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Ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli, inkqubo ebanzi yemithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente isebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umvoti ofanelekileyo angathabatha inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo, ngokukhuselekileyo, nangokungenakhethe. Le mithetho iye yaguquka kangangamashumi eminyaka ukusingatha okungekho sikweni okungokwembali, ukwenza iinkqubo zokuvota zibe zezobucukubhedengu, kwaye ikhusele ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvota elibumba isiseko solawulo-melo lwaseMelika. Ukuqonda ezi zikhuselwayo ngokomthetho kunceda abavoti bawa ukuba bawaqaphele amalungelo abo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yonyulo ihlala icace, ifikelelekile, kwaye ithembekile.

Isiseko: Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko ekuhlawuleni amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli likhuselwe ziinguqu eziliqela eziye zanwenwa zaze zaqinisa amalungelo okuvota kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1870, lwamiswa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota alinakunganikwa siseko sohlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili. UMphengululo weSikhundla seshumi elinesithoba, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1920, wandisa amalungelo okuvota kumabhinqa. UMthetho wokuHlayishela, wagunyazisa irhafunxa kunyulo lukarhulumente. I-Amakumi amabini-Sixth Amentelligate, yagunyaziswa ngo-71, yanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yalo lonke unyulo.

Le migaqo-siseko ikhusela isiseko somthetho apho yonke eminye imithetho yamalungelo okuvota yakhiwe khona. Inika iKhomishini yokumisela umthetho onyanzelisa la malungelo nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe akanakukwazi ukuzalisekisa imigaqo ephazamisa umgaqo osisiseko wokufikelela ngokulinganayo kwibhokisi yokuvota.

UMthetho weSizwe wamaLungelo ka-1965: UMthetho

UMthendeleko wamaLungelo watyikitywa nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ngoAgasti 6, 1965, emela enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ziphunyezwe ngumbutho wamalungelo abantu. Ngokutsho kweSebe leMithetho ye-U.S., lo Mthendeleko ugqalwa njengesona sixhobo sisebenzayo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu karhulumente owakha wamiswa.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Omthetho Wokwabelana Ngelungelo

Lo mthetho ufuna ukukhusela ilungelo lokuvota iintlanga ezincinane kulo lonke ilizwe, ingakumbi eMzantsi, uthetha ngokukhutshwa ngokucwangcisiweyo komthetho olawulayo. Lo mthetho uqulethe zombini imigaqo jikelele esebenzisa amagunya esizwe jikelele kunye namalungiselelo akhethekileyo ajolise ekuvotelweni kwembali yocalulo.

Icandelo 2 lilungiselelo eliqhelekileyo elithintela urhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba angafaki mthetho wokuba "abeke ekukhanyeni okanye ekuvalweni kwelungelo lommi wobuzwe ukuba avote ngenxa yohlanga okanye umbala" okanye ukuba lilungu leqela elincinane lolwimi. Eli lungiselelo livumela abantu kunye neSebe leSizwe loLawulo ukuba bavavanye uqheliselo lokuvota ngomcimbi.

Ezinye iinkonzo zokwaphula uvavanyo lokufunda nokubhala kunye nezinye izixhobo eziye zasetyenziswa embalini ukulahla iintlanga ezincinane. UMthetho wamaLungelo waphelisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala kunye nerhafu yokuvota elungiselelwe ukudibanisa abavoti baseMerika baseMerika kwaye urhulumente wanika igunya lokuthatha ukubhaliswa kwabavoti kwimibalwa enohlobo oluthe gqolo localulo oluqhubekayo.

Ukukhusela uncedo lweelwimi

Iimfuno zolawulo oluthile lokunika uncedo lwelwimi kubavoti kuluntu apho kukho ulwandiso lwabemi abangamaGama angenabuchule bokongeza kuMthetho wamaLungelo woMgaqo-nkqubo wamaLungelo ngowe-1975. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo yolwimi ayithinteli abemi abafanelekileyo ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli.

Impembelelo nokuphumelela

UMthetho wamaLungelo oVoting Rights waba nempembelelo ekhawulezileyo nenzulu kwinxaxheba kumavoti. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1965, ikota yesigidi sabavoti abatsha abamnyama ibibhalisiwe, isithathu esinye ngokweepesenti ngabavavanyi bezwe. Kwiminyaka emva komqathango woMthetho wamaLungelo, umahluko kumanani okubhalisa phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama abasusiweyo ehla ukusuka kumanqaku amalunga nama-30 eepesenti ekuqaleni koo1960 ukuya kumanqaku asibhozo emva koko.

Izigqibo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo Zakutshanje

Nangona uMthetho we-Voing Rights usasebenza, ezi zikhuseli ziye zapheliswa zisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yakutshanje. Ukuqonda ukhuseleko oluseleyo nocelomngeni olujongene nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo okuvota kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukukhusela ukungena kwabo kwibhokisi yokuvota.

UMthetho woNcedo waseMerika

UMthetho weHelp America Vote (Hava) wowama-2002 wadluliselwa yiKhomishini yoMbutho waseUnited States ukwenza utshintsho oluphangaleleyo kwinkqubo yokuvota, ukubhekisa inkqubela kwinkqubo yokuvota kunye nokufikelela kovoti eyafunyanwa emva konyulo luka- 2000. Lo mthetho owenziwe wasebenza ngokuhambelana nolawulo lonyulo kunye nemigangatho encinane karhulumente omawuyilandele.

Iinkqubo zobhaliso lwezibonelelo eziseMbusweni jikelele

I-HAVA ifuna ukuba amazwe aphuhlise uluhlu lokuvota olukwikhompyutha enye, iyunifomu, esemthethweni, ephakathi, esebenzisanayo, uluhlu lobhaliso lwe-opera yephondo ngokubanzi olucaciswe, olulondoloziweyo, luye lusetyenziswa kumgangatho weRhulumente. Le mfuneko inceda ukuthintela abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba bajikwe ngokuphosakeleyo kwiindawo zokuvota kwaye inciphisa ubungozi bokuphinda ubhaliso.

Iimfuno zeSibonelelo seMidlalo

HAVA ifuna abavoti abachongiwe njengabangamkelekiyo (abafana nabavoti abangafunyanwanga kuluhlu olubhalisiweyo), kodwa abakholelwa ukuba bafanelekile, bakwazi ukukhupha i-operati. Emva konyulo, uRhulumente ofanelekileyo okanye umvoti wasekuhlaleni uya kugqiba ukuba umvoti ufanelekile kusini na, ukuba ngoko ke ubala ivoti kwaye umazisa umvoti wesiphumo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo zolawulo okanye iingxaki zokubhalisa azithinteli ukuba abavoti bafanele ukuvota.

Ukufikeleleka Koomatshini Abanesiphene

UNobhala wezeMpilo neNkonzo yoLuntu ugunyazisiwe ukwenza intlawulo kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukwenzela ukuba abantu abaneziphene bafumane iindawo zokuvota, kuquka abo baziimfama nababonayo, ngendlela efanayo enika ithuba lokungena nokuthabatha inxaxheba (kuquka ukuzimela nokuzimela) njengabanye abavoti. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti beneziphene bangabaphosa abaxhasi babo ngasese nangaphandle.

Iimfuno zokwahlula ixesha lokuqala

HAVA ufuna ukuba abavoti bexesha lokuqala ababhalisa ngeposi, yaye ngaphambili abakhange bavote kunyulo lwesizwe kwiLizwe elifanelekileyo okanye kwigosa lonyulo lwasekuhlaleni phambi okanye ngomhla wonyulo. Ukuchongwa kusenokuba yi-ID yefoto okanye amaxwebhu afana neendleko zezezibonelelo, iingxelo zebhanki, okanye ii-chendo zikarhulumente ezibonisa igama nedilesi yomvoti-voti.

IKhomishini yoNcedo

HAVA wasungula iKhomishini yeNkqutyana-mali (EAC), umbutho ozimeleyo karhulumente waseUnited States ojongene nokuchotshelwa kwamatyala, esebenza njengendlu ecocayo yolawulo lonyulo, edala inkqubo yokuvavanya nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo zokuvota, enikela ukhokelo lokuzithandela kumazwe, yaye eqhuba iinkqubo ze-HOVA ezinika iinkqubo.

Imithetho yobhaliso nokhuseleko

Imithetho yokubhalisa imisela inkqubo yokuba abemi abafanelekileyo babhaliswe ngayo kwivoti kunyulo lomongameli. Le mithetho iguqukele ukwenza ukubhalisa kube lula ngakumbi ngoxa kugcinwa ukuthembeka komvoti.

UMthetho woBhaliso lweSizwe

Umthetho weSizwe weVoter Bribatorial Act ka 1993, owaziwa ngokuba "Umthetho weMotor Voter", ufuna ukuba kubekho ubhalisa kumasebe emoto, kumasebe oncedo lukawonke-wonke, nakubhaliso lweposi. Lo mthetho wandisa ukufikelela komvoti ngokuphawulekayo ngokuwenza ufumaneke kwiindawo apho abemi basekuhlaleni baqhuba ishishini lesiqhelo.

Umthetho ukwamisa ukukhuselwa kokungalungisi ukukhutshwa kweeroli ezibhalisayo ezingafanelekanga, ezifuna ukuba iimeko zilandele iinkqubo ezithile phambi kokususa abavoti kuluhlu lokubhalisa. Ezi khuseleko ziqinisekisa ukuba abavoti abafanelekileyo abakhutshwanga ngenxa yeempazamo zolawulo okanye imisebenzi yogcino loluhlu enobundlobongela.

Ubhaliso lwangaphakathi nolsuku olunye

Amazwe amaninzi aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zokuvota kwi-intanethi ezivumela abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba babhalise okanye bahlaziye ulwazi lwabo lokubhalisa ngee-website ezikhuselekileyo. Oku kwenza ukubhaliswa kube luncedo kwaye kunciphisa iimpazamo ezinxulumene neefomu zamaphepha.

Amanye amazwe akwanikela ukubhalisa okuthatha ixesha elinye, evumela abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba babhalise kwaye bavote ngosuku olunye ngexesha lokuvota kwangethuba okanye ngoSuku lokhetho ngokwalo. Olu khetho lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti abafanelekileyo abaphoswe lixesha lokubhalisa okanye abafuduswe kutshanje bangaba nenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli.

Ubhaliso lwe Voter oluzenzekelayo

Inani elandayo lamazwe liye lamkela iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zokuvota ezibhalisa abemi abafanelekileyo xa besebenzisana namasebe karhulumente anjengamasebe emoto, ngaphandle kokuba bakhethe. Oku kutshintsha umthwalo kusuka kumntu ngamnye ukuya kurhulumente, kwenza ukubhaliswa kokhetho olungagqibekanga nokwanda kwexabiso lokubhaliswa.

Ukukhusela Ukucinezelwa Kocalucalulo Nolawulo

Umthetho olawulayo unikela imilinganiselo emininzi yokukhusela ucalucalulo nemigudu yokuphelisa umvoti kunyulo lomongameli.

Ukukhuselwa Kocalucalulo Lobuhlanga

Umthetho uyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, okanye ukubonakala kolwimi oluncinane ekubhaliseni nasekuvoteni kwilizwe lonke. Le migaqo iquka zonke iinkalo zokuvota, kuquka iindawo zokuvota, iiyure zokuvota, kunye nendlela yokuvota.

Icandelo 2 leVRA liyalela ukuzoba izithili zonyulo ngeendlela eziwanciphisa ngokungafanelekanga amandla okuvota kwabambalwa. Oku kuthintela kumaphondo, kwizixeko, kwisithili sesikolo, nakuwo nawaphi na amanye amaqela karhulumente athabatha unyulo. Oku kuthintela amagunya ekulawuleni imida yesithili ukunciphisa impembelelo yezobupolitika kuluntu oluncinane.

Ukukhusela Izixhobo Zokudlala Ngemizimba Enzima

IVRA ikwanikela ukhuseleko kubavoti abaziimfama, abakhubazekileyo, okanye abangafundanga. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaneziphene bakwayalela ukuba iindawo zokuvota mazifikeleleke kubavoti abaneziphene, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo engokomzimba ayithinteli abemi abafanelekileyo ekufakeni iibhola zabo.

Polling locations must provide accessible voting equipment that allows voters with disabilities to cast their ballots privately and independently, without requiring assistance that could compromise the secrecy of their vote. This includes equipment with audio interfaces for visually impaired voters and devices that accommodate voters with limited mobility or dexterity.

Ukhuseleko lomoya

Umthetho karhulumente uyalwalela usoyikiso lwabavoti, ukusongela, okanye ukuvota ngokunxulumene nokuvota kunyulo lomongameli. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba abavoti bangawasebenzisa amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa, ukusongelwa, okanye ucinezeleka ngabantu okanye amaqela afuna ukuphembelela okanye ukucinezela umvoti.

Abahloli bonyulo bamaFederal nabachopheli bemiqathango ethile apho kukho imigudu yokusoyikisa abavoti abambalwa kolu hlolisiso banokuthunyelwa ukuze bajonge ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yokuvota yamalungelo nokuthintela imigudu yoloyiso.

Imithetho Yophawu

Imilinganiselo yokwahlula yahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokorhulumente, kuveliswa imigaqo entsonkothileyo elawula oko abavoti bamele bakunikele kunyulo lwezivotelo ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli.

Iindidi ze-ID yeVoter

Amazwe awela kwiindidi eziliqela malunga neemfuno zokwamkelwa. Amanye amazwana anemithetho ye-ID engqongqo efuna abavoti ukuba banike uchazo lwefoto njengophawu lwephepha-mvume lomqhubi, amakhadi karhulumente, ii-ID, ii-passs, okanye ii-ID zomkhosi. Ukuba abavoti abanako ukunikela uchazo lwamkelekileyo lwefoto, bangafuneka bafake i-operalbot kwaye bathabathe amanyathelo awongezelelekileyo emva koSuku lokhetho ukuze babale ivoti yabo.

Amanye amazwe anemithetho ye-ID yeendawo ezingezizo ezephondo apho abavoti abangenayo imvumelwano eyamkelekileyo bangasayina i-affidavit engqina ukuba bangoobani okanye babe nabasebenzi bevolo-volontiya, bevumela ukuba iphepha labo elithe rhoqo libalwe ngaphandle kwamanyathelo awongezelelekileyo.

Amanye amazwe ayamkela iziphumo-mali ezingasetyenziswayo njengetyala lezemali, iingxelo zebhanki, ii-checks zikarhulumente, okanye amanye amaxwebhu abonisa igama nedilesi yomvoti. Sekunjalo amanye amazwe akanayo imfuneko yolwamkelo lwekhomyutha konke konke, endaweni yoko axhomekeke kutyikityo okanye kwezinye iindlela zoqinisekiso.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Neembambano

Imithetho yeVoter ihlala iphikisana, abaxhasi bephikisana bathintela umvoti ozimilise okwenkohliso yaye bagcina intembelo yoluntu kunyulo, ngoxa abagxeki bephikisa ngokungathethekiyo bethwesa umthwalo kubavoti abambalwa, abemi abakhulileyo, abantu abaphantsi abafumana imali, nabafundi abasenokujamelana nobunzima obukhulu ekufumaneni uchazo olwamkelekileyo.

Iinkundla ziye zayibetha imithetho ye-ID ethile evotiweyo njengegunyazisayo okanye njengengagunyaziswanga, lo gama ixhasa eminye. Umhlaba osemthethweni uyaqhubeka uguquka njengoko oorhulumente beguqula iimfuno zabo kwaye bevavanya ukuphunyezwa nokuphembelela le mithetho.

Amalungiselelo e-ID akhululekileyo

Irejista efuna ukuchongwa kwefoto yokuvota kufuneka inike amakhadi okuchola akhululekileyo kubavoti abafaneleyo abangenayo i-ID. Le mfuneko ivela kumgaqo wokuba irhafu yokuvota ayingomthetho, ize ibophelele ukuba inyuswe ngokufanelekileyo iyakuyila irhafu yokuvota. Noko ke, ukufumana amaxwebhu aphantsi afunekayo ukufumana i-ID yesisakhono, njengesiqinisekiso sokuzalwa, kusenokubandakanya iindleko ezenza imiqobo yabavoti abathile.

Ukhuseleko lokhetho kunye namanyathelo engqibelelo

Imithetho emininzi karhulumente neyaseburhulumenteni isebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokuthembeka konyulo lomongameli, ikhusela kubuqhetseba ngoxa igcina ukufikelela kovoti.

Imigangatho yenkqubo yokuthumela kunye nokuqinisekisa

IKhomishini yoNcedo yoLuvolo imisela imigaqo yenkqubo yokuvota yokuzithandela emisela imigaqo yokhuseleko, ukuchana nokufumaneka kwezixhobo zokuvota. Ngoxa le migaqo ingumyalelo wokuzithandela, amazwe amaninzi ayayithabatha njengeemfuneko iinkqubo zokuvota ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zawo.

Iinkqubo zokuthumela kufuneka zivavanywe ngokungqongqo kunye nesiqinisekiso ukuqinisekisa ukuba zibhalile ngokuchanekileyo zize zibale iivoti, zikhusele ekuphakameni, kwaye zinike abavoti amathuba okuhlola nokulungisa iibhola zabo zokuvota phambi kokuba zijulwe. Le milinganiselo inceda ukulondoloza intembelo yoluntu kwiziphumo zonyulo ezichanekileyo.

Imvume kunye neposi- Kwibhola Yokhuseleko

Imithetho elawula ukungekho komvotelwa kunye nokurhoxa kweposi kumiselo iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ngabavoti, ukuthintela ukuphazanyiswa kwevoti, kwaye iqinisekise ukuba iibhola eziqukwayo zifunyanwe kwaye zibalwe kakuhle. Ezi nkqubo ziquka ukutyikitya-tyikitya, iindlela zokubuyisela ibhombu ekhuselekileyo, kunye netsheyina leemfuno zolawulo ukulandelela iibhola zomvoti ukususela kwixesha ezikhutshwe ngalo de zibalwe.

Amazwe aneemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuba ngubani onokuvota ngeposi, amanye evumela nawuphi na umvoti ukuba acele ivoti engekho ngaphandle kokunikela isizathu, ngoxa amanye efuna abavoti bahlangabezane nemilinganiselo ethile efana nokuba kude nendawo yabo yokuvota ngoSuku loNnyulo, ukuba nesiphene, okanye ukwaluphala.

Igalelo leMicimbi yeNkcubeko

Imithetho yokhetho imisela iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zokubala iivote, ukusombulula ukungangqinelani, kunye nokuqhuba ii-Picolsticals ukuqinisekisa ukuchana kweziphumo zonyulo. Iingxelo ezininzi zamazwe ziqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi lwasemva kokhetho oluhlola isampuli yeevoti ngesandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuvota zibhalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zibale iivoti.

Le nkqubo yophicotho-zincwadi inika umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokhuseleko kwaye inceda ekuboneni naziphi na iingxaki ngezixhobo zokuvota okanye iinkqubo ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa phambi konyulo lwexesha elizayo. Iimfuno zokubonisa ngaphaya kwezimvo ziqinisekisa ukuba abajongi bamaqela ezobupolitika kunye noluntu bangayiqwalasela inkqubo yokubala.

Ukhuseleko lokuzikhusela

Njengoko iinkqubo zonyulo zisanda, ukungabikho kokusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha kuye kwavela njengenkxalabo ephambili.

Amagosa okhetho asebenzisa imaleko emininzi yokhuseleko kuquka iiflalls, ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, ulawulo lokufikelela, kunye nohlolisiso oluthe rhoqo lokukhusela isiseko sogcino - lwazi sobhaliso, iinkqubo zokuvota kunye neziphumo zokuchaza iinkqubo zokuvota ngokungena ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokusebenzisana ngegunya.

Ukhuseleko lwemibhobho yomkhosi nangaphezulu kolwandle

Amalungiselelo akhethekileyo akhusela amalungelo okuvota amalungu enkonzo yasemkhosini nabemi baseUnited States abahlala phesheya kwelizwe abafuna ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli.

Isenzo sokukhuthaza inkxaso-mali sabemi

I-Avined and Overses Paraces Abface Voing Act (UOCAVA) ifuna ukuba kubekho imithetho evumela amalungu omkhosi nabemi baphesheya bamazwe ukuba babhalise kwaye barhoxe ekuvotelweni. Lo mthetho uyaqonda ukuba aba bantu aba-fami abafanele baphulukane nelungelo labo lokuvota kuba nje bekhonza ilizwe labo kwelinye ilizwe okanye behlala ngaphandle kwe-United States.

IHAVA igunyazisa utshintsho lokuphucula ukufumaneka kwabemi baphesheya, kuquka ukunyanzelisa unobhala woMkhosi ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphawu lwasemva okanye obunye ubungqina obusemthethweni bomhla wokuposa bubonelelwa kwibhodi nganye engekhoyo eqokelelwe nakweyiphi na indawo okanye inqanawa elwandle.

Ukuthunyelwa kwebhola yombane

Amazwe amaninzi avumela umkhosi nabavoti baphesheya ukufumana iivoti zabo nge-electronic nge-imeyili okanye nge-intanethi ekhuselekileyo, eqinisekisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kweposi yehlabathi lonke okucothayo akuthinteli aba bavoti ukuba bafumane iivoti zabo ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuze bazibuyise ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Noko ke, amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukuba abavoti babuyiselwe ngeposi okanye ngezinye iindlela zomzimba ukugcina ukhuseleko lokuvota.

Imigca Emininzi Yabafileyo

Amanye amazwe anikela imihla emide yokufumana ii-lisithi zomvoti ezikhutshiweyo kumkhosi nakumazwe aphesheya, eqonda ucelomngeni lokuhanjiswa kweposi kwilizwe lonke. Le miqathango yamaxesha alinganisiweyo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhola ezikhutshwa ngabavoti abafanelekileyo abakhonza phesheya zinokubalwa nokuba ukulibaziseka kweposi kubathintela ukuba bafike ngomhla oqhelekileyo.

Imali Yephulo Nemithetho Ebonisa Ubungqina

Nangona ingeyonto inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokuphosa amaxwebhu, imithetho yezemali ekwakukho kuyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ingqibelelo yonyulo lomongameli ngokukhuthaza ukuba kubekho urhwaphilizo.

Iimfuno zokuhlangula

ISibonelelo soMgaqo-nkqubo woNlamlo-nkqubo sifuna ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaza kuba oomongameli neekomiti zobupolitika batyhile iminikelo yabo nenkcitho yabo, bevumela abavoti babone ukuba ngubani owasebenzisayo amaphulo emali nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Oku kunceda abavoti benze izigqibo abazifundileyo baze banciphise ubungozi bokonakala okanye impembelelo engafanelekanga.

Isalathisi kufuneka sifake iingxelo rhoqo neKhomishini yoNkqululo echaza iinkcukacha zokuqokelela nokusebenzisa imali, kwaye olu lwazi lwenziwe lufumaneke kuwonke-wonke ngee-database ze-intanethi. Iminikelo emikhulu kufuneka ichazwe ngokukhawuleza, maxa wambi kwiiyure ezingama-48, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti banolwazi olukhoyo.

Imida Yegalelo

Umthetho womanyano umisela imida emalunga nokuba zingaphi inani labantu, iikomiti zezopolitiko, namanye amaqumrhu anokuba negalelo kubahlohli bomongameli nakumaqela ezobupolitika. Le mida ifuna ukuthintela abanikeli abazizityebi ukuba bangabi nempembelelo engathethekiyo kunyulo kwaye inciphise amathuba okunganyaniseki.

Imiqathango iyatshintshwa ngamaxesha athile ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto yaye iyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomnikelo kunye nolwamkelo. Ukungathobeli imiqathango yeminikelo kungaphumela kwisohlwayo samakhaya, yaye, kwiimeko zokwaphula umthetho ngamabomu, ukutshutshiswa.

Ukhuphiswano lwamazwe asemzini

Umthetho womanyano ongqongqo wala amatyala angaphandle ukuba angancedi kwiphulo lobupolisa okanye ahlawule inkcitho ukuphembelela unyulo. Oku kuthintela unyulo lwaseMerika ekungeneleni kweminye imimandla kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo eziphathelele ukuba ngubani ofanele akhokele ilizwe zisenziwa ngabemi baseMerika.

Ukhuseliso lwangaphambili nokhuphiswano nge-imeyile

Amazwe amaninzi aye andisa iindlela zokuvota ngaphaya kwendawo yokuvota engokwesithethe, yaye imithetho iyabakhusela abavoti abakhetha ezi ndlela zingezinye.

Amaxesha Okuveliswa Kwamaxesha Angaphambili

Amazwe acela ukuvota kwangethuba avumela abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba bafake amavoti abo phambi koSuku Lokhetho, adla ngokubekwa kwindawo yokuvota. Amanyathelo okuvota angaphambili ayahluka ngokwemiqathango yorhulumente, ukususela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ukusa kwiiveki eziliqela ngaphambi konyulo.

Ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kunika abavoti abasenokuba nobunzima bokungena kumhla wokhetho ngenxa yocwangciso lomsebenzi, iimbopheleleko zentsapho, okanye ezinye izibophelelo. Ukukhusela okukwasemthethweni okusebenza ekuvotelweni koSuku loNnyulo, kuquka ukuvalwa kocalulo noloyiso, kusebenza ngokufanayo ekuvoteni kwasekuqaleni.

Unikezelo Olungekhoyo Lokuthethelela

Urhulumente omninzi uvumela nabani na obhalisiweyo ukuba acele ivoti engekhoyo ngaphandle kokunikela isizathu okanye isingxengxezo. Oku kwandiswa kokungangeni kovoti kwenza kube lula ngabavoti ukuba babe nenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli nokuba bakhetha ukungavoti umntu okanye bajongene nocelomngeni lokuya kwindawo yabo yokuvota.

Ilizwe elingenalo uvotelo olungekhoyo lifuna abavoti ukuba bacele ivoti, mhlawumbi kunyulo olunye okanye kubo bonke oonyulo abafanele ukuvota. Ibholaot ithunyelwa kumvoti, oyigqibayo kwaye ayibuyise ngeposi okanye ngokuyifaka kwibhokisi yelaphu elikhuselekileyo.

Ukuhlaziya I-imeyili

Amanye amazwe enza unyulo ngokuyintloko okanye ngokupheleleyo ngeposi, ngokuzenzekelayo athumela amavoti kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo. La mazwana aphuhlise iinkqubo ezibanzi zokuqinisekisa ukuba ngabavoti, ukulandelela iibhola, nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvota ngeposi.

Amatyala okuvota eposi anika abavoti abakhetha ukuvota umntu okanye abafuna uncedo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutshintshela kuvotelwa iposi akubavuli abavoti abangenakuyisebenzisa lula inkqubo yeposi.

Imfundo ecwangcisiweyo kunye neemfuno zolwazi

Imithetho ifuna ukuba abasemagunyeni bonyulo banikele inkcazelo ngokhetho, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba abemi abafanelekayo bawasebenzise ngokunempumelelo amalungelo abo.

Inkcazelo Yendawo yokucima

Irejista kufuneka inike abavoti inkcazelo malunga nendawo yokuvota abayabelwe kuyo, kuquka indawo yayo neeyure zokusebenza kwayo. Le nkcazelo isoloko ifumaneka ngee-data zobhaliso lwevoti kwi-intanethi, ngeposi okanye ngemfonomfono.

Indawo ezingcoliswa kuyo kufuneka zithumele ulwazi malunga neenkqubo zokuvota, amalungelo omvoti, nendlela yokuxela iingxaki okanye izikhalazo zefayile. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti bafumana ulwazi olufunekayo lokuphosa iibhola zabo ngempumelelo kwaye bayazi indlela yokufuna uncedo ukuba badibana neengxaki.

Caphula Iibhola kunye neziKhokelo ze-Voter

Amazwe amaninzi anika iivoti ezimfutshane ezibonisa abavoti into eza kuvela kwivoti yabo, ibavumela ukuba bahlole abathathi-nxaxheba kunye neembambano ngaphambi kokufika kwabo bavota. Amanye amaphondo avelisa izikhokelo zovoti ezinenkcazelo malunga namanyathelo okuvota, anceda abavoti benze izigqibo zolwazi.

Ezi zixhobo zemfundo zibaluleke kakhulu kunyulo lomongameli, oludla ngokuba nezixhobo ezinde ezinamacandelo amaninzi karhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nezizwe zasekuhlaleni kunye namanyathelo okuvota. Ukuhlola ifomu yevoti kwangaphambili kunganceda abavoti basebenzise inkqubo yokuvota ngendlela elula kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bavote kuzo zonke iintlanga abazikhathaleleyo.

Uncedo lolwimi

Izimangalo ezikhoyo zabemi abathetha iilwimi ezingesiso isiNgesi kufuneka zinikezele izixhobo zokuvota kunye noncedo lwezo lwimi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo yeelwimi ayibathinteli abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli.

Uncedo lweelwimi lungaquka iivote eziguqulelweyo, abavoti abathetha iilwimi ezimbini, kunye nezinto zokuvota ngeelwimi ezininzi. Iilwimi ezikhethekileyo ezimele zixhaswe zixhomekeke kubemi belizwe ngalinye.

Ukunyanzeliswa Koomatshini Nendlela Zonyango

Iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa ukuvota ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yamalungelo okuvota iyalandelwa yaye iyanikela unyango xa kuphulwa.

ISebe loLuntu lokuSebenza

ISebe leSivumelwano samaLungelo esiSizwe linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo okuvota karhulumente, kuquka uMthetho weSizwe woLongithaniso, uMgaqo woNcedo Melika Vote, noMthetho woKhuthazo noWokuqala-Malwandle i-Abresee Voing. ISebe lingaphengulula izikhalazo, ukumangalelwa kweefayile, nokufuna imiyalelo yenkundla efuna igunya lokuthobela umthetho wesizwe.

ISebe likwahlola unyulo kwezinye iindawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuyavumelana nemithetho yamalungelo okuvota yaye linokuthumela abachopheli bephondo ukuba bajonge ucalulo okanye ezinye izinto ezichaphazelekayo kwiindawo zokuvota.

Intshukumo

Imithetho emininzi yamalungelo okuvota ivumela abantu nemibutho ukuba ibhalise amatyala ukuze inyanzelise amalungiselelo ayo. Eli lungelo lesenzo libucala linceda abavoti namaqela ajongene nolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba acel ’ umngeni izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, imiqathango engavumelaniyo, okanye ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngaphandle kokulinda ukunyanzeliswa korhulumente.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu, amaqela okuvota namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu, nabavoti ngabanye baye bayisebenzisa ngempumelelo imithetho yokuvota ekwakungagunyaziswa kuyo, ukufikelela kwivoti engakumbi, nokukhusela amalungelo okuvota kunyulo lomongameli.

Iindlela Zokukhalaza Zemeko

Irejista yamazwe afumana inkxaso-mali yonyulo karhulumente kufuneka imisele iinkqubo zolawulo ezivumela abavoti banikele ingxelo yokwaphulwa kweemfuno zonyulo. Ezi nkqubo zilungiselela indlela yokucombulula iingxaki ngokukhawuleza, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuzichaza.

Abavoti abakholelwa ukuba amalungelo abo aphulwe bayakwazi ukuqokelela izikhalazo namagosa karhulumente onyulo, amele aphengulule aze aphendule ngokweenkqubo ezimisiweyo. Ukuba inkqubo karhulumente ayiwusombululi lo mba, abavoti bangaqhubeka befuna ezinye iindlela zokunyanga eziquka izikhalazo zikarhulumente okanye ukuhlaziywa.

Iimbambano Ezilandelayo Neengxaki Zexesha Elizayo

Ilungiselelo elisemthethweni lokukhusela amalungelo okuvota kunyulo lomongameli liyaqhubeka liguquka lize liphendule kwiimeko ezintsha.

Unyuso

Ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo yobuxoki ephathelele iinkqubo zokuvota, iziphumo zonyulo, kunye nokuqhatha kovoti kubangela ucelomngeni kumagosa onyulo kunye nabavoti ngokufanayo. Ngoxa imithetho ikhusela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, amagosa onyulo asebenzela ukuphelisa inkcazelo ephosakeleyo ngokunikela inkcazelo echanileyo ngemijelo esemthethweni nokulungisa izibhengezo zobuxoki ezinokuthi zithintele abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba bangabi nenxaxheba.

Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho ethintela ukukhohliswa kwevoti ngabom, njengokunika inkcazelo engeyonyani malunga nemihla yokuvota, iindawo, okanye iimfuno ezifanelekileyo ngenjongo yokuthintela abantu ekuvotelweni. Ukunyanzeliswa kwale mithetho kufuneka kulungelelane ukukhusela abavoti ekukhohliseni ngokuhlonela amalungelo okuLandlwa kwemiqathango Yokuqala.

Ugcino lwerola ye Voter

Ama-togg kufuneka agcine uluhlu oluchanileyo lokubhalisa, asuse abavoti abaye bafa, bafuduswa, okanye abangakwazi ukukhuselwa ngexesha bekhusela abavoti abafanelekileyo ekukhutshweni ngokungafanelekanga. Ukufumana umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kuhlala kulucelomngeni, njengokuba ukugcinwa koluhlu olunobundlobongela kunganeya kubavoti abafanelekileyo, ngelinye ixesha ukugcinwa okunganelanga kusenokuphelisa ukuthembeka konyulo.

Umthetho womanyano omisa iinkqubo ezimiselwe kumaphondo kufuneka zilandelwe xa kususwa abavoti kuluhlu lokubhalisela, kuquka ukunikezela ngesaziso namathuba okulungisa iimpazamo. Noko ke, iimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo nobuninzi bemisebenzi yogcino loluhlu.

I-Evolution yobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka

Njengokuba ubugcisa bokuvota buqhubeka buguquka, imithetho kufuneka ilungelelanise ukuhlangabezana nenkxalabo yokhuseleko olutsha, iimfuno zokufumaneka, kunye neendlela zobungqina. Ukuguqulwa koomatshini bokuvota ukuya kwiinkqubo ze-elektroniki kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwevoti ngeposi kuye kwafuna uhlaziyo kulawulo lonyulo olusemthethweni.

Inkqubela yexesha elizayo efana nokuvota, ukuvota kwi - Internet, okanye ezinye izinto zobugcisa eziphuculiweyo ziya kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko ngendlela yokugcina ukhuseleko, ufikelelo kunye nokuzithemba ngoxa usebenzisa amandla amatsha obuchule.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho Njengomxhasi

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni kuyakunceda uqiniseke ukuba unokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kunyulo lomongameli yaye uyazi into omele uyenze xa ujamelana neengxaki.

Ilungelo lokubhala ukuba ibhalisiwe kwaye iyabhaliswa

Ukuba ungumvoti obhalisiweyo kwaye ufikelela kwimfuno ezifanelekileyo, unelungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli. Amagosa okhetho akanakukukujikela kude ukuba ubhalisiwe kakuhle kwaye uvela kwindawo echanekileyo yovota ngexesha lovoto.

Ukuba igama lakho aliveli kuluhlu lokubhalisela kodwa ukholelwa ukuba ubhalisile, unelungelo lokufaka ifomu yevoliti. Amagosa okhetho aza kuqinisekisa ukuba ubhalisile emva koSuku loKhetho kwaye babale ibhola yakho ukuba ufanelekile.

Ukufumana Uncedo

Abasebenzi abafuna uncedo ngenxa yokukhubazeka, ukungakwazi ukufunda okanye ukubhala, okanye imiqobo yolwimi banelungelo lokufumana uncedo lokufaka ivoti yabo. Ungazisa umntu oza kukunceda, okanye kwiimeko ezininzi, ucela uncedo kubasebenzi bonyulo.

Umntu okuncedisayo akanakuba ngumqeshi wakho, umqeshi wakho, okanye umphathi okanye ummeli womanyano lwakho.

Amalungelo Okuthetha Akhululekile Kucalucalulo Nakuko

Unelungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kokujamelana nocalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, ulwimi, isiphene okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.

Ukuba ucalucalulo okanye uyoyikiswa kolu hlolisiso, unokunikela ingxelo kubasebenzi bokuvota, kumagosa onyulo, okanye kwiSebe leMimiselo yeSizwe. Umthetho woManyano unika amayeza abavoti abanamalungelo aphulweyo.

Ukuya Ekunene Kwibhola Enokufakwa Kwindawo Yenye

Ukuba wenza impazamo kwibhodi yakho yokuvota ngaphambi kokuba uyijule, unelungelo lokucela ivoti yokubuyisela. Iinkqubo ezichaziweyo ziyahluka ngendlela yemo kunye nendlela yokuvota, kodwa amagosa onyulo kufuneka akunike indlela yokulungisa iimpazamo kunokuba aphoqe ukuphoqelela ukuphosa ibhola yokuvota ngeempazamo.

Ukhuphelo Olusekunene Ukuba Kumgca Xa Ungqubano Luvaliwe

Ukuba usemgceni kwindawo yakho yokuvota xa uvalwa, unelungelo lokuvota. Abasebenzi abarhwebi abanakurhoxa abavoti abafika ngaphambi kwexesha lokuvala, nokuba kuthabatha iiyure ezongeziweyo ukulungiselela wonke umntu emgceni.

Imithombo yevota

Kukho oovimba abaninzi abanokukunceda uqonde amalungelo akho okuvota uze usebenzise unyulo.

Oovimba bakarhulumente

IKhomishini yoNkxaso loPhuhliso-zincwadi inikela ulwazi malunga nemithetho yamalungelo ovotelo karhulumente, imigangatho yenkqubo yokuvota, kunye nolawulo lonyulo. Amagosa orhulumente wakho nolonyulo lwasekuhlaleni agcina ii-webhsayithi ezinenkcazelo emalunga nokubhaliswa, iindawo zokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ezichanekileyo kulawulo lwakho.

Isebe LeSivumelwano samaLungelo eSigqeba soMsebenzi waMalungelo linikela ulwazi olumalunga nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo okuvota kwamazwe nendlela yokuxela ukwaphulwa komthetho. Iwebhsayithi yeSebe iquka oovimba ngeelwimi ezininzi kunye nolwazi malunga nemithetho ethile yamalungelo okuvota.

Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo

Amalungiselelo anjenge Brennan Center yeJaji, [[FTL:2] Inkululeko yamakhaya yaseMelika ye-, kunye Inguqu yabesifazane Voters[[FLT:] inika ulwazi malunga namalungelo okuvota, umthetho wokuvota wendlela, kwaye inika oovimba ukunceda ukuvota baqonde amalungelo abo kunye nenkqubo yokuvota.

Le mibutho ikwasebenza nakwiivoti ezishushu apho unokufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo ephathelele ukubhaliswa, iinkqubo zokuvota, noko umele ukwenze ukuba udibana neengxaki kolu hlolisiso.

Ulwazi olukhethekileyo lwemeko

Kuba iinkalo ezininzi zolawulo lonyulo ziphathwa kumgangatho worhulumente, kubalulekile ukukhangela oovimba abachanekileyo kurhulumente wakho. Iwebhsayithi yonyulo karhulumente wakho iza kuba nolwazi oluchanekileyo nolufikela ngexesha elifanelekileyo malunga nexesha lokubhaliswa, iimfuno zokwalatha, indawo zokunyulwa, nezinye iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo ekuvotelweni kwemeko yakho.

Urhulumente omninzi usebenza nakumaqela ashushu okuvota apho unokuthetha namagosa onyulo ngemibuzo okanye inkxalabo. La manani ashushu aluncedo ngokukhethekileyo ngoSuku lokhetho ukuba udibana neengxaki kwindawo yakho yokuvota.

Isiphelo

Isicwangciso somthetho sokukhusela amalungelo okuvota kunyulo lomongameli simela amashumi eminyaka enkqubela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba wonke ummi ofanelekileyo angathabatha inxaxheba ekukhetheni iinkokeli zesizwe. Ukusuka ekusunguleni komgaqo-siseko ukuseka amalungelo asisiseko ukuya kwimimiselo echaza iinkalo ezithile zolawulo lonyulo, le mithetho isebenza kunye ukukhusela ukufikelela komnyulo lodwa ngoxa ukulondoloza ukhuseleko nengqibelelo.

Ukuqonda ezi nkuselo zomthetho kunika abavoti amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo kwaye bayawaqonda xa loo malungelo ephulwa. Ngoxa iingxaki ziqhubeka zikho kwaye indlela esemthethweni yokulawula iyaqhubeka iguquka, umgaqo osisiseko wokuba wonke ummi ofanelekileyo ufanele abe nethuba elifanayo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli uhlala esembindini wedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ngokuhlala wazi ngamalungelo akho, ukwazi indawo oza kufumana kuyo inkcazelo echanileyo, nokukulungela ukuzithethelela wena nabanye xa kuvela iingxaki, unokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olulungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota luzalisekisa injongo yalo. Unyulo lomongameli lungabantu, kwaye imithetho ekhusela ukuvota kwakho ikho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa.