekileyo efana nokuqwalaselwa kokuqala kwemilinganiselo kunye nolawulo lwemithetho kunye neenkqubo kwimimandla esezantsi.

Iinjongo Eziphambili Zeentlanganiso Zekomiti

Iintlanganiso zekomiti zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yengqungquthela, nganye ifak' isandla ekusebenzeni kwesebe lowiso-mthetho.

Ingcebiso yoMthetho

Umsebenzi obonakalayo weentlanganiso zekomiti ubandakanya ukuhlolisisa umthetho ocetyiswayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo inyathelo lokuqala kule nkqubo kukuchotshelwa kwasesidlangalaleni, apho amalungu ekomiti aphulaphula amangqina amela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngomlinganiselo. Oku kuvumela iikomiti ukuba ziqokelele iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga neziphumo ezinokwenzeka, iingenelo, kunye neengxaki zamatyala acetyisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba zinconyelwe kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

IiKomiti zinamandla okubumba umthetho ngokuphawulekayo ngendlela yokulungisa. Emva kokuba kugqitywe ukuva, ityala liqwalaselwa kwiseshini eyaziwa ngokuba yi "oknawu-oknaye" iseshoni, apho amalungu ekomiti afunda iimbono ezinikelwe ngokweenkcukacha kunye nokubuyiselwa koxwebhu, kunye namalungu ekomiti anokuvota ukwamkela okanye ukulwamla ezi nguqu. Le nkqubo yokuchongwa imela iqondo elibalulekileyo apho iindleko zinokuhlaziywa, ziphuculwe, okanye zibhalwe kwakhona ngokupheleleyo.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

IBhunga liye layalela isebe eliphetheyo ngokwembali ngokungqalileyo, ngokucaciswa, ngokucaciswa, ngokujongwa, nangokulawulwa kokuphunyezwa komthetho,(*) kwaye ukuchongwa koomphathi bubuchule obunye obunokusetyenziswa yikomiti ekuhloleni oku. Ngokuva, iikomiti zihlolisisa indlela abameli besebe abamisa ngayo imithetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemali efanelekileyo, nokuphumeza imiyalelo yabo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli usebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva imicimbi karhulumente.

Imisebenzi Yophando

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kwahlukile kunetyala lowiso-mthetho okanye ulawulo kuba uphando ludla ngokubandakanya ukutyholwa ngobubi. Iikomiti zeBhunga zinamandla abanzi okuphanda avumela ukuba zihlolisise oko kunokwenzeka kokungahambi kakuhle, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwamaziko karhulumente okanye kwimicimbi yoluntu. Olu phengululo lungakhokelela kwiinguqu zomthetho, izalathiso zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye iinguqulelo kwinkqubo karhulumente.

Uqinisekiso lweNkqutyana yobuMongameli

Iikomiti zeState zinegunya lokubeka amatyala kwizikhundla zolawulo lomongameli kunye nezomthetho kwigunya lazo, njengoko umGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yeQela amandla "ooomasipala kunye nemvume" kwimimiselo yobumongameli. Ezi ziqinisekiso zivumela abaququzeleli ukuba bathandabuze iimfaneleko zabo, iimbono zabo, kunye nenkxwaleko enokwenzeka yokuba bafumane intlukwano phambi kokuvota nokuba baza kuncomela kusini na kwiNdlukwano epheleleyo.

Iintlobo zeKomiti zokuchongwa

Iintlanganiso zeKomiti zingenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiinjongo zazo nakwishishini eliqhutywayo. Ukuphulaphula yindlela amalungu ekomiti aqokelela ngayo inkcazelo, kwaye ishishini linokuhlelwa ngokubanzi kwiintlobo ezine: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, uphando, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweengxelo zobumongameli.

Iindlebe Eziwisiweyo

Oluna hlobo luqhelekileyo lokuva lwentlanganiso luqokelela inkcazelo ngombandela omnye okanye ngaphezulu ngokulindele ukuba ekugqibeleni ikomiti iphawule ize inike ingxelo yomthetho. Ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwemithetho, iikomiti zimema amangqina oonongcaphephe, abagcini-matyala, amagosa karhulumente, namalungu kawonke-wonke ukunikela ubungqina kumatyala acetyisiweyo. Eli ngqina linceda amalungu ekomiti aqonde iinkcukacha zobugcisa, iziphumo ezinokwenzeka, kunye neembono ezahlukeneyo ngomthetho oqwalaselweyo.

Ukuva Ngokuphapheleyo

Ukuva ngokuphandle bubuchule obunye obunokusetyenziswa yikomiti ekuxilongweni kwesebe elilawulayo. Ezi ntetho zijolise ekuhloleni indlela imithetho ephunyezwa ngayo, enoba abameli basebenza kakuhle na, nokuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyaziphumeza iinjongo zabo ezicetyiweyo. Iindlebe ezigqithisileyo zingavavanya ukwenziwa koqingqo-mali, izenzo zolawulo, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo, okanye uqheliselo lweziko.

Uphando Ngeendlebe

Ukuva okuphengululwayo kwahlukile kunendlebe yowiso-mthetho okanye yooyangqeqeshi kuba uphando ludla ngokubandakanya ukutyholwa ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo. Oku kuchotshelwa kubandakanya ukubuzwa kwamangqina okungathethekiyo, ukuveliswa koxwebhu, kunye nokuhlolisiswa okunenkcukacha ezithile zeziganeko ezithile okanye isimilo. Iindlebe zobugosa zinokuvelisa ingqalelo enkulu kunye nokukhutshwa kwamajelo eendaba, ingakumbi xa zibandakanya imicimbi okanye iimpikiswano eziphezulu zepropati okanye imicimbi engafanelekanga.

Uqinisekiso

Ukumangalelwa kwetyala kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu kuvumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba athandabuze ukuba oomongameli bafanele ukubekwa kwesebe elilawulayo, iijaji zesizwe, kunye nezinye iintlanganiso ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ezi zimvo zinika ithuba lokuvavanya iimfaneleko ze-ammine, amava, iimbono zomthetho okanye inkqubo, kunye neengxubano ezinokwenzeka zomdla. Ikomiti ngoko ivota ukuba ingancomela ubuntsalo kusini na kwiBhunga elipheleleyo.

IiNtlanganiso neMimiselo yeKomiti

Iikomiti zeBhunga zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho entsonkothileyo elawula indlela iintlanganiso eziqhutywa ngayo, ziqinisekisa ukuba ziqhutywa ngayo, ziqinisekisa ukuba zikho iimbonakalo ezicace gca, zisesikweni yaye zicebise ngendlela elungeleleneyo.

Phawula Izinto Ezifunekayo

Ikomiti nganye yenza umhla, indawo kunye nomxholo wesivakalisi esisiphetheyo, yaye izibhengezo zikawonke-wonke zikwapapashwa kwicandelo leDaily Digest leCongregal Recorregal. Isitulo kufuneka sivakalise umhla, indawo, kunye nombandela wentetho ngamnye, osenokungaqali ngaphambi kweveki emva kwesaziso esinjalo. Esi silumkiso siphambili siqinisekisa ukuba amaqela anomdla, amajelo-medi, kunye noluntu banexesha elaneleyo lokulungiselela nokuya kwiikomiti.

Kwiintlanganiso zeshishini, iimfuno zesaziso ezahlukeneyo ziyasebenza. Ukufumana uLawulo lwe-XI, izihlalo zekomiti zinika isaziso sikawonke-wonke seentlanganiso zeshishini, ezingasayi kuqala ngaphambi kosuku lwesithathu emva kwesaziso esinjalo. Iimfuno zesaziso sentlanganiso zingapheliswa yivoti yekomiti, i-vvoti, i-racm yokuthengiselana ngeshishini elikhoyo, okanye ukuba isitulo, nokuvumelana kwelungu eliphezulu, kumisela ukuba kukho "isizathu esilungileyo" sokwenza oko, ngako oko isitulo siza kunika isaziso somhla omtsha "ngexesha lokuqala elinokwenzeka"."

Vula Iimfuno Zentlanganiso

Intlanganiso nganye yentengiso yeshishini, kuquka nokubekwa komthetho yikomiti, iza kuvulelwa uwonke wonke ngaphandle xa ikomiti kwintlanganiso evulekileyo kunye nemodum ekhoyo imisela ngovoti yerekhodi yokuba bonke okanye inxalenye yentsalela yentlanganiso ngaloo mini iza kuvalwa kuwonke-wonke ngenxa yokuba ukutyhilwa kwemicimbi eza kuqwalaselwa kuya kubeka engozini ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kungalalanisa ulwazi lomthetho olunochuku, lungatyekela ekuhlabeni, okanye ekuhlazisweni, okanye ekungcolisweni nawuphi na umntu okhoyo, okanye ngandle koko kungayi kungqubana nomnye umthetho onxulumene nawo okanye iMimiselo yeNdlulo yabameli.

Le mfuneko yokubonisa iqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luza kuphendula xa lulungiselela iimfanelo eziyimfuneko kwimicimbi enzima. Ikomiti kunye nekomiti engaphantsi yokuchophela amatyala eshishini kufuneka ivulelwe uwonke wonke, kuquka unomathotholo nomabonwakude kunye nokufowuna, nangona ikomiti isenokuqhuba ivoti erekhodini kwiseshoni evulekileyo, inkoliso yamalungu abekho, ukuvala okanye ukuva okuseleyo kuluntu ukuba ukutyhilwa kobungqina, ubungqina, okanye eminye imicimbi ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ibeka engozini ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukulalanisa ulwazi lomthetho olunovelwanovelwano, okanye ukuphula umthetho okanye umthetho weNdlu.

Iimfuno Zequoum

IiKomiti kufuneka zibe nenani elincinane lamalungu akhoyo ukuqhuba ishishini elisemthethweni. Iimfuno zoQuorum zahluka-hlukene ngokwekomiti nangohlobo loshishino oluqhutywayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iikomiti zimisela imithetho yazo ye-smorem kwimigaqo emiselwe yindlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ukunikela ingxelo ngomthetho, iikomiti zifuna i-qumrhu eliphezulu kunezokuqhuba okanye ukuthatha ubungqina.

Iinkqubo Zokuvelisa

Ekuqukumbeleni icebo, ivoti yekomiti okanye amalungu ekomiti angaphantsi ithathwa ukumisela ukuba yeliphi inyathelo elifanele ukuthabatha umlinganiselo, kwaye kungaxelwa, ngohlobo okanye ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa, okanye ngaphandle kokubekwa, okuthetha ukuba akukho sinyathelo sinye kuyo esiya kwenzeka. Iikomiti zingavota ngevoti yelizwi, icandelo (ukuma), okanye ukuvota okubhaliweyo, kuxhomekeke kwimithetho yekomiti kunye nokhetho lwamalungu.

Imithetho yeKomiti

IBhunga eliLawulwe ngoMthetho oPhakamileyo XXVI lifuna ukuba ikomiti nganye yamkele ize ipapashe eyayo imithetho ebhaliweyo, kwaye le mithetho mayihambisane neenkqubo zekomiti yokwalathisa iBhunga leNtlanganiso. Oku kuvumela iikomiti ukuba zilungelelanise iinkqubo zazo kwiimfuno zazo ezithile ngelixa zigcina ukungaguquguquki nemithetho yeBhunga ngalinye. Iikomiti zimele zithabathe imithetho yazo ekuqaleni kwaye zingayilungisa njengoko kuyimfuneko.

Abathathi-nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwiintlanganiso ZeKomiti

Iintlanganiso zekomiti zibandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abahlukahlukeneyo, nganye idlala indima ekhethekileyo.

Isitulo seKomiti

Isitulo sekomiti, ngokuqhelekileyo ilungu leqela elininzi, songamela iintlanganiso zekomiti kwaye siqhelisela ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwiintlanganiso zekomiti, ucwangciso, kunye nomsebenzi. Isitulo simisela ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezifumana ulwamkelo, xa kuthe kwabanjwa amangqina, naliphi ixesha lokuva eliza kumenyelwa, nendlela eliya kunikwa ngayo ixesha lentlanganiso. Isitulo sekomiti nganye emileyo sichaza isitulo somthetheli-sihlalo sokukhokela iintlanganiso xa isitulo singekho kwi-pursusantswana soMthetho weNd, isiqendu 2(d).

Amandla esitulo anwenwela ekulawuleni ukuqukuqela kwengxoxo, ukwamkela amalungu athetha okanye abuze imibuzo, kunye nokulawula kwimicimbi yesithethe. Le ndawo inempembelelo emandla egqithisileyo phezu kwalo umthetho oqhubela phambili nendlela oovimba beekomiti abasetyenziswa ngayo.

Ilungu elihambayo

Ilungu eliphezulu lilungu eliyintloko leqela elincinane kwikomiti. Lo mntu usebenza njengenkokeli yeqela elincinane kwikomiti, emisela amacebo eqela elincinane, ekhetha amangqina amancinane, kwaye ngokufuthi esebenza ngesitulo kwimicimbi yesithethe. Utshintsho luquka ugunyaziso lwamalungu kwiqela elincinane ukukhetha nokubiza amangqina. Eli lungu liphezulu linikela iingxelo zokuvula imbono yeqela elincinane kwaye lilawula ixesha elibekiwe amalungu eqela elincinane ngexesha lokuva.

Amalungu eKomiti

Iqela ngalinye lizabela, ngokwesigqibo, amalungu alo, kwaye ikomiti nganye isasaza amalungu ayo phakathi kweekomiti ezincinci. Amalungu eKomiti aba nenxaxheba ekuchongeni amangqina, ngokuphikisana ngomthetho, ngokulungiselela ukubuyiselwa, nokuvota kwimicimbi yeekomiti. Amalungu akhula enobuchule kwiindawo ezikwimiba yeekomiti zawo yaye ngokufuthi akhonza kwiikomiti ezininzi nakumaqumrhu aphantsi kwekomiti.

IBhunga libeka imida kwinani nakuhlobo lweendawo zokulawula nayiphi na inkampani yesebe enokuthi isebenze phezu kwesitulo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izabelo zeekomiti zabelwe ngokunxulumene noko kwaye amalungu anokunikela ingqalelo eyaneleyo kwiimbopheleleko zeekomiti zawo.

amaNgqina

AmaNgqina anikela ubungqina, inkcazelo, kunye nohlalutyo olungoononkqele kwiikomiti. Zisenokuquka amagosa karhulumente, iingcali zemfundo, abameli bamashishini, iinkokeli zamaqela olawulo, nabemi bobuqu abachatshazelwa ngumthetho okanye yimibandela eqwalaselwayo. AmaNgqina anikela ubungqina obubhaliweyo kusengaphambili aze avele phambi kwekomiti ukunikela iingxelo ezidluliselwa ngomlomo nemibuzo evela kumalungu.

Kungekudala emva kokuba kuchongiwe, inkoliso yeekomiti ithumela ubungqina kwii-website zazo, nangona ezi zingqino zisoloko zingaquki inxalenye yemibuzo nempendulo yetyala.

Umkhosi weKomiti

Amalungu ekomiti angoogcisa adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindima yekomiti. Baqhuba uphando, umthetho oyalelayo, balungiselele izinto ezifutshane zamalungu, balungelelanise ukuva, balungelelanise amangqina, baphathe imisebenzi yolawulo. Amalungu asebenzayo asoloko enobuchule obunzulu kwiindawo ezikumxholo wekomiti kwaye banika ukuqhubekeka njengamalungu anyuliweyo ezayo aze ahambe.

Uninzi lwamaqela namaqela amancinane ahlala ehlukene kwikomiti, yaye iqela elininzi lilawula iindawo ezithe kratya nabasebenzi. Amalungu abasebenzi asebenza ngokusondeleyo namalungu awo ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, ukuhlalutya iindlela zokukhetha inkqubo, nokulungiselela ukuva nokunyusa.

Inkqubo yeKomiti yophawulo

Intlanganiso yokunyusa ixabiso imela elinye lawona manqanaba abalulekileyo kwinkqubo yekomiti, apho kuhlaziywa khona umthetho, ulungiswe, uze ulungiselelwe ukuqwalaselwa yigumbi elipheleleyo.

Okwenzekayo Ebudeni Bophawu

Emva kokuba kugqitywe ukuviwa, ityala liqwalaselwa kwiseshini eyaziwa ngokubanzi njengeseshini "yophawu-luphezulu", apho amalungu ekomiti afunda iimbono ezinikelwe ngokweenkcukacha kunye nokubuyiselwa kumaphepha emali, kunye namalungu ekomiti okuvota ukwamkela okanye ukulwamka ezi nguqu. Ngexesha lokuphawula, ikomiti ihamba ngecandelo lemali ngokwecandelo lemali, iqwalasela ukupheliswa kwentengiso nokwenza iinguqulelo kumbhalo we-wisclegi.

Amalungu anganika ulungiso ukongeza, ukucima, okanye utshintsho olukhoyo lomthetho. Ezi zindululo ziyaphikiswana, kwaye ikomiti ivota ukuba ingabamkela kusini na. Inkqubo yokunyusa ingaba yeyokuphikisana, ingakumbi kumthetho ophikiswayo, namalungu avela kumaqela awahlukeneyo okanye aneembono ezahlukeneyo ezinika izilungiso ezikhuphisanayo.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ukuba ikomiti ivumile ukuba kulungiswe utshintsho olugqithisileyo, bangagqiba ekubeni baxele ingxelo yomthetho omtsha obandakanya zonke izilungiso, ezibizwa ngokuba "ngumthetho ococekileyo" kwaye ziya kuba nenani elitsha. Le ndlela icocekileyo ichaza umbhalo wowiso-mthetho kwaye yenza kube lula ukuba igumbi elipheleleyo liqwalasele umthetho.

Ukuba ikomiti ivota ichaza ityala lengxelo, ingxelo yekomiti ibhaliwe, echaza injongo nobungakanani bomlinganiselo kunye nezizathu zokunconyelwa. Le ngxelo inika umongo obalulekileyo wokuqonda umthetho kwaye isebenza njengomthombo ongundoqo wembali yowiso-mthetho iinkundla namaqumrhu anokubuzana nawo xa kutolikwa umthetho.

Iinketho zesenzo seKomiti

Emva kokuqwalasela ityala, iikomiti zineendlela eziliqela. Zinganikela ingxelo elungileyo yetyala, zincomela ukuba igumbi elipheleleyo lilidlulise. Banganika ingxelo yetyala ngokulungisa, ebonisa iinguqu abakholelwa ukuba zifanele zenziwe. Banganikela ingxelo engeyiyo, nangona oku kunqabile ukususela ekubeni iikomiti zivele zingavumi ukwenza nto ematyalani azo azichasi. Okanye ziyakwazi ukuyithengela phantsi ityala, ngokunempumelelo ukungenzi nto ilandelayo.

Isigqibo sokungathabathi nyathelo kwityala sidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-"ding in komiti". Amatyala amaninzi asungulwe kwiBhunga awaze aqwalaselwe yikomiti kwaye aphele ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yentlanganiso. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uvumela iikomiti ukuba zihluze umthetho ongenankxaso yaneleyo okanye ongenalo ilungelo.

Ukufumaneka okucace gca kunye nokufikelela koluntu

Iikomiti zeengqungquthela zanamhlanje zisebenza ngokucace ngendlela ephawulekayo, zivumela uphando lukawonke wonke ngemisebenzi nezigqibo zazo.

Ukungena Kuwonkewonke Nokukhutshelwa

Nanini na na nanini na kuvakala okanye kuqhutywa intlanganiso eqhutywa yikomiti, ezo ziganeko ziya kuvuleka ukuba zishunyayelwe ngezixhobo zesandi nezentelekelelo ezilungiselelwe kuMthetho we-XI, icandelo 4 leMithetho yeNdlu yabameli kwaye lithotyelwe imida yayo. Oku kuvumela ukuba amajelo eendaba asasaze imicimbi yeekomiti kwaye kunike abemi ithuba lokubukela ukuchotshelwa kwee-statifomu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iiwebhsayithi zeekomiti kunye neC-SPAN.

Ukukwazi ukuqwalasela imicimbi yeekomiti kukhulisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi ngokuvumela uwonke-wonke ubone indlela abameli babo abawenza ngayo umsebenzi wabo wowiso-mthetho. Izakhamuzi zinokuyiqwalasela indlela amalungu abuza ngayo amangqina, imibandela yengxoxo, kunye nokuvota ngomthetho.

Ukufumaneka kweengxelo zamaKomiti

Itranskriphshini yobungqina obuthatyathwe kwityala yenzelwa ukuba ifumaneke ukuhlolwa kwi-ofisi yekomiti, kwaye rhoqo irekhodi epheleleyo ishicilelwa ize isabiwe yikomiti. IiKomiti zinikezela ngokufikelela kwi-webcastcast yokuchonga ebonisa ukuchonga ngokupheleleyo. Ezi ngxelo zenza uvimba osisigxina wemisebenzi yekomiti.

Iiwebhusayithi zeekomiti zinika ithuba lokuphulaphula uludwe lweenkqubo, ubungqina, iingxelo zeekomiti, iirekhodi zokuvota, kunye nevidiyo egciniweyo yezo zigqibo ezidlulileyo. Oku kufumaneka kwe-intanethi kuye kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela koluntu kumsebenzi weekomiti zombutho xa kuthelekiswa namaxesha angaphambili xa kufunyanwa inkcazelo enjalo efunekayo eWashington okanye icela amaxwebhu ngeposi.

Imida Ebonisa ngaphaya

Ngeli xesha uninzi lwezi komiti lusemdla, ezinye iintlanganiso zisenzelwa abantu abanoxanduva. Abanye abantu ngaphandle kwamalungu ekomiti namalungu eNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, abathunywa, abameli abahlala kulo, abasebenzi bequmrhu, okanye abameli bamasebe abagunyazisiweyo yikomiti ukuba babekho kwintlanganiso yezoshishino eqhutyelwa kwintlanganiso yesebe eliphetheyo. Le ntlanganiso ivaliwe, nangona inqabile, ivumela iikomiti ukuba zixubushe ngemibandela yokwahlulwa komthetho, imicimbi enxulumene nolwamvo, okanye eminye imibandela eyimfihlelo.

Indima yeeNtlanganiso zeKomiti kwinkqubo yoMthetho

Iintlanganiso zeKomiti zikwisikhundla esiphambili kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, zisebenza njengendawo ephambili apho umsebenzi wezomthetho unokwenziwa khona.

Umsebenzi Wokugcina Amasango

Iikomiti zisebenza njengabagcini-sango, zimisela ukuba ngawaphi amatyala aqwalaselwa nzulu yaye ngawaphi na amatyala angaqwalaselwayo. Lo msebenzi wokuhluza uyimfuneko ukunikwa amawaka eendleko zemali eziveliswe kwiBhunga ngalinye. Ngokubhekisa ingqalelo kunye noovimba kumthetho onamathemba okwenyaniso okudlula okanye ukuphendula imiba ebalulekileyo yemigaqo, iikomiti zinceda ekulawuleni ukufakwa kwemibutho kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba ixesha lomgangatho lisetyenziswe ngokunempumelelo.

Amandla okugcina amasango athetha ukuba izihlalo zekomiti namalungu ayo asebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kucwangciso lomthetho. Isivumelwano esingenako ukufumana imvume yeekomiti singenayo indlela yokuba sibe ngumthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba intle okanye inkxaso esenokuba nayo phakathi kwamanye amalungu eBhunga.

Uphuhliso

Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela amalungu ukuba akhulise ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo. Ngokusebenza kwiikomiti ezifanayo kwiiBhunga ezininzi, amalungu aba ziingcali kwimibandela efana neyolimo, yokuzikhusela, yerhafu, okanye yezonyango. Obu buchule bunyusa umgangatho womthetho kwaye bunceda ukuba abe ngoogxamente abalawulayo.

Ukubekwa kolwazi olukhethekileyo kwekomiti kukwanceda ukuqwalaselwa okunempumelelo kwemithetho. Xa amatyala efikelela kumgangatho, amanye amalungu asoloko ethobela umgwebo wamalungu ekomiti aye ahlolisisa le mbambano ngokunzulu aza ava ubungqina obugqithisileyo obuvela kwiingcali nakwabagcini-mali.

Ukwakha IConsensus

Iintlanganiso zeKomiti zilungiselela ukulungiselela ulwakhiwo lomthetho. Ngenkqubo yokuva nokunyusa, amalungu angabona iindawo zesivumelwano, ukuyekelela, kunye nomthetho wezobugcisa onokuthi utsale inkxaso ebanzi. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukucocwa kwamatyala okuzirhoxa, ukuqukwa kwengxelo evela kubantu abanezikhundla ezahlukeneyo nokuphendula imicimbi ephakanyiswa ngamalungu amaqela okanye imimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Umthetho ophuma kwikomiti enenkxaso yebhipartina unethuba elingcono lokudlula kumgangatho nakuzalisekisa okusebenzayo emva kokumiswa. Le nkqubo yekomiti isebenza njengenkqubo ebalulekileyo yokwakha imibutho efunekayo ukumisela umthetho kwinkqubo elungiselelwe ukufuna isivumelwano esibanzi.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yekomiti

Ngoxa inkqubo yeekomiti inikela iingenelo ezibalulekileyo, ikwajamelana nocelomngeni nogxeko olwahlukahlukeneyo oluchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo nokuphumelela kwayo.

Ukwahlula-hlula

Ukunyuka kokuhlaliswa kweekomiti kuchaphazele imisebenzi yeekomiti, maxa wambi inciphisa indlela yokusebenzisana, yokuthatha inxaxheba ekusebenzeni kweekomiti ngokwembali. Kwimiba edidanayo, iikomiti zinokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba kakhulu, amalungu avote kwimida yeqela kwaye asebenzise ukuva kakhulu ngenxa yokuthumela imiyalezo yezobupolitika kunokuphengulula ngokunyanisekileyo.

Olu manyano lunganciphisa ubunjani benkcazo yomthetho kwaye lwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha isivumelwano esifunekayo sokulungisa imingeni entsonkothileyo yenkqubo. Lungakhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kweenkqubo zekomiti zokukhuthaza ulwahlulo kunezibonelelo zenkqubo eziphantsi.

Ukunikela Ingqalelo Kumandla

Izihlalo zekomiti zisebenzisa amandla asebenzayo kwiinkqubo zekomiti zazo kunye nemisebenzi. Ngeli xesha olu hlomelo lwegunya lungakhuthaza ukuphumelela, lungakhokelela kwiimeko apho izihlalo ezisisithintelo ngasinye siqwalasela umthetho onenkxaso ebanzi phakathi kwamanye amalungu. Inkqubo ephambili yokuba ukhokelo lwekomiti oluzinzileyo lutshintshwe kodwa lusaphembelela izabelo zekomiti kunye nokhetho lokhokelo.

Ukusetyenziswa komyalelo oqhelekileyo

>8-17

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iinkokeli zequmrhu ziye zazityeshela ngokuqhubekayo iinkqubo zekomfa zekomiti yesithethe ukwenzela umthetho ongundoqo, ukucebisana ngeendleko kwiiofisi zokhokelo nokuzizisa ngqo phantsi. Le ntsingiselo inciphisa indima yenkqubo yeekomiti kwaye inciphisa amathuba okucingisisa ngokucokisekileyo nokulungisa umthetho.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

IiKomiti zijamelana nokumiselwa koovimba ngokwemiqathango yabasebenzi, ixesha, kunye nenkxaso-mali enokuthintela ubuchule bazo bokuqhuba ulawulo olucokisekileyo nohlolo lowiso-mthetho. Ukuntsonkotha kweemeko zenkqubo zale mihla kudla ngokufuna ubuchule obuninzi obunokudlula oovimba beekomiti, ingakumbi abo baqhuba iikomiti ezincinane okanye abo basebenza ngeengxaki ezikhawulezileyo ezifana nobugcisa okanye ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha.

Indlela Yokulandela Imisebenzi Yekomiti

Abemi abanomdla kumsebenzi wekomiti yengqungquthela banokufumana izinto ezininzi zokufumana imisebenzi yeekomiti nokufumana inkcazelo ephathelele ukuviwa, umthetho kunye namavoti.

IiWeb site zeKomiti ePhakamileyo

Ikomiti nganye yengqungquthela igcina i-website enika ulwazi malunga nolawulo lwekomiti, ubulungu, ucwangciso, kunye nemisebenzi. Ezi webhsayithi ziquka ucwangciso lokuphulaphula, ubungqina, iingxelo zeekomiti, ushicilelo, kunye nevidiyo egciniweyo yezo zigqibo zangaphambili. Indlu neNdlu yemikhosi ikwagcina iiwebhsayithi ezisembindini zidweliswe zonke iikomiti kwaye zibonelela amakhonkco kumacandelo ekomiti ngamanye.

Isalathisi

Ithala leencwadi leBhunga lisebenzisa .gov, icebo elibanzi lokulandelela umthetho, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye neenkqubo zombutho. Indawo ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafune amatyala, bafunde iingxelo zeekomiti, bajonge iingxelo zokuvota, kunye nokufikelela kwamanye amaxwebhu ekomiti. Inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga nokuba ngawaphi amakomiti aqwalasela umthetho othile kunye nobume beetyala kwinkqubo yekomiti.

Ingxelo yeKhonkxale

ICongressionional Record ipapasha inkcazelo yemihla ngemihla ngemisebenzi yengqungquthela, kuquka izicelo zentlanganiso zekomiti kwicandelo leDaily Digest. Le ngxelo isemthethweni inikela ingxelo ebanzi yeenkqubo zombutho-ngquthela kwaye iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi ngeBhunga.gov kunye newebhsayithi ye-ofisi yoPhuculwa yoRhulumente.

C-SPAN Isigqumo

I-C-SPAN inika ingxelo ephilayo negciniweyo yamatyala ekomiti emininzi engqungquthela, ivumela abemi ukuba babukelele imicimbi njengoko isenzeka okanye bayihlole kamva. Le ngxelo kamabonwakude kunye ne-intanethi yenza ukuba umsebenzi wekomiti ufikeleleke kuye nabani na one-intanethi okanye umabonwakude weenTambo.

Amajelo eendaba namaqumrhu okukhuthuza

Imibutho yamaphephandaba igubungela iikomiti ezichongiweyo nezichongiweyo, ingakumbi kumthetho weprofile ephezulu okanye kwimibandela edidanayo. Iintlangano ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye neenkanunu zokucinga imisebenzi yeekomiti ezinxulumene nemimandla yazo enomdla kwaye zibonelela ngohlalutyo nokugqabaza ngeenkqubo zeekomiti.

Ikamva LeeKomiti Zombutho - mandla

Inkqubo yeekomiti iyaqhubeka iguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kwezobupolitika, ubugcisa nokutshintsha kweziko.

Ulwandiso lobuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwenyani

Isifo se-COVOID-19 senza ukuba ulwamkelo lobugcisa bokuthabatha inxaxheba ekude kwiikomiti zombutho-maqumrhu. Ngoxa iikomiti zibuyele kwimisebenzi yequmrhu, amava anokuva okuzimela kunye nobungqina obukude abonisa amathuba amatsha okuba nenxaxheba nofikelelo olwandiso. Ikomiti yexesha elizayo ingaqhubeka isebenzisa iifomati ezidityanisiweyo ezidityaniswe kwi-person kunye nenxaxheba ekude.

Ubungqina obucacileyo nobusemngciphekweni

Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwezobugcisa luyaqhubeka lunyusa ukufikelela kwabantu kwiikomiti. Ukuthontelana, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezibonelelo lweziko lwekhompyutha kwenza kube lula kunanini na ngaphambili ukuba abemi balandele umsebenzi weekomiti.

Ucelomngeni Olunzima

Njengoko imiba yenkqubo isiya intsonkotha kwaye idityaniswa, maxa wambi amagunya eekomiti angokwesithethe aya ezama ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni oluvelayo olunqumla kwiindawo ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo. Impikiswano efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungakhuselwa kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nobuchule bokungeniswa kolwazi azifani kakuhle kwimibutho ekhoyo, kudala iingxaki zomanyano kunye neempikiswano ezilawula. IBhunga kusenokufuneka ukuba ngamaxesha athile kuphinde kujongwe iingxube nokulungelelaniswa kwemithetho yeekomiti ukuphendula le nkqubo.

Ukubuyisela Ulungelelwano Oluthe Rhoqo

Abaqwalaseli abaninzi namalungu eKhomishini axhasa ukubuyela "kucwangco olusemthethweni""""") inkqubo yesithethe yemithetho apho iikomiti zidlala indima ephambili ekuphuhlisweni nasekuvunyweni komthetho phambi kokuba ufike phantsi. Ukuqinisa inkqubo yeekomiti kunokuphuhlisa inkcaso yomthetho, kuncitshiswe ingxabano enxulumene nomgangatho ongcono, kwaye kuvezwe umthetho ophezulu. Noko ke, ukufikelela olu cwangciso kufuna ukunyanzeleka kolawulo olukwingqungquthela kunye nentsebenziswano ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela.

Isiphelo

Iintlanganiso zekomiti yeBhunga leMicimbi-siseko zimela umatshini obalulekileyo osebenzayo wesebe lemithetho, apho kuqhubeka ishishini elineenkcukacha lokwenza umthetho, ukuvelela, nokuphanda. Ngokuva, ukunyusa, nokucalucalula, iikomiti zihlola umthetho ocetyiswayo, ukuqokelela ubungqina obuyingcaphephe, ukukhokela abameli abalawulayo, nokuphengulula imicimbi exhalabisayo. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela amalungu ukuba aphuhlise ubuchule obukhethekileyo, aqinise ivune kwimibandela entsonkothile, kwaye ahluze amawaka eendleko-mali eyaziswa kwiBhunga ngalinye labo abafanele ukuqwalaselwa phantsi.

Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo ebudeni beentlanganiso zeekomiti kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngendlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ezi ntlanganiso zilapho kubekwa khona iinkcukacha zenkqubo, apho amagosa karhulumente abekelwe ityala, nalapho kuviwa khona iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye kuqwalaselwa khona. Ngoxa inkqubo yeekomiti ijongene neengxaki ezivela kwisebe lokwahlukana kwee-ofisi, iinkcitho zezibonelelo, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho etshintshayo, ihlala iyinkqubo esisiseko yokuguqulela amatyala kawonke-wonke kwisenzo somthetho.

Kubemi abafuna ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, imisebenzi yekomiti elandela le ngxelo inikela imbono ebanzi ngendlela enokwenziwa ngayo imithetho nendlela urhulumente aphenduliswa ngayo. Ukwanda kokubonakala nokufumaneka kweekomiti ngobuncwane obukwi-intanethi, ukuqukuqela, kunye noovimba bemivo engokwamanani kwenza kube lula ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili ukuba uluntu luphawule luze luqonde olu phawu lubalulekileyo lomsebenzi woburhulumente. Ngokunikela ingqalelo kwiintlanganiso zeekomiti, abemi bangayiqonda kakuhle imibandela ejongene nohlanga, bavavanye ukusebenza kwabameli babo, baze bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Inkqubo yeekomiti, phezu kwako nje ukungafezeki kwayo, iseyeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokulawula umsebenzi entsonkothileyo wendlu yowiso-mthetho yale mihla. Njengoko iKhomishini iqhubeka izama ukucombulula iingxaki zenkqubo kunye nokutshintsha amandla ezobupolitika, inkqubo yekomiti kuza kufuneka ilungelelanise ngoxa igcina isiseko sayo sokuqwalasela, inkqubela yobuchule, kunye nokuphendula ngedemokhrasi. Ukusebenza kweBhunga kwixesha elizayo kuxhomekeke ngokuphawulekayo ekulondolozeni amandla, ekusebenzeni kweekomiti ezinokuhlolisisa umthetho, ulawulo olunentsingiselo, nokusebenza njengemibutho ekwakheni izivumelwano eziyimfuneko ekucombululeni iingxaki zohlanga.