Umthetho ngamnye olawulayo uthwala ungquzulwano olukhoyo phakathi kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Phakathi kwento eqhubekayo nelandelayo kuxanduva oluthe rhoqo luphakathi kokulingana nokusebenza kakuhle. Abenzi bolawulo kufuneka baqwalasele ubulungisa bokusasazwa koovimba ngokuchasene nokubaluleka kokusebenzisa ezo zinto zobuncwane ngokunempumelelo. Ukuqonda le ntshukumo kubalulekile ekuphuculeni intlalo-ntle yoluntu lonke. Ukulinganisela ekunene akuyonto yokukhetha inzuzo enye kodwa ukwenza imigwebo ecacileyo ebonisa izinto eziphambili, izithintelo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ukusebenza ngokulinganayo kusemgangathweni kwintlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho nemali kawonke-wonke. Inkxalabo epheleleyo yokusasazwa koovimba namathuba ngapha nangapha, ngeli xesha ukusebenza kakuhle kugxininisa ekunyuseni inzuzo epheleleyo efunyenweyo kwimithombo enqabileyo. Ezi njongo zisoloko zitsala kwicala elichaseneyo: iinkqubo ezinyusa ukulingana zinokunciphisa imveliso yezoqoqosho, kunye nemigaqo enyusa ukuhambela phambili kokungalingani. Ukunyamezeli kakuhle koku kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu kweengcamango zombini kunye neziphumo zazo zehlabathi.

Ukuchaza ukulingana nokusebenza

Ukuhlalutya intengiso ngokunempumelelo, kubalulekile ukucacisa oko kuthethwa kukulingana nokusebenza kakuhle. La magama angabonakaliyo athatha ukumila okuthile kuxhomekeka kummandla wenkqubo namaxabiso abenzi besigqibo ababandakanyekileyo.

Umlinganiselo Wobulungisa

[[FLT: 0] umlinganiselo [[FLT: 1] usoloko wahlulwe ngokweendidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: ukuthe tyaba nokuthe nkqo. Ukuthe tyaba kubambeka ukuba abantu abakubume obufanayo bafanele baphathwe ngokulinganayo. Umzekelo, abantu ababini abanomvuzo ofanayo nomlinganiselo wentsapho kufuneka bahlawule umlinganiselo ofanayo kwirhafu. Ukungalingani okuthe nkqo, ngokuphikisana, babamba ukuba abantu abakubume obahlukeneyo banokuthathwa ngokwahlukileyo ukuze bafumane okusesikweni. Irhafutheneyo, apho abavuzi befumana imali eninzi kakhulu abahlawula irhafuzo kwirhafu, kusetyenziswa kobunyani bokusuka phezulu.

Ngaphandle kwezi nkcazelo zisesikweni, ukulingana kubandakanya umgangatho osisiseko wokuphila kwazo zonke. Ingcamango yokuba iinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza izigqibo zicace gca, ziquka, kwaye azicalucalulo. Ukujongwa kokusasazwa kweziphumo: nokuba oovimba, amathuba, neenkonzo zabelwa ngendlela elungisa ukungaphumeleli kwembali kwaye ziqinisekisa umgangatho osisiseko wokuphila kwabo bonke. Oku kusimo sobume obulinganayo bokulingana okuthetha ukuba abenzi benkqubo mabaqwalasele kungekuphela nje ukusasazwa komsebenzi wokugqibela kodwa kwakhona nendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo nezingathathi zithelekise ngayo kuzo.

Imilinganiselo Yokwanela

ukuphumelela kwizoqoqosho kubhekiselele kwimpumelelo epheleleyo kunye nempumelelo esebenzayo. Ukusebenza kakuhle koqoqosho kwenzeka xa ubuncwane busasazwa ukuze inzuzo esezantsi ilingana nexabiso lomgangatho osezantsi woluntu. Kwintengiso egqibeleleyo, umqondiso wokhuphiswano, amaxabiso apho ubuncwane bumele buphumeze, nto leyo ekhokelela kwintsebenzo elungileyo. Ukuvelisa imveliso kuthetha ukuvelisa izinto neenkonzo ngexabiso eliphantsi, elifunyaniswe rhoqo ngokhuphiswano, ukusungulwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza, kunye noqoqosho.

Kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke, impumelelo ilinganiswa rhoqo ngohlalutyo lwexabiso lomgangatho, oluthelekisa zonke iinzuzo zoluntu lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye neendleko zoluntu ezipheleleyo. Impumelelo enamandla iqwalasela indlela imigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ngayo ulwakhiwo nolwando ngexesha elifutshane. Inkqubo ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwendlela encinane esetyenziswayo enokuthi yonakale impumelelo ende yexesha nokuba ibonakala iphumeza ingeniso namhlanje. Ukuqonda ezi mpawulwano zinceda abenzi benkqubo baphephe ukurhwebelana okulula kwaye baqaphele ukuba impumelelo ayiyo imilinganiselo enye kodwa ingumkhaya wengqiqo.

Isiseko SeTradoff

Ukuthelekisa phakathi kwe-equoty kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwachazwa kakuhle yisazinzulu sezoqoqosho uArthur Okun kwincwadi yakhe ka1975 ukulingana kunye nokungafezeki: I-Big Tradentoff. Okun wasebenzisa isigezo se-diging ye- “emeleki” ukuchaza ingxaki. Masithi ukurhoxa ingeniso kwabatyebileyo kusetyenziswa kwe-emele. Ukuba i-emele i-i-emele i-'i-eggroff' ilahlekile kwinkqubo yolawulo, icutheza izikhuthulelo, kunye nokugqwetha ingeniso ezoqoqosho. Umbuzo ongundoqo ukulungele kangakanani ukunyamezela ukuvuzwa kwemali engekho semthethweni. Ukuba i-emele ivulayo ikhubaza kakhulu, ukukhubaza nokuphumelela okungangeneyo okungatyiweyo, nokuphumelela okufunwayo.

Isakhiwo sika-Okun sisanempembelelo, kodwa siphuculwe ngophando olulandelayo. Ezinye izazi ngezoqoqosho zithi ukurhweba akusoloko kuhlasele njengoko u-Okun wacebisa. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezinciphisa ubuhlwempu obukhulu zingenza impilo, imfundo, kunye nemveliso, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ubuchule obuqhubekayo kwixesha elide. Ngokufanayo, ulwabiko lwezinto ezingalinganiyo lungalingana, njengaxa amahlwempu elungele ukuchasana nongcoliso okanye ukungakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Ulwalamano phakathi kobuhlwempu nobuchule bokwenza inkqubela lunamandla nomongongo ofanelekileyo, hayi umdlalo we-erom.

Izoqoqosho zale mihla ziyaqonda ukuba intengiso ikhona kodwa ubukhulu bayo buyahluka. Ukunwebeka konikezelo lomsebenzi, ukulahlekelwa ngumthwalo onzima werhafu, kunye neempendulo zokuziphatha kweefemu nabantu ngabanye konke kugqiba ubungakanani bokuvuza ebhaketheni. Iinkqubo zerhasi ezimiselwe kakuhle zinganciphisa ujijeko ngeli lixa zisanyusa ingeniso kwiinkqubo ezinika umva. Ucelomngeni luxhomekeke ekuyileni iinkqubo ezibamba iingenelo zokusebenza ngokuhambelana ngaphandle kokuvelisa iindleko ezithintelayo.

Uxanduva lokubeka iliso

Xa abamisi-nkqubo bebeka ixabiso eliphakamileyo lokulingana, badla ngokuthabatha amanyathelo okuhambisa ajoliswe ekucuthekeni kwezithuba zengeniso, ubutyebi, namathuba. La manyathelo anokuthatha iintlobo ezininzi, kodwa adla ngokubelana ngeengenelo neendleko eziqhelekileyo.

Ipolisa eliQhelekileyo eliQhelekileyo

  • Irhafu eqhubekekayo: Irhafu ephezulu kumashishini aphezulu ingxowa-mali yeenkqubo zoluntu ezinceda amakhaya afumana imali ephantsi. Oku kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukungalingani kwengeniso yasemva kwerhafu.
  • IiNkqubo zeNkcubeko ePhakamileyo: Imali edluliswayo, uncedo lokutya, iziqinisekiso zokuhlala, kunye nokhuseleko lwendalo yonke lunika umnatha wokhuseleko oqinisekisa imigangatho esisiseko yokuphila.
  • [[NTL: 0] Isenzo esizinzileyo kunye neMathuba alinganayo iPolicies: Lenjongo yokulungisa ucalucalulo lwembali ngokunika unikezelo olukhethekileyo kwimfundo, umsebenzi, okanye izivumelwano kumaqela angaphantsi kolwalathiso.
  • Umthetho ophantsi we-Applice: ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci unganyusa abasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi ngenxa yobuhlwempu, nangona isenokunciphisa umsebenzi phakathi kwabasebenzi abaxhotyiswe phantsi ukuba bebekwe phezulu kakhulu.

Iindleko Zokwenza Imilinganiselo Yobulungisa Ihambele Phambili

  • [[UMTL:0] Inyuswe ngokutsha kwimveliso: Irhafu ephezulu ingadinisa umgudu womsebenzi, imali, kunye noshishino, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavuni abaphezulu abanesimilo esinovelwano olungakumbi kwiinguqu zerhafu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ulawulo kunye ne Compliance Burders: iinkqubo ezinika unikezelo zifuna ii-bureacracy ukuqokelela irhafu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuyenzeka, kunye nokusasaza iinzuzo. Ezi ndleko zinciphisa umnatha okhoyo wokudlulisa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubekwa kwenye indawo kwezibonelelo: Xa inkxaso-mali okanye ulawulo lwexabiso lugqwetha imiqondiso yentengiso, ubuncwane bungampompoza busebenze kancinci. Ulawulo, umzekelo, lunganciphisa unikezelo lwezindlu kwixesha.
  • Iimpendulo ezingalawulekiyo: Iinzuzo zentlalo-ntle yobubele zingenza imigibe yobuhlwempu ukuba abamkeli baphulukana neengenelo ngesiquphe xa beqala ukusebenza, ukucutha umbilini wokufuna umsebenzi.

Isiphumo semithetho ebekwe ngokulinganayo sixhomekeke kwindlela enziwe ngayo. Iinkqubo ezifakelwe kakuhle ngeqondo elingaphandle eligcina izikhuseli zomsebenzi zinciphisa ixabiso lempumelelo ngeli lixa ufumana unikezelo olunentsingiselo. Isitshixo kukuphepha ukufikelela kwingubo engakhange inikezi ngxelo yendlela yokuziphatha.

Uxanduva Lokwanelisa Izinto

Kwelinye icala lentengiso, iinkqubo ezigxininisa injongo yokwandisa imveliso ekhutshwa ngokunempumelelo, ngokufuthi ngokususa imiqobo kukhuphiswano, ukunciphisa irhafu, nokuthembela kwiindlela zentengiso. Le nkqubo ingenza unyuko olumandla lwezoqoqosho kodwa isenokuphinda yandise ukungalingani.

IGosa eliQhelekileyo

  • Ummiselo we- Ukuhlenga-hlengisa iimfuno zokukhulula, imiqathango yokuhlahlela, kwaye imithetho yemeko- bume ingacutha iindleko zamashishini kwaye ikhuthaze ukungena okutsha, ukhuphiswano olukhulayo nemveliso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isantya serhafu esisezantsi somda wephepha: idesi yerhafu negcina amaqondo asezantsi enjongo ukunciphisa ukujijwa konikezelo lwemisebenzi kunye nezigqibo zotyalo.
  • [[Ukwenziwa kwemibutho:0] kunye nezisombululo ezisekelwe kurhwebo: ukuthengisa amashishini karhulumente okanye ukusungula iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa imfundo nobuchule bonyango zingenyusa ukhetho kunye nempumelelo ngokhuphiswano.
  • Izivumelwano zenkululeko yorhwebo: Ukuhlenga-hlengisa amaza enqanawa kunye nemiqobo yorhwebo ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise intelekelelo ngokwenzuzo yothelekiso, aphakamise imveliso jikelele.

Iindleko Ezinokubangelwa Kukuphumelela

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingeniso efunyenweyo kunye neeMaphu zobutyebi: iziphumo zorhwebo zidla ngokuvuza abo banekomkhulu, ubuchule, kunye neengenelo ezikhoyo. Ngaphandle kongenelelo lolungiso, izityebi ziyatyeba ngexa isilwanyana esiphantsi.
  • Ukubekwa kwemibutho edaliweyo: imigaqo-nkqubo eqwalaselweyo isoloko ingazihoyi iindleko ezingalunganga zangaphandle ezibangelwa ngamaqela angakhuselekanga, njengongcoliso kwingingqi ezifumana imali ephantsi okanye ukushenxiswa komsebenzi ukusuka kwimisetyenzana ezenzekelayo nezorhwebo.
  • Ingeniso zexesha elifutshane kwinkcitho yogcino olude lwexesha: Imimiselo yokusika kukhupho lwendalo inganyusa i-GDP yesiqu kodwa igqibelele izinto zexesha elizayo. Ngokufanayo, ingeniso kawonke-wonke ephantsi kwemfundo namhlanje ilondoloza imali kodwa inciphisa imveliso yexesha elizayo yabasebenzi.
  • Ukungalingani okugqithisileyo kobuntlola: kungakhokelela ekungazinzi kwezobupolitika, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokuncitshiswa kokuthemba amaziko, ekugqibeleni ukonakalisa imekobume yezoqoqosho exhomekeke kwimigaqo yempumelelo.

Ingxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba iindlela ezigqibeleleyo ezihambela phambili, ezifana nezo ziphunyezwe ngexesha “lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho” kwiminyaka yee1980, zakhokelela kulwando oluphawulekayo kodwa kwanolwando oluphawulekayo lokungalingani. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi bemithetho yangoku kukuxhasa umanyano lwentengiso ngeli xesha kumiselwa inkqubo esasaza iingenelo ngokubanzi.

Izifundo zetyala lehlabathi lokwenene kwiTrentioff esebenzayo

Uhlolo lwemiqathango yekonkrithi lubonisa indlela i-Cresiff edlala ngayo ekusebenzeni. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa umongo oxhomekeke kumongo wokhetho nokubaluleka koyilo lwenkqubo yobuchule.

Inkqubo yonyango: Izixhobo ze-Universal zokhuselo lwehlabathi.

I-United States isebenzisa inkqubo edityanisiweyo yonyango olunxulumeneyo kunye nee-asethi ezithe zabucala nezabantu bonke, ngelinye ixesha amanye amazwe aphucukileyo aye amkela imizekelo yokugquma jikelele.

Noko ke, ukukhutshwa kwerhafu jikelele kudla ngokufuna intlawulo ephezulu kunye nomthetho omkhulu karhulumente, onokuthi ukunciphisa ukwenziwa kobugcisa obutsha nokhuphiswano phakathi kwabagcini-mali. Ngokomzekelo, amaxesha amaninzi eUnited Kingdom’s National Health Service alinde iziphumo zenkqubo zokunyulwa asoloko ekholeleka, ebonisa ukuphumelela kwexabiso lerhafu yerhafu ekwimodeli yerhafu. Kwesinye isandla, iU.S. inkqubo enzima yokuxhomekeka kwi-inshorensi kunye nenkokheli yomqeshi iye yakhokelela kwiindleko zolawulo eziphezulu, intengiso ebanzi, kunye namashumi ezigidi zezigidi ezingakhangekiyo kwaye ukulahlekelwa okungalinganiyo okungalinganiyo. Akukho migaqo egqibeleleyo yeenjongo zombini; inkqubo nganye ibandakanya iprojectiveoff.

Ukubonelela ngeNkxaso yemfundo: Ukulingana igalelo v. Ukucutha Iziphumo

Inkqubo yemfundo isoloko ihambelana nokusebenza kakuhle. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokukhuthaza ukulingana kukunikezela ngemali eninzi kwizikolo kwiindawo ezifumana imali encinane, ukunciphisa umahluko kwimali nganye efunyenweyo. Iinkqubo ezifana neSihloko I eUnited States zijolise ii-dola zesizwe kwizikolo ezinoxinaniso oluphezulu lobuhlwempu. Uqikelelo lunganceda ekuhlawuleni iingxaki ezingaphandle kwesikolo, ukunciphisa umgangatho wendawo yokudlala.

Kodwa ukuchitha imali eninzi akuqinisekisi ziziphumo ezingcono zabafundi. Uphando lubonise ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwemali yesikolo nempumelelo yemfundo lulula, ingakumbi ukuba imali ayisetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Abagxeki abachasi abachazi bephikisa ukuba ubuncwane bufanele buqhubekeke kwiinkqubo ezivunyiweyo ezinokubuya ziphezulu ngokusemthethweni. Ngokufana nemfundo yabantwana okanye iinjongo zokufundisa abantwana baselula okanye iinjongo zokufundisa. Ngokupheleleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo ezi nkqubo kungaqukwanga ngokulinganayo. Uxinezelelelo luba luba lukhulu xa uqingqo-mali lunyanzelela ukhetho phakathi kokusasaza imali oluncinane kubo bonke abangaphantsi kwezikolo (i-iCreactive) okanye ukunikela kwiimeko eziphezulu ezimbalwa eziphezulu zokungenelela (ukusebenza). Ngokupheleleyo, indlela engcono yokusebenza ibandakanya ukudibanisa inkxaso yobungqina obungalinganiyo: ukuhlasela kwenko iziphumo zezikolo ezifuna ukuhlawula.

IMithetho yokuKhuthaza iMibutho yoNyaka kunye noKukhula kwezezoqoqosho

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo inikela umzekeliso ocacileyo wokurhweba ngokulinganayo. Ngokufuthi ingingqi ephantsi nencinane, ithwala intsebenziswano engenakulinganiswa nengozi yemekobume, enjengokusondela kungcoliso lwemizi - mveliso, amanzi angcolisweyo, nokunqongophala kwendawo eluhlaza. Amagunya okusingqongileyo aphikisa imithetho engqongqo enciphisa ukungabi nakuguquguquka, kwanangendleko yokucotha kwezoqoqosho kwimizi - mveliso engcolisayo.

Ngoko, imithetho engqongqo inganyusa iindleko zokuthobela amashishini, ikhokelela ekufakeni ukuvalwa kongcoliso okanye ukuphulukana nomsebenzi kumacandelo afana nokwenza nokumba. Ixabiso lempumelelo lingalinganiswa ngokucuthwa kwe-GDP namaxabiso aphezulu kubathengi. Ucelomngeni kukuyila imimiselo enika iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zokuthelekelela ngaphandle kokunyusa imithwalo enzima yezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokuthengisa ezifaka ipaketheko kungcoliso kwaye zivumele ukuthengwa kwemiqathango yokuthengwa kunganciphisa ungcoliseko lungamaxabiso aphantsi kunemithetho engqongqo nemithetho elawulayo. Intsika ingaqiniswa ngexesha elininzi ukunyanzelisa ukunciphisa okungakumbi, ngoxa ukusasa kwemali kunokwenziwa kukhuseleke ukufikelela kwemichiza ephantsi kwexabiso eliphezulu. Ukufikelela kwezorhwebo kunokuzingalungele ukunyuka nokusebenza okuphezulu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu: Isantya esiqhubela phambili v. Ukugqwethwa

Inkqubo yerhafu mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo ithe ngqo yokurhweba ngokulinganayo. Irhafu eqhubekekayo yengeniso sisixhobo esiphambili sokuxhasa abavuni abaphezulu abafumana imali encinane. Kodwa irhafu ephezulu ingadinisa umsebenzi, ukugcina, kunye notyalo, ukuvelisa ukulahleka kobunzima bomthwalo wenqanawa. Imithetho yerhafu ithe yahlawuliswa phakathi kwenkqubela ephezulu (imilinganiselo ephezulu yamanani angaphezulu ko 90% kwii-1950) kunye nomgangatho osezantsi wenkqubela-phambili (umgangatho ophezulu wama-28% emva kotshintsho lwerhafuthezo zonyaka ka-1986).

Uphando lwerhafu lubonisa ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu lerhafu limele libekwe kwindawo ephezulu ngeskweri sexabiso lerhafu, okuthetha ukuba ukuhambela phambili okuphakathi kubangela ukugqwethwa okuncinane, ngelinye ixesha iqondo eliphezulu kakhulu linokubangela umonakalo omkhulu wezoqoqosho. Uncwadi lwerhafu oluphezulu, olukhetiweyo nguJames Mirrlees, lubonisa ukuba isantya esiphezulu somgangatho ophezulu kufuneka simiselwe apho ingeniso ephezulu ephezulu ekwandiseni inzuzo elingana nexabiso lokusebenza okucuthiweyo komsebenzi. Uqikelelo lwakutshanje lweUnited States lubeka umlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu malunga ne-40-50%, nangona inani elithe ngqo lixhomekeke kwimibalo yokungalingani. Oku kubonisa ukuba urhwebo olupheleleyo lwerhafu epheleleyo aluyiyo ayiyo ingeniso epheleleyo kwirhafuyo kodwa lumele luqhubeke ngokutyibilikayo.

Umlinganiselo norhoxo lwamashishini

Ukwenza izigqibo zolwazi, abenzi benkqubo bafuna izixhobo zokulinganisa zombini intelekelelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Uhlalutyo lwexabiso lexabiso (BA) lumgangatho wokuqwalasela ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuguqula zonke iimpembelelo zibe yimiqathango yemali nokuthelekisa zonke iinzuzo zoluntu kwiindleko zoluntu ezipheleleyo. Noko ke, iCBA yesithethe ayihoyi iziphumo zokusasazwa kwe-athoralidi, ukuphatha i-dola efunyenwe yi-dola efunyenwe ngumntu ohlwempuzekileyo. Le mpembelelo ifanelekileyo ingakhokelela kwimigaqo eyingozi eyingozi kukungabikho ngxaki.

Ukuthetha ngale nto, abanye abahlalutyi basebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lonikezelo lwemali, olunika amaqela ahlukeneyo ubunzima obusekelwe kwingeniso yabo esezantsi. Idola elithunyelwe kwindlu ehlwempu linexabiso elikhulu loluntu kunedola elithatyathwe kwindlu etyebileyo kuba intsapho ehlwempuzekileyo ifumana impumelelo engakumbi kwidola eyongezelelweyo. Ngokudibanisa ubunzima bokusasaza, abenzi bemithetho bangenza ukurhweba kubelula kwaye bakhethe imigaqo enyusa umsebenzi wobuntlalo lwentlalo kunokuba nje ingeniso eninzi.

Enye indlela eluncedo kukuqhuba uhlolo lweziphumo ezithe ngqo ecaleni kohlolo lwempumelelo. Olu hlolo lubonisa ukuba ngawaphi amaqela aza kuchaphazeleka kwinkqubo, ukuba zinkulu kangakanani iziphumo, nokuba ngaba inkqubo iyakwazi ukutshintsha okanye inciphisa umahluko okhoyo. Oorhulumente abaninzi ngoku bafuna uhlolo olunjalo kwizicelo ezinkulu zenkqubo, njengoko zibonwa kumgangatho wecandelo loluntu lwe-United Kingdom okanye umgangatho wenkqubo e-Dinty okanye i-Gernder-SCetacity. Ngelixa ezi zixhobo zongeza ukuntsonkotha okukhoyo, banceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo osisigxina okhoyo awutyeshelwa ekulandeleni ukusebenza kakuhle kwemithetho.

Iindlela Zokulungelelanisa Ukulungelelana Nobuchule

Iqwalaselwe ukuba ubuchule nokusebenza kakuhle, injongo asikokufikelela umfezeko kumacala omgca osuka kuwo kodwa kukufumana ulalaniso olusebenzayo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zingqineke zisebenza kwimo ezahlukeneyo:

  • Iintsinga ezidityanisiweyo kunye noHlaziyo oluNcinci: Endaweni yeenkqubo ezibanzi zokuguqula, sebenzisa uthutho oluthe lwafunyanwa olufikelela kwelona lufunekayo ngolawulo oluncinci kunye nezihlomelo zomsebenzi onamandla. Ukugqithiswa kwemali yemeko, njengodweliso lwenkqubo lwe-Progresa yase-Mexico, kuye kwaphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu ngeli ngelixa ukhuthaza ukuya esikolweni kunye nokukhusela impilo.
  • Ukusebenza-ngempumelelo-oknayenis-maqondo okulinganayo: Ezinye iinkqubo ziphucula iziphumo zombini ezilinganayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngexesha elinye. Umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwemfundo yabantwana baselula kunika imbuyekezo ephezulu yexesha elide ngokwengeniso engcono, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncitshisiweyo, kunye nempilo ephucukileyo. Ukwandisa ukufikelela kumandla anokusetyenziswa kwabantwana abasebenzi, ukwandisa iziphumo zonke ngexesha loxa kunciphisana kunye nezithuba zengeniso.
  • Irhafu eqhubekekayo ye-Iandouvian : Irhafu kwimisebenzi engalunganga yangaphandle `njengerhafu yekharbon okanye irhafu yokuxinanisa/ukungalungisi kwentengiso ngexesha kusetyenziswa ukukhulula ingeniso ephinda ingeniso kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Ingeniso ingabuyiselwa ngengeniso yentlaza okanye ngokujoliswe kwenye, inikeza inkqubo esebenzayo nelinganayo.
  • [[NTLA] I-Public-Privete drivene neengingqi ezipheleleyo: Kwizibonelelo kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo, umanyano phakathi korhulumente neenkampani zabucala lungasebenzisa impumelelo yabucala yeqela lomntu ngexesha uqinisekisa ukufikelela kubemi abangaphantsi kwenkonzo. Iinkqubo zentelekelelo zingaquka iimfuno zokusebenza ekukhonzeni uluntu olufumana imali ephantsi, ukufikelela kwingeniso ephezulu, okanye ukumela uluntu kwiibhodi zolawulo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ulungiso lwemithetho-nkqubo yesikhokelo: iinkqubo zesikhokelo, iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungenanjongo, kunye nokujongwa okuqhubekayo kuvumela abenzi benkqubo ukuba bazi ukuba yeyiphi indlela engcono yokungena kwaye balungise indlela. Ukusebenzisa ubungqina ukucombulula inkqubo yenkqubo kunciphisa amathuba eziphumo ezingacwangciswanga kwaye kunceda ukuchonga ukulinganisa ukulingana kobuchule nokusebenza kakuhle kuneentelekelelo zokuqala.

Isiphelo

Ukurhweba phakathi kwe-equot nempumelelo ngumxholo ongapheliyo kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke, omnye ongenakususwa kodwa onokuthi uphethwe. Ukuqonda inkcazelo, iziseko zentelekelelo, kunye neempawu zehlabathi lokwenene zesi sixinezelo zixhobisa abenzi benkqubo ukuba benze ukhetho oluthe qwa. Akukho sicwangciso sinye esisebenza kuyo yonke imida; umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo uxhomekeke kumongo ochaziweyo, amaxabiso abantu, kunye nobungqina obukhoyo bemisebenzi.

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lufuna ukuvuma ukuqhubana nothengiso ngokukhululekileyo, kunokuba kuzenze ngathi enye injongo ingenziwa ngaphandle kwexabiso kwenye. Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nohlolo lwexabiso lonikezelo, ungenelelo, kunye nobuchule obusekelwe kubungqina, abenzi bemithetho bangayila izisombululo eziqhubela phambili kokubini ukulingana nokusebenza kakuhle kweqondo elinokwenzeka. Ekugqibeleni, ubuchule benkqubo kawonke-wonke buxhomekeke ekugqibeni ukuba ibutho labantu elivuzayo likulungele kangakanani ukunyamezela kwi-okleyibhaki ye-(*) kwaye indlela yokuyila i-emele ngokwayo ukuthoba ukuthoba iimpompompo ezithi xa isathwala amanzi ukusuka kwabatyebileyo ukuya kwabahlwempu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona umsebenzi wokuqala ka-Oklun [[FLT: 0] ukulingana kunye nobuchule: I-Big Tradepoff ukusuka kwi Brookings Institution, iBhanki yehlabathi ijongwa kwi-Equality, kunye ne-IMF's [FLT:]] discussion kulwando nonganiselo [. Aba banikazi banikezela ngokunzulu kwingcamango kunye nobungqina obuthe kratya phakathi kwe-injini.