NGUBANI Ohlola Abahloli Bezaphuli?

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Inqaku III nokwakhiwa kukaRhulumente

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungaqulathanga uhlomelo olucacileyo lwezomthetho, umbhalo unika isiseko. Inqaku III linika igunya lokugweba kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye neenkundla eziphantsi njenge Congress zingamisela, kwaye linwebeze elo gunya "zonke ityala, kuMthetho kunye no-Equcy, ukuvela phantsi kwalo mGaqo-siseko. Eli binzana licebisa ukuba iinkundla zimele zitolike uMgaqo-siseko xa zicombulula impikiswano. Oku kuvakaliswa ngabantu abaphezulu [[FLY:] uMthetho-onke uMgaqo-siseko u-siseko u-"Sivume zonke iijajinga. [indlela ezithiwe-Gawulayo] phambi kokuba abagwebi benziwe izigwebo ezithiweyo] [F2] [5], kwaye zidibana nomthetho ophikisana nomthetho owenziwe ngumthetho owenziwe ngumthetho.[3]

Indlela Ingxubusho Yezeejaji Esebenza Ngayo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji asilogunya lokuhlola ukuba ngabagwebi bawuchaphazeli kakuhle nawuphi na umthetho abangawuthandiyo. Lusebenza kwisiseko esingqongqo esilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla ziphendula kuphela iimpikiswano ezikhoyo, ezivuthiweyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya imigaqo emininzi engundoqo:

Ukuma Nokusesikweni

Asingommi ngamnye onokuthi acel ’ umngeni umthetho. Ukuzisa ityala, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuma kwetyala, ingozi yekonkrithi elandelela kwihambo yommangalelwa kwaye mhlawumbi abuyiselwe kwisigqibo senkundla. Ngaphezu koko, impikiswano kufuneka iqinisekiswe: imele ibangele impikiswano yokwenene, hayi impikiswano engaqondakaliyo. Iinkundla ziyakulahla amatyala angekho mgangathweni (asaphila) okanye angaphiliyo (engakabikho). Ezi zihluzi mfundiso ziqinisekisa ukuba ingxubusho yenkundla isebenza kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, zithintele iinkundla ukuba zingangeni kwiingxoxo okanye kwimpikiswano zezobupolitika.

Iziqinisekiso zocelomngeni lomGaqo-siseko

Xa ityala elibandakanya ityala lomgaqo - siseko lifikelela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo, le nkqubo idla ngokutyhilwa ngolu hlobo:

• [[Nkundla:0] Isivumelwano seCertiorari: Iqela elifuna uhlolo lwefayile kwisicelo sokucela iNkundla ukuba iliphulaphule elo tyala. INkundla inika uhlolo xa iijaji ezine zivuma (umthetho wesine).
• Ukubeka: omabini amacala angenisa iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo zihlalutya imiba yomgaqo-siseko, ukucaphula imizekelo, nokuchaza isizathu sokuba umthetho umelwe ukuxhaswa okanye ukubethwa phantsi. Amacurus curiae evela kumaqela anomdla ngokufuthi yongeza ezi miqulu.
• Impikiswano ebanzi: I-Attorney zivela phambi kwezahluleli ukuphendula imibuzo nokucombulula iindawo zazo. Ezi ntlanganiso zidla ngokutyhila inkxalabo ye qhinga kwaye zivavanye imida yengxoxo nganye.
• Uphazamiso kunye noDafti: Izigwebi zidibana ngasese ukuxubusha ngetyala nokuthatha ukhetho lokuqala. Irula eliphezulu kuninzi lwabela umntu othile ukubhala uluvo, oluhamba ngohlaziyo nokusasazwa phambi kokuba abe lugqibile.
• [[NTLA:0] Isigqibo: INkundla ikhankanya isigqibo sayo, kunye nengcaciso. Ukudibana okanye ukuphikisana kweembono kungapapashwa, kunikelwe ezinye iinkcazelo. Isigqibo sixhasa ubukho bomthetho okanye siwugaxe phantsi, simisela umzekelo wamatyala exesha elizayo.

Le nkqubo yangabom iqinisekisa ukuba uhlolisiso olungokwaselugwebeni lusekelwe ekuqiqeni okungqongqo okungokwasemthethweni nasekuhlalutyeni okungokwembali, kungekhona ekukhetheni komntu.

Indima Yesiqalo

Iinkundla zaseMelika zinamathela kwimfundiso ye i-decis, ithetha ukuba zidla ngokuhlonela phambi kwemithetho. Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo ivakalisa umthetho ongekho sivumelwano, othe wabophelela zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kunye neendawo zexesha elizayo. Ukulandela umzekelo kunqabile kwaye kufuna ulungiso olungaqhelekanga, olufana neemeko eziguqukileyo okanye impazamo yobuchule. Oku kunika uzinzo nokuxelwa, ukuvumela iBhunga kunye negunya ukuba zisebenze kwimida eyaziwayo. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yazilawula ngokwayo ngamanye amaxesha [[FLT: Brown]. v[FLT3] [FLT:] [F] [FLD]] [12]

Impembelelo yenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika

Uhlolo olunzulu lwezeejaji lunentsingiselo enzulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zolawulo lwaseMerika. Lukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, lunyanzelisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, luze lubumbe inkqubo kawonke wonke ngeendlela eziya kufikelela ngaphaya kwenkundla.

Ukukhuselwa Kwenkululeko Nganye

IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa kamva kuqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko ```````Ii-FLT', unqulo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kodwa la malungelo aya kuba nentsingiselo ngaphandle kwendlela yokuwanyanzelisa. Uhlolo lwezomthetho lunika iinkundla igunya lokuwisa imithetho ephazamisayo kwezi ziqinisekiso. Umzekelo, iTags v. Johnson [19] [1999] [iiiiiindlela], iNkuxhasa ukuba ukutshiswa kweflegi kukhuselwe kukhuselwa ngumlomo womfuziselo yiSinyuso sokuHlulo Sokuqala, ukungagunyaziswa kwemithetho yesizwe eyalela ukuqhelisa ukuqhelisa. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.2] LG. v[FLT.[FLT]] [200:3] [iindlela] imigaqo-yonke] isetyenziswa (2009]), ukurhoxabela imithetho esezantsi, ingqina isidima sobudlela sokulungisa, i-mthetho esibunono sobucala, iqinisekisa uktyisoluvolu

Ukunyanzela Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luqinisa inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ngqungquthela okanye uMongameli ugqithisa imida yomgaqo-siseko. Ulwahlulo kunye neNkonzo yokwemvelo v. Chanha (19983]), iNkundla yayenza ingasebenzi inkqubo yemithetho, iKhomishini esetyenziswayo ukubhukuqa izenzo zolawulo, ngenxa yokuba yaphula umthetho ngokwemithetho ye-biname nemfuno yeQumrhu I. Klinton v. iSixeni saseNew York, inkundla yabetha phantsi komgca-imeko-meto, ilawula ukuba inike uMongameli igunya elingavunyelwanga ngumgaqo-siseko. Ezi zigqibo zigqibileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke owenziwe kakubi

Ngokumisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho, iNkundla ingayibuyisela inkqubo kwimiba yezonyango ukuya kwimfundo yolwaphulo-mthetho. UMthetho weNkundla oBalulekileyo wasinda kucelomngeni oluninzi lomgaqo-siseko, kodwa neNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [2020] [20], iNkundla ebeke imida kwimida yezentengiselwano yeBhunga, ifuna ukuba onke amathematilo akwaseko omtshato oxwex, ukuguqula umthetho, ngokusisiseko ukutshintsha ukwenziwa komthetho. I-Recuetetion isenokuyitshintsha indlela yokulawula imigaqo-mthetho yezigidi.

Amatyala Achaza Impinda Yejaji

Amanye amatyala amele abe ziimbalasane ekuphuhliseni uhlolisiso olungokwasemthethweni, kungekuphela nje acombulula iingxabano kodwa amisela nemigaqo ehlala ihleli.

Iziqalelo zangaphambili: McCulloch v Maryland (1819) ne Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

[[[FLT]] KwiNkundla ehlangeneyo]. [[FF4] [FF]]

Amalungelo Oluntu: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) noLoving v. Virginia (1967)

[[[FLT]] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [[FLT: 1] mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuhlola isigwebo kwinkulungwane yama-20. INkundla nganye yathi ukucalucalula kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke kwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celaus we-145th Amendmendment, ibhukuqa “imfundiso elinganayo kodwa] ye-.[FLT][FLT]] ithetha irekhostingggggg [[[5]] [1866]]. Le sigqibo sathiyayifaka imvume yokuba ukuquluswa kwamalungelo amalungelo abantu kwaye sabonisa indlela elula ngayo ingcebiso elibonisa ngayo ukuba ukuchaphaza komthetho kugwebo oluqhelekileyo.[FFFFOL:] [5] [5]]

[[FLT:][FLT]] . Casey, iNkundla yaqinisekisa “ukubambelela okuphakathi” Roe v. Wade. [ukuthi umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ilungelo lomfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfa] ngelinye icala isiseko sobume obuqinileyo kunye nomlinganiselo onzima. Isigqibo sagxininisa i-ssssssss decisis kunye ne-judiary's sigxininisa indima yokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kwana ejonisweni yezopolitiki. "Ogrofe]. Hodges, iNkurts, iNkuvolu yezo ezimele icandelo elingundoqo, icandelo eliye liqulene lokuzinzisa ityala, ukuphinda ingqiqo kunye nokulungisa i-exeka.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Njengoko iUnited States ijamelana neengxaki ezintsha, impikiswano enzulu isekho kwimibandela emininzi ephambili echaphazela ikamva layo.

Imithetho yomthetho echaseneyo

Abahlalutyi bokwenza uphando lwezigwebo ngamanye amaxesha batyhola iNkundla “yomGaqo-siseko,” ithetha ukuba ifunda umGaqo-siseko ngeendlela ezingaphaya kokuqonda kwasekuqaleni okanye injongo yomthetho. Abaxhasi bemithetho yokugweba baphikisa ukuba iinkundla zifanele zithabathe amasebe ngaphandle kokuba kukho ukwaphulwa okucacileyo komgaqo-siseko. Abameli bomqathango womthetho oqinileyo baphikisa ukuba imigaqo ebanzi yeNkungatho yezomGaqo-siseko ikukulingana kunye nokufumana inkululeko. Uxinzelo phakathi komsebenzi kunye nokuthintela ityala eliphezulu leNkundla, ukusuka ekuphumeleni kwemilo yemipu ukuze kukhuthathwe intye ityala. Iziphumo zale umphumo wengxoxo yale mbambano okanye ukufikelela kwentlawulo lwenkundla emashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Ukuyila noMgaqo - siseko Ophilayo

Iingcamango ezimbini eziphikisanayo zokuchaza umgaqo-siseko ngendlela abagwebi abajonga ngayo uphando lwezomthetho. Intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ithenjiwe ngexesha lokubekwa kwayo, kwaye abagwebi kufuneka basebenzise intsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke. Inkcazo yomgaqo-siseko iphikisa ukuba ulwimi lwalo xwebhu lubanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha imigaqo yezobuzwe. Amalungisa atyunjwa ngoomongameli abahlukeneyo asoloko etshintsha iimbono. Ikamva lokuhlola komGaqo-siseko lixhomekeke ekuchazeni indlela yolwazi-jiyo kwaye nokuba iNkuNkundla iyakwazi ukulondolozela imigaqo elungelelanisayo ngexesha elithile.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nemfihlo

Ukuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza kobugcisa kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yezomGaqo-siseko evavanya imida yemfundiso ekhoyo. Ukuhlola ngamanani, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, ubuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo zezentlalo-ntle kumthetho wonke obekiweyo, konke okuqulathe umgaqo weSihlalo sesine sokuHlaziya ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni, ukhuseleko loMphengululo Wokuqala lwe-Soundation Clauscespeace oluqinisekisa ukuba izinto zemfihleko. Ityala elifana no-Cetarterbart v. United States[FLT] [2001] [208] [ekhom] urhulumente ukholelwa ukuba umgaqo oqhelekileyo ufuna isiqinisekiso sokungena kwindawo yogcino-lwazi-lwazi-lwazi-lwazi--------lumbini ibonisa ukuba isiqinisekiso sokuziqhelanisa. Njengoko ubugcisa besenza, iinkundla ziyabizelwa kusetyenziswa kwakudala kwimigaqo emidala kwimimiselo entsha, ekwandibani ekwandimeni.