Amasebe karhulumente ayilelwe ukusebenza kunye, ngalinye linegunya lalo kunye neembopheleleko zalo. Noko ke, ungquzulwano lungavela xa la masebe engqubana ngegunya, ukutolika imithetho, okanye izigqibo zenkqubo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxabano kubaluleke kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, njengoko bebonisa ukuxambulisana okunamandla, okudla ngokubakho kokulawula ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo. UmGaqo-siseko wase United States udala ulwakhisa ngabom isakhiwo apho isebe ngalinye lingquzulwano, isebe elilawulayo, iqumrhu, kunye nejaji yemithetho.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukwakheka komzimba wesingquzulwano: iimvelaphi zaso zomGaqo-siseko, izinto eziqhelekileyo, imizekelo yembali, impembelelo yazo ekulawuleni, kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ekuzicombululeni. Ngokuhlolisisa ezi ngxabano, sizuza uxabiso olunzulu ngokwahlula nokuntsonkotha kwamandla.

Umsebenzi wesakhelo somGaqo-siseko: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla nokujongwa

Inkcubeko yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ikwicandelo layo legunya lesizwe elilinganayo kumasebe amathathu. Olu lwahlulo asilulo ulawulo nje kuphela; luyinkuselo yamabhongo ekucingisiseni ubundlobongela, njengoko uJames Madison wachaza ku Iphepha lobuFederal. Isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi engundoqo, kodwa amandla angenayo adala inkqubo yokuphendulana.

Isebe Lomthetho (Igalelo)

IKhomishini, equkiwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zoLawulo, inikwa onke amagunya owiso-mthetho ngeGatya I lomGaqo-siseko. Indima yayo ephambili kukwenza imithetho, kodwa ikwalawula uqingqo-mali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, kwaye inamandla okungakhuthazi. Ngokubhekele ndlela iNdlu yeeNdlu iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokuqulunqwa kwezivumelwano. La magunya enza iBhunga libe lelona sebe linamandla kwiinkalo ezininzi, kodwa igunya lalo livavanywa ngumlawuli ophetheyo kunye nohlaluzo lwezahlulelo.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu (UMongameli)

IGatya II lezakhono zokulawula kuMongameli, onomthwalo wembopheleleko wokumisa imithetho karhulumente, ukuyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe. UMongameli angamisela umthetho, amisele abagwebi besizwe namagosa (ngemvume yeNdlu yeNdlu yeQela), kwaye anike imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umgangatho wegunya elilawulayo uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe nolawulo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingquzulano ephinda-phindwayo neBhungane neenkundla.

Isebe Lezahlulelo (Iinkundla Zolawulo)

Inqaku III elimisela iNkundla ePhakamileyo lize livumele iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba imisele iinkundla ezisezantsi. IiNkundla zichaza imithetho nomGaqo-siseko, kwaye zinegunya lokuhlola ngokusemthethweni //igunya lokuwisa imithetho nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Nangona ijaji yelona sebe lingenatyala lincinane kwezobupolitika, imithetho yalo isenokuwubhukuqa umthetho nezenzo zegunya, iwenze ube yindawo yokuzimela rhoqo kwiimpikiswano ze-interrance.

Oonobangela Abaqhelekileyo Bongquzulwano Oluqhelekileyo

Ngoxa umgaqo-siseko ulindele intsebenziswano, imibandela emininzi ephindaphindwayo ibangela ukungavisisani phakathi kwamasebe. Le ngxabano idla ngokubangelwa lulwimi oludityanisiweyo lomgaqo-siseko, ukonakalisa imimandla, okanye imizekelo yembali.

Impikiswano Ngaphezu kokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko

Isebe ngalinye lisoloko liqinisekisa indlela eliwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko. Ngokomzekelo, iBhunga linganika umthetho osekelwe kuChwetheza uClaus, uMongameli angawutyobela ngentetho yokusayina echaza enye intsingiselo, yaye iinkundla zisenokugqiba ekubeni ingcaciso ichazwe ngokuphandle. Xa intcaciso ingquzulwano ithe yaphela, akuphepheki.

Iingxwabangxwaba zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Amandla eBhunga (ukulawula ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu nokusetyenziswa kwemali) luvavanyo olunamandla kumphathi-mikhosi. Iingxabano zivela xa uMongameli engavumi ukuchitha imali efanelekileyo (ukusetyenziswa kwemali) okanye xa iBhunga lithintela ukuxhasa imicimbi yempatho ephezulu. Ukuvalwa korhulumente, njengaleyo yowe-19996 no-2013, ingqina ukuba imfazwe yoqingqo-mali ikho.

Idinga Neziqinisekiso

UMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala bekhabhathi, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu abeka izikhundla, kodwa iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso kufuneka iqinisekise uninzi lwababekiweyo. Amadabi eenkundla zowiso-mthetho aye aqina ukususela ngoo-1980, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amaqabane angasebenzi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-firebuster, kunye “nokhetho lwenyukliya” lokutshintsha imithetho yeNdlu. Ezi mfazwe zingqinelana zidla ngokuchitha imbonakalo kunye noxinzelelo phakathi kwamasebe olawulo kunye nomthetho-mthetho.

Ilungelo elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lijikeleza

UMongameli uthi unelungelo lokungaluvumeli ulwazi kwiBhunga elisekelwe kwilungelo eliphezulu, elisekelwe kwimfuno yecebiso eliyimfihlo. IBhunga, liqinisekisa igunya lalo lokuvelela ukuphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Olu xinezeleko luvelise amatyala aphawula iziganeko ezifana United States v. Nixon[FLM:1] [19974]) kunye namadabi amaninzi angaphantsi kwe-poea ngexesha lolawulo lweTRUmp.

Ingcebiso yezeejaji noMthetho

Maxa wambi iinkundla ziwisa imithetho ngezizathu zomGaqo-siseko, iiKhomishini ezidimazayo kunye noMongameli. Ngokuchasene noko, xa iinkundla zithobela iinjongo zowiso-mthetho, abagxeki basenokuyityhola ngokuthi iyayibonakalisa indima yazo. Umgaqo ofanelekileyo wokuhlola ikomiti uhlala ungumthombo wengxubevange-ngquzulwano.

Ukungqubana Kwembali Phakathi Kwamasebe

Imbali yaseMelika izaliswe lungquzulwano oluphawulekayo oluye lwachaza kwakhona ulungelelwano lwamandla. Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela esebenzayo nelungeleleneyo ukusebenza kwayo.

Madison (103): Ukusekwa kweCandelo loLuntu

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo . [FLT] Marbury v. Madison zombini zaziyingxabano kunye nesigqibo. UMongameli Thomas Jefferson, iDemocratic-Republican, wala ukunikela iikhomishini kubagwebi besizwe abatyunjwe nguMphathi wakhe uJohn Adams. William Marbury wanconywa ngenxa yothutho lwakhe, kodwa uMahluleli John Mar Marshall waphepha impikiswano engqalileyo ngokuwisa umthetho othi umthetho onika i-Marbury ilungelo lokuphendula urhulumente. Eli tyala laqulungela ukuqulunqwa kwetyala limiselwe njengembombo likarhulumente waseMelika, kodwa kwakhona lakhasa phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo, kunye nesebe lakhe elityholayo iNkuhlasela iNkulwano yeNkulwane.

Isigqibo sikaMongameli Andrew Johnson (1868)

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iBhunga (elilawulwa nguRiphabliki zaBantwana) elangqubana noMongameli Johnson, uMlawuli wezoburhulumente, ngokungaphezulu kwenkqubo yokulungisa. Ingqungquthela yawudlulisa uMthetho we-Tenure of Office ukuze ithintele amandla okususa uMongameli, kwaye xa uJohnson wawephula umthetho, iNdlu yamenza wangavunyelwa. UJohnson wakuphepha ngokucinezelelayo ukuvota enye iNdlu. Oku kwabonisa amandla okungathobeli njengovavanyo lwemithetho yeBhunga, kodwa kwakhona imiqathango yayo njengesixhobo sezobupolitika.

ICuning Plagion (1937)

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt, ephazanyiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ewisa umthetho we-New Decrector, wacebisa umthetho oza kumvumela ukuba amisele ubulungisa obongezelelekileyo kubo bonke abagwebi abahlalayo beneminyaka engaphezu kwama-70. Abahlalutyi bakugqala oku njengokuhlasela inkululeko yokulawula. “icebo lekhobhile-kujija” aliphumelelanga kwiBhunga, kodwa lanyanzela iNkundla ukuba ixhase imithetho engundoqo yeNew DOUT (“ugqizi olusileyo owexesha elisithobayo”).

IWatergate neUnited States v. Nixon (1974)

Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon wabiza ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iitepi ezirekhodiweyo kumtshutshisi okhethekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye kwi- United States v. iUnited States v. Nixon[[FLT]] elo lungelo lolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu aliphelelangagqibekanga kwaye limele linikezele kwiimfuno zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Isigqibo sakhokelela ekurhoxisweni kwe-mthetho. Lo tyala ngumzekelo obalaseleyo we-judiary unyanzelela isigqesho esiphezulu ukuba sihambisane nomthetho, nesongelo somthetho weBhunga-mthetho esisebenza kwisenzo somthetho.

Clinton v. Jones kunye noMququzelelo kaBill Clinton (1990)

UMongameli uBill Clinton wajamelana netyala lamakhaya lokumangalelwa ngokwesini, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe .[FLT]n v. Jones umongameli ohleliyo akanako ukuthintelwa ekumangalelweni ngokwezigwebo zoluntu ngenxa yezenzo zoburhulumente zangaphambili. Oku kukhupha uphando olwakhokelela ekuphengululweni kwendlu ye-perjury kunye nokungagqibeleli kokusesikweni. Indlu yeSihlalo yabonisa indlela izigqibo zokugweba ezinokubangela ngayo ukunyanzela umsebenzi womthetho, ngoxa kuphakamisa imibuzo ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kobuphathiselo kunye nokusebenza kwe-ofisi.

ISibonelelo seNkcubeko neSizwe

Xa iBhunga lawisa umthetho we-Affordal Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010, lakhawuleza lajamelana neengxaki zomthetho ezisekelwe kumgaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo yaxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye njengegunya elifanelekileyo lokusebenzisa igunya leBhunga kodwa yasikel ’ umda ukwanda koMthetho kaMedicaid. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Roberts waxhasa uluvo lomthetho ngokwenxenye yaza wayibetha, igxeka macala omabini. Eli tyala libonisa indlela ukuhlaziywa kwekomiti egweba elinokuwubuyisela ngayo umthetho ongundoqo, kwaye lawukhulisa ngayo ulwandoqo lweNkundla.

Imiyalelo yecandelo elilawulayo kunye nokuBalwa kohambo (207-2018)

Umthetho womphathi omkhulu kaDonald Trump wokwahlula uhambo olusuka kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi aphezulu wabangela ukumangalelwa. Iinkundla zomanyano kwimimandla emininzi zavala umyalelo, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yaxhasa uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo [FLT]]-Trump v. IHawaii[FLT]][FLT] [2017]. [iiinkundla ezisezantsi] zamela ityala lomgaqo wendlela yokulawula kwinyathelo lomphathi-mthetho, ngelixa lomthetho wolawulo olubanzi kufuduko nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Oku kulandelelana kwabonisa indlela okunokuqhubeka ngayo ukungqubana kwemilo nokuhlala kwenkundla ingumenzi-onke kwimibango ezininzi.

Imiphumo Yokuchasana Kwesebe

Xa amasebe karhulumente engqubana, imiphumo ityhutyha yonke inkqubo yezobupolitika, eminye imiphumo iyakhawuleza; eminye iyaqokelela ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Umqulu othe ngqo we Grid

Ukuzingisa kwemfazwe kungenza ukuba abantu bangabe besaphula umthetho. Ngokomzekelo, xa iNgqungquthela kunye noMongameli besuka kumaqela awahlukeneyo, basenokungakufumani ukugqithisa amatyala okuzikisa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvalweni kolawulo okanye kwizigqibo eziqhubekayo. I-Gridlock iphazamisa uluntu yaye inciphisa amandla karhulumente okucombulula imicimbi engxamiseko.

Imithetho yomthetho echaseneyo

Impikiswano ebhekisa kumasebe anyuliweyo. Impikiswano emalunga Rhoe v. Wade[[FLT] [777] kunye nokubhukuqa kwayo ekugqibeleni uDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202])) Ibonisa indlela izigqibo zogwebo ezinokuyifaka ngayo incaso enkulu yezopolitiko kunye nemfazwe ye-internal.

Ukuphelelwa Kwentembelo Kuwonke Wonke

Ungquzulwano oluphezulu lwepropati ye-NET-DEF- kwaye ingakumbi xa iphumela ekuphathweni okanye ekucingeni ukuba akungomthetho, ingaphelisa ukuthembana kurhulumente. Ngexesha lexesha lobundlobongela ne-Clinton, ukuthembana ngamaqumrhu kwancipha. Kutshanje, amadabi alwa amaququzeleli kwiingqiniwo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye namandla olawulo lwezikhundla anegalelo ekukhuleni kwethakazelelwa kwemimandla ephakamileyo kunye nokuthandabuza ngobulungisa beenkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ushenxiso Kwizidangalisi Zamandla

Olunye ungquzulwano lukhokelela kulungelelwano olusisigxina kulungelelwano lwamandla. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- United States v. Nixon ilungelo elilinganiselweyo legunya elilawulayo, ngelixa emva kwe9/11 unyuselo lwegunya elilawulayo egameni lokhuseleko lwesizwe luvavanywe ngokuphandle ziinkundla. Umzabalazo phezu kwemeko yolawulo yezwe ```i-urhulumente omkhulu) iyaqhubeka ukubumba ulwalamano phakathi kweBhunga, uMongameli, kunye nejajidiary.

Umatshini Wokucombulula Iingxaki Zokuphazamisana

Phezu kwako nje ukuphindwa kwengquzulwano, inkqubo yomgaqo - siseko inikela iindlela eziliqela zokucombulula, ithintele ukuwohloka okusisigxina.

Ukugwetywa kwejaji

Iinkundla zisoloko zicelwa ukuba zicombulule iimpikiswano ngokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko, ngokwentsingiselo yemithetho, okanye ngokuthobela umthetho. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziyamkelwa njengesibopho, nangona ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokuthi kube nengxabano (njengoko kusesikolweni esinetyala lokuhlangane emva Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo). Isigqibo sezezeejaji zingazisa ngokucacileyo, kodwa zikwanokuvuselela imbambano yezobupolitika ukuba zibonwa njenge-iphesenti.

Ukuyekelela koMthetho

Ukuthelekisa nokuthelekisa kuseyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokusombulula. Abameli kunye neenkokeli zombutho basoloko behlasela ukuboyisa iqhina elikwindawo ephezulu, njengesivumelwano soqingqo-mali sowe-1990 esaphakamisa irhafu nesohlisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkqubo ezisesikweni ezifana “nendlela ekhawulezayo” igunya lobuchule bokuthengiselwa okanye uqingqo-mali lokubuyisana koncedo ludlula imiqobo yentelekelelo. Ukuyekelela kufuna ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, okunokuba yinqabileyo kokusingqongileyo okungalinganiyo.

IKomishini yeSizwe neyoMphathiswa

Xa imijelo yowiso-mthetho eqhelekileyo isilela, iikhomishini yeblue-ribon zinganika iingcebiso zokwaphula amatyala. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yesizwe kwiFiscal Junice kunye noTshintsho (Izicwangciso zetyala zeSimpson-Bowles) ezicetyiweyo. Ngoxa iingcebiso zabo zingabopheleli, bangenza isigqubu sezobupolitika ukwenzela amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba amkele iziso ezingathandwayo.

IziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Kunqabile ukuba, iimpikiswano zikhule ukusa kwinqanaba apho ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kuphela kunokuyilungisa le meko. UMthetho-siseko we-12 (1804) wasombulula unyulo olugqwethekileyo lonyaka we-1800; uMphengululo we-16 weSindululo (1913) wacacisa amandla eBhunga okukhupha irhafu yengeniso emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayisikelele imigudu yokuqala. Inkqubo yokulungisa inokwenziwa ngabom, ngoko isetyenziswa kuphela xa ungquzulwano luyimfuneko kwaye luxhaswa ngokuphangaleleyo kumasebe namazwe.

Isiphelo: Igophe Elinyamezelayo Leecheke Nolungelelwano

Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo xa amasebe karhulumente engquzulwano kubalulekile kubafundi nakubafundisi-lwazi. Le ngxabano ayiyomiqondiso yokusilela kwenkqubo; kunoko, ibonisa indlela umGaqo-siseko osebenza ngayo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla ngabom kudala amagunya angenaniyo kunye ne-Véraphine, kuqinisekisa ukuba elo phulo lijonge iphulo. Noko ke, inkqubo ixhomekeke kubadlali bezopolitiko abazimisele ukuhlonela imida yemithetho-siseko kwaye babandakanyeke kwingxoxo elungileyo yokholo.

Kwixesha lokwanda kokungathembani nokungathembani, ulwazi lwengxwabangxwaba yembali kunye neenkqubo zocombululo lunika abemi amandla okuvavanya iziganeko zangoku ngokungqongqo. Uhlolisiso lwengquzulwano ye-interblanch lutyhila ukuba idemokhrasi asingomatshini omileyo kodwa yinkqubo ephilayo, ephikiswayo. Ngokufunda indlela amasebe aye angquzulana ngayo kwaye asebenzisana ngayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, sinokukuxabisa ngakumbi ukuphumelela kolawulo lwamaMelika kunye noxanduva oluqhubekayo lwesizukulwana ngasinye ukuwalondoloza.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, uhlolo lwe Inyaniso yoKhuselo kunye [[FLT:] ne iprojekthi ye-.. Amasebe kaRhulumente[[FLT]][FLT]][5][5]].[FLT][FLT][FLT][5][3][12] [iiindlela ezibonelelo zinika iindibaniso ezinzulu kwimiba yetyala, kwaye zijikeleze inkqubo yezopolitiki yezo zeMelika.