Umthetho umi njengesiseko esisisiseko soluntu lwale mihla lwedemokhrasi, umgaqo oweyisa inkqubo esemthethweni yokudibanisa intsingiselo eyintloko yokusesikweni, yokusesikweni, nokuziphendulela. Yisakhiwo esingabonakaliyo esiqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu (_ukungabi nasikhundla, ubutyebi, okanye amandla) okuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho, umgangatho, okanye amandla angaphezulu komthetho. Ngaphandle kwayo, inkululeko iba yeyona nto ingenazintlawulo, amalungelo aphelelwa, kwaye isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi korhulumente nabemi bakhe sidibane idibane ingxuba. Ukuqonda umthetho womthetho akuyo nje imfundo yemfundo ephambili; kubalulekile ukuqaphela indlela intlalo-ntle yoluntu, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, nokugcina uxolo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ingcacingo yenkcazelo, imigaqo-ndale, intsingiselo yanamhlanje, kunye nemingeni eqhubekayo yomthetho wezomthetho, imbali, imizekelo yembali, kunye nemizekelo yembali yembali yembali yembali.

Uyintoni Umthetho?

Kuwona mthetho usisiseko, umthetho usisiseko, ngumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu, amaziko, kunye nezinto ezizimeleyo, `.' zimele zichazwe ngokuphandle kwimithetho ebhengezwa ekuhleni, ngokulinganayo, nangokuzimeleyo. Ingcamango ichasene ngokuphandle nolawulo lomntu, apho kwenziwa izigqibo ezingxamisekileyo zomlawuli okanye eziphezulu. Umfundi wezomthetho A.V. Odumileyo ubalasele kwimiqathango emithathu ephakathi yomthetho: ubukhulu obupheleleyo bomthetho othe rhoqo obuchasene nobuchule; ukulingana komthetho kubo bonke abemi; kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abo basemalukweni aqhelekileyo. Izicwangciso ezininzi zangoku, njengabo bagqweqwelezeli bomthetho opheleleyo, zigxininisa iimfuno ezithe ngqo zomthetho, ezingengowokuchasanayo, ukuchana kwemithetho ecacileyo, ukuchasana, ukulingana nomthetho, ukulingana nomthetho womthetho wonke abemi, kunye nokungagosa-ogosa, ukukhuselwa komthetho, kunye nokukhuselwa komthetho okungagunyaza komthetho okuqhelekileyo. Kodwa ezi zinto zivakalisayokuqinisekisa ukuba amanani amanani amanani anyanisweyo

Umthetho ukwabonisa ukuba oorhulumente ngokwabo babotshwe yinkqubo esemthethweni. Lo mgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba yi-Gaqo-siseko/i-requary ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente kulinganiselwe ngumthetho. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zisebenza njengabagcini balo mgange, zinegunya lokubetha izenzo ezigqitha ugunyaziso olusemthethweni. Ngokuqhelisa, umthetho uthetha ukuba ummi angalucel ’ umngeni umgaqo wesigqeba, ukuphendla lwamapolisa, okanye umgaqo wokulawula umthetho osemthethweni, aze afumane umgwebo ofanelekileyo. Siso sithembiso sokwenza umgaqo ofanelekileyo onika umthetho wokuziphatha okuhle namandla asebenzayo.

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yomthetho

Umthetho awuyomfundiso enye kodwa yingqokelela yemigaqo edityanisiweyo. Ukuqonda nganye inceda kucacise indlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni esebenzayo.

Intsingiselo Yomthetho

Akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho. Lo mgaqo uthi kwanamagosa aphezulu esizwe `, abalawuli, abalawuli bemithetho, abasemagunyeni , `abasemacaleni] baphantsi kwemiqathango esemthethweni. Ubukhulu bomthetho buthetha ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente kufuneka zibe nesiseko esisemthethweni kwaye zingenakuba zenyani. Xa inkokeli iphula lo mgaqo, njengoko kuboniswa kumazwe apho abalawuli basebenzisa imimiselo yongxamiseko ukugqitha ipalamente, isiseko sokuqhekeka kwemithetho yetyala.

Ukuziphendulela Phantsi Komthetho

Ukuziphendulela okusemthethweni kusebenza kumagosa karhulumente nakubadlali basekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente kufuneka baphendule ngezenzo zabo; abemi kufuneka bakwazi ukubaphendula ngeenkqubo ezifana nokuhlola okugwebayo, ukuququzelela ityala, kunye nemibutho ezimeleyo echasene nokunganyaniseki. Ukubekwa ityala kwakhona kubhekiselwa kwimibutho yabantu: iinkampani nabantu ngabanye banokugwetywa ngokuphula imithetho, enoba yimigaqo yemekobume okanye imigaqo yamalungelo abantu.

Ukusesikweni Nokungakhethi Buso

Imithetho kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwaye ngaphandle kwekhethe. Isimilo kufuneka ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho zibe zezokubonakalisa, ukuba amacala omabini anethuba lokuviwa, nokuba abagwebi bazimele kwaye abanakhethe. Ukungakhethi buso kuyaphoxeka xa iinkundla zizele ngabamiselwe kwezobupolitika okanye xa amaqela eentlanga okanye onqulo ejongene nocalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo phantsi komthetho.

Ubungqina obucacileyo noluntu

Imithetho ayinakuba yimfihlo. Kufuneka yaziwe uwonke-wonke ngolwimi olucacileyo, ivumela abemi bakhona baqonde amalungelo abo nezibophelelo. Iinkqubo ezicace gca zenkundla (ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukupapashwa kwemimiselo, ukufumaneka kwamaphepha asemthethweni − underpin ukholo. Xa oorhulumente bemisela imithetho esebenzayo okanye begcina imimiselo ifihliwe, baphula imfuneko yokukhanya kwaye balulaza umthetho.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ilungelo lokugwetywa ngumthetho alinantsingiselo ukuba abantu abanako ukuqhuba inkqubo esemthethweni. Ukufikelela kokusesikweni kuquka ukufikelela komelo olusemthethweni olufikelelekayo, iinkundla ezifikelelekayo, kunye nonyango olusebenzayo nolufikelelweyo. Izithinteli ezifana neendleko eziphezulu, umgama womhlaba, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, okanye ucalucalulo ziyabakhanyela abantu abaninzi usuku lwabo enkundleni. I-World Justice Project’s Index of LawRULARY] ye-optional Index[ ngokungaguqukiyo ibeke unikezelo kubulungisa njengelungu elibalulekileyo lempilo yelizwe elisemthethweni.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Komthetho

Umzabalazo wokumisela umthetho uye wanda ngaphezu kweminyaka eliwaka, nyaka ngamnye ubangela ukuba kubekho intsingiselo nemigaqo eqingqiweyo.

Iimvelaphi Zamandulo

Ikhowudi ebhaliweyo yangaphambili ebhaliweyo yomthetho (ikhowudi ye-[FUMturabi's (c. 1754 BCE) e-Babylon kunye neZithebelo ezili-12 (c. 450 BCE) eRoma(ikhutshiwe ukwenza imithetho yoluntu kunye ne-freyimu) kunye nokususa iqhinga lomlawuli omnye. Abagwebi baseRoma baphuhlisa ingcamango ye- i-iagiomius [[FLT:]ignome] [[FLT]] [imthetho] [iiiglasi] kunye [iiiiigenti yomthetho] , [imthetho weentlanga], ikhuthaza ingcamango emele ibonise ukuqiniswe nokunga. Izithandi zobulumko zobuGrikelelwano zomthetho, njengoko uthetha, ukuba [iqikelelo-mthetho], kugunya elo gunya.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Mhlawumbi eyona nkqubela ibalulekileyo kwisithethe saseNtshona, iMagna Carta yayingumthetho wemithetho enyanzelisayo kuKumkani John waseNgilani ngemvukelo. Ngoxa yayithetha kakhulu ngezikhalazo zetyala, ilifa layo elihlala lihleli likwimityambo eyamisela umgaqo wokuba ukumkani akangaphezulu komthetho. Umzekelo, uCelaus 39, uthi: “Akukho mntu okhululekileyo oya kuthi abanjwe okanye afakwe entolongweni... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalingane bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Le mbewu iyakutshona kwimiqathango ye-habeas corpus, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nengcamango yokuba kwaneenkosi kufuneka ilawule phakathi kwemidabini esemthethweni. Impembelelo kaMagna i-Carta inokubonwa kwi-U.S. kunye noMthetho we-Siko-Siko-Sizwelonke

Abacinga Ngokukhanyiselwa

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kwaphuculwa ngokuphawulekayo ingcamango yomthetho. UJohn Locke waphikisana kwiNjongo yakhe .Second Treating of Govern [1689] urhulumente osemthethweni uhlala kwimvume kwaye umele abekelwe umda yimithetho ekhusela ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. UBaron de Montesquieu, Umoya womthetho [1748], oxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kolawulo, umthetho, nomthetho olawulayo, kunye namasebe agwebayo, edala inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelela. Ezi ngcamango zibugqwebo zobuGraphi belizwe leMelika, i-Frank, syst sy i-Graccomsting (ith Recractics).

Uphuhliso lwe-20-Phondo

Emva kobungendawo beemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi noorhulumente boozwilakhe abajijela umthetho kwizixhobo zokucinezela (inkqubo yomthetho wamaNazi engumzekelo ophambili), uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lwafuna ukubuyiselwa komthetho. ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948) sathi ngokucacileyo “kubalulekile, ukuba umntu anganyanzelekanga ukuba afune uncedo, njengendlela yokugqibela yokuvukela, ukuvukela ulawulo olungqongqo nengcinezelo, ukuba amalungelo abantu afanele akhuselwe ngumthetho. Ityala le-post-Nuremberg laqinisekisa ukuba abantu ngabanye banokubekwa ityala phantsi komthetho wenkohlakalo ehlabathi lonke, kwanokuba ezo zenzo zazinganyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni, kwamashumi eminyaka ukususela ngoko, iinkundla zesizwe, njengeNkundla yeNkundla yaseYurophu, neNkundla Yohlanga Yabantu, kunye neNkuNkundla yeNxongowawamamthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe zonke ziye zasebenza kumthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho woburhulumente woburhulumente wobuzwe ngokuba ngokuba lizwe ngokuba lizwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho Ubaluleke Kubantu Banamhlanje

Umthetho awuyonto nje ithile isebenza; unemiphumo ecacileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu — ukukhuseleka komntu ngamnye de kube semyuthweni.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Eyona nzuzo ingqalileyo yomthetho kukuba ukhusela abantu kwigunya lobuqu. Xa imithetho icacile kwaye inyanzelekile, abemi bangasebenzisa inkululeko yabo yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisana, neyonqulo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Bangavavanya ukuvalelwa ngokuphosakeleyo, bafuna imbuyekezo yengozi, kwaye bafuna ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Kumazwe apho umthetho ubuthathaka, amalungelo ahlala ekho; ngaphandle kwenkundla ezizimeleyo nokunyanzeliswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo, amaqela agwetyelweyo asoloko ejamelana nogonyamelo, ucalucalucalulo, kunye nokugwetywa kwabanga abo baxhaphazayo.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Nokuzinza

Amashishini asebenza kakuhle apho izivumelwano zinyanzeleka khona, amalungelo empahla akhuselekile, kwaye izigqibo zomthetho ziqinisekisiwe. Umthetho unciphisa iindleko zokuthengiselwa, ukhuthaza utyalo-mali, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 olwenziwa yiBhanki yehlabathi lwafumanisa ukuba amazwe anezibonelelo ezinamandla ngakumbi zomthetho asoloko enandipha ingeniso ephezulu ngomnyaka kunye nomgangatho osezantsi wenkohlakalo. Iimeko zorhwaphilizo ziqheleke ngakumbi ekuqaliseni intengiso, imisebenzi eyandayo, kwaye azenzele imisebenzi xa esazi ukuba iingxabano ziya kuconjululwa ngokungqongqo yaye urhulumente akasayi kuthatha izinto eziyimfuneko. Ngokuphikisanayo, ukungaqiniseki komthetho; amashishini asebenza kwimekobume neenkundla ezonakele okanye imimiselo efuna ukunyotywa okanye ukupheka kwemali.

Uxolo Lwezizwe Ngezizwe Nentsebenziswano

Kwinqanaba lomhlaba wonke, umthetho unika isicwangciso sokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe ngonxibelelwano, ulawulo, neenkundla zamazwe ngamazwe, kunokuba zilwe. Iisivumelwano, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye neendibano zamalungelo abantu zixhomekeke kwintelekelelo yokuba abameli baza kuhlala ngokubophelela izibophelelo ezisemthethweni. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye nentlangano yezorhwebo isebenza kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwimithetho. Xa amazwe anamandla engayithobeli le mithetho, njengokuba kubonwa kwimibutho okanye kwiimfazwe zorhwebo, uzinzolo lwamazwe ngamazwe luyasilela. [[FTLT:0]] UMthetho wezizwe ongomthetho ongoomthetho osebenza kwiinkqubo zolawulo ezisekelwe kwimithetho.

Ucelomngeni LoMthetho Lwexesha Elizayo

Phezu kwako nje ukuthandwa kwawo ehlabathini lonke, umthetho ujamelana nezisongelo eziqatha ehlabathini lonke.

Urhwaphilizo

Urhwaphilizo lulutshaba oluchuliweyo lomthetho. Xa abagwebi besamkela isicengo, abezobupolitika besamkela iziko lobugqwirha kwizalamane, okanye amagosa amapolisa e-ofisi efuna ukuba abemi, inkqubo yomthetho iyeka ukusebenza njengomxhasi wobundilele. Ukunganyaniseki kuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwaye kudala iinkqubo ezizizizintlu ezimbini zobulungisa: enye yezityebi nenxulumeneyo, enye kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngokwe-Transparediation’s Folty Perceptions Index, phantse ezimbini-zintathu zamazwe angaphantsi kwama-50 kumlinganiselo we-0-100, nto leyo ebonisa iingxaki ezinkulu. Imigudu yokulwa nokuzikhusela okuzikonganyaniseki okusoloko kufuna ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo, ukhuselo oluvuthayo olunamandla, kunye nomatshini wokushicilela ngesisa okunganyanisileyo.

Ukuthotyelwa Kweziko

Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente neenkokeli zezomthetho baye bafuduka baqokelela iinkundla namaqumrhu anyanisekileyo, bakhulula iinkundla zolawulo kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko, okanye boyikisa abagwebi abalawula ngokuchasene neemfuno zikarhulumente. IHungary, iPoland, iVenezuela neTurkey bonke baye babona ukurhoxiswa kwenkululeko yokugweba kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Xa iinkundla ziba zizixhobo zeqela elilawulayo, umthetho uba ligosa-goso. Abahlaziyi basenokukwazi ukungena kwiinkundla, kodwa abanakulindela izigqibo ezingakhethiyo.

Ipopulism Nomthetho Womthetho

Intshukumo yepopulist, nokuba ingasekunene okanye ngasekhohlo, idla ngokujolisa iingqikelelo ezisemthethweni njengemiqobo “yokuthanda kwabantu.” Iinkokeli zingadlula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngemiyalelo yegunya elikhulu, zihlasele amajelo eendaba, okanye zicinezele inkcaso. Intetho “yeentshaba zabantu” ejoliswe kubagwebi okanye intatheli iyenza ibe yingcamango yokuba umthetho ugotyelwe ukufikelela kwiinjongo zobupolitika. Ngoxa idemocracism inokusinda kwiingcinezelo ezinjalo, imbali ibonisa ukuba i-populism ingakhokelela kwidemokhrasi kunye ne-othematili elawulayo. I-UN Rights Amalungelo abantu isoloko ibhala indlela ezidla ngokuphuma ngayo iziphenekupheneku, ilumkisa oko kumthetho osoloko ulawula ulawulo olulungele ulawulo lwabantu.

Ucelomngeni Lwamanani Nobugcisa

Iminyaka yobudala yamanani ibangela iingxaki ezintsha. Ukwenza izigqibo zemithetho-mthetho koorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu oluntu kusenokungabikho kucace, kukwenze kube nzima ngabemi ukuba bacel ’ umngeni izigqibo ezizenzekelayo ngetyala, umsebenzi, okanye iprojekthi. Ubugcisa bobucukubhedu, xa bungalawulwa ngokusemthethweni, bungaphonononga iziqu zentetho ezikhululekileyo kwaye bukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuqwalaselwe uthotho. Amaqonga ezelelwa-medipolitiki, ngelinge ngokomthetho, ngelixa kungeyonxalenye yentetho kawonke-wonke, kwaye iye yamangalelwa ngomlinganiselo osisigxilo oluthiweyo olucinezelayo olucinezelayo olufuna ukuphendula ngokwemithetho esemthethweni, ukhuseleko logcino-data, namalungelo amanani alungele ukuqwalaselwa kumsebenzi ongxamisekileyo kubafundi kunye nabaqulukileyo benkqubo.

Ukomeleza Umthetho

Ukutshayela ukukhukuliswa komthetho kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo kwiimeko ezininzi. Akukho lutshintsho lunye luyelunyanga, kodwa udityaniso lwamacebo olungiselelo, okufundisa, kunye nawomhlaba wonke lungakha unyamezelo.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Yejaji

Isiseko somthetho sisahlulo semithetho esinokwahlula amatyala akhululekileyo kuxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Oku kufuna iinkqubo zokumisa ezicace gca, ukukhusela, ukubuyiselwa ngokwaneleyo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwimpindezelo yezobupolitika. Amazwe athe akhutshwa kwimimiselo yokulawula ezimeleyo engokwasemthethweni emele imigaqo emininzi yomthetho. Ngokungakumbi, ukunika iinkundla ezinoovimba abaneleyo, kuquka iinkqubo zokulawula iimeko zale mihla, kunciphisa ulibaziseko kunye nokuphucula ukufikelela kwemithetho esesikweni.

Ukubhaliswa kwasemthethweni

Abahlali abawaqondayo amalungelo abo asemthethweni nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba bayakwazi ukuphenduliswa ngokufanelekileyo. Iinkqubo zomthetho zokubhala nokubhala kwizikolo, kwiikliniki zoncedo loluntu, namaphulo oluntu okunika ingxelo engakumbi kumthetho, zingawususa umthetho kwaye zinike amaqela aphantsi komthetho amandla. Xa abantu beyazi indlela yokubhala izikhalazo, ukuba kuthetha ntoni, kwaye apho kutheni befumana uncedo olusemthethweni, inkqubo esemthethweni iba sisixhobo senkululeko kunokuba icineze. Imibutho efana neWorld Justice Project ivelisa iingxelo ezifikelelekayo kunye neezixhobo ezinceda abantu bafumane umlinganiselo noncedo lomthetho.

Intsebenziswano Nemilinganiselo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngenxa yokuba imingeni yomthetho idla ngokunqumla imida yemali egatyiweyo, ukonakala kwehlabathi lonke, okanye intsebenziswano ye-inthaneti ye-inthaneti--global. Iisivumelwano esinjengesivumelwano seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nxamnye noHlomelo, izivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola oontanga ezifana nomthetho weKhomishoni yaseYurophu yomthetho obangela ukuba kubekho iingxelo zokuphendula kumazwe. Amaziko ezoqoqosho, kuquka iWorld Bank kunye neNgxongongo yeMali yeNtshona Koloni, ukunyuka kwemiqathango kunye noncedo ekuphuculeni ulawulo oluqinisa umgaqo-mthetho. Ezi njongo ze-Progeomente ezi zingaxhasa imibutho yokuphucula imicimbi yamakhaya kumazwe apho ingenayo imicimbi yezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Umthetho asiyondawo emileyo kodwa yimpumelelo eqhubekayo efuna ukuhlaziywa kwesizukulwana ngasinye. Lucwangciso phakathi apho inkululeko, ukulingana, nokusesikweni kunakho ukuchuma, kwaye lukhuselo oluchasene nobundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi. Ukuqonda imigaqo yayo yokulawula ulawulo oluphezulu noluluphezulu lomthetho ukuze kufikelelwe kubulungisa, kwaye abahlali bayayiqonda imigaqo xa imigaqo isongelo. Nokuba bajongene nokonakala, ukuphazamisana nezobupolitika, okanye ukukhukuliseka kwamanani, abakhukulimele ulawulo lomthetho kufuneka bahlale bephaphile. Ngokukhuthaza utshintsho olusemthethweni, ukukhuthaza uphando lukawonke wonke, nokuxhasa imilinganiselo yezizwe, ibutho labantu linokuba lilo elo linethuba apho ikamva elingelo ilungelo lokugweba limbalwa kodwa lisisiqinisekiso sazo zonke izinto. Umthetho ulawulo olulolo, ekugqibeleni, ulawulo oluthembekileyo kakhulu olugcina isidima lomntu.