Table of Contents

Isizathu Sokuba Iingcinga Ezirhabaxa Zibaluleke Kakhulu Kunangaphambili

Kwixesha elichazwa ngokugqithisileyo kwenkcazelo, iingxoxo ezingqubanayo, nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwentlalo, ukukwazi ukucinga ngokuqatha akuseyomfuneko engokwentlalo-ntle-yoluntu. Ukuba kuvavanywa izicelo zomtshatezi, ukulinganisa ukuthembeka kwengxelo yeendaba, okanye ukugqiba indlela yokuvota kumlinganiselo we-odoli, abemi bahlala bebizwa rhoqo ukuba bahlukane nento engokwahlukileyo kwintsomi, ingqiqo nemvakalelo. Ukuqiqa ngobuchule kunika ubuchule bokuqhuba le ngxaki.

Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luhlola oko kuthethwa kukucingela, isizathu sokuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthembiseninini kwebutho labantu, nendlela omele ukhule ngayo — enoba ungumfundi, umfundisi, okanye ummi onenkxalabo — ungabusebenzisa ngayo obu buchule ukomeleza idemokhrasi nokuphucula ukwenza izigqibo kunye.

Ukuqonda Indlela Yokucinga Egxekayo: Intlungu Enzulu

Ukucinga okuziingcinga eziziingxaki kudla ngokuchazwa njengenkqubo yoqeqesho yokuhlalutya, ukudibanisa, nokuvavanya ulwazi ukukhokela inkolelo nesenzo. Ayithethi nje ukuba nembono ephosakeleyo okanye ukuphikisana; kunoko, kukungathathi cala, ukuthoba, nokungqongqo. Ngasezantsi siyawaphula amalungu angundoqo, ngamnye onokuqheliswa nokucocwa.

Uhlalutyo: Ukuqhawula Inkcaso

Uhlalutyo lubandakanya ukuhlukanisa inkcazelo kwicandelo layo eliyiququzelelayo-----ukwahlula iingcamango eziphambili ekuxhaseni iinkcukacha, ekuchazeni iingcebiso, nokuqonda imigaqo. Umzekelo, xa ufunda intetho yezobupolitika, ugqirha ocinga ngentetho, usenokubuza: Yintoni intetho eyintloko yesithethi? Bubuphi ubungqina esibunikelayo? Ziziphi iingcamango abazenzayo ngemilinganiselo yabaphulaphuli? Bubuphi obu buchule obunceda abemi bashukumi bahambele ngaphandle kokuluma ngengqiqo kwaye baqonde isiseko sengxoxo.

Uvavanyo: Ukugweba ukubonakala nokuphakamisa

Asizizo zonke imithombo edalwe ngokulinganayo. Uvavanyo lufuna uhlolo lokunyaniseka kolwazi, ubuchule bemvelaphi, kunye nobunjani bobungqina. Kubomi boluntu, oku kungathetha ukukhangela ukuba inani elicatshuliweyo kwibhodi yenkcazelo yentsholongwane ngokwenene lisuka kwisifundo esinegama elihle, okanye ukubuza intshukumisa ezisemva kwentengiso yezobupolitika. Izixhobo ezifana novavanyo lweCRAAP (uvavanyo, uRerevence, Authority, Accurity, injongo) zinganceda kule mbono.

Umahluko: Ukuzoba isiphumo

Ucalucalulo lubandakanya ukuqiqa ngobungqina ukuya kwiziphelo ezingaphaya koko kuchazwe ngokucacileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ibhunga lesixeko livota ukuthoba inkqubo yolutsha ngeli lixa linyusa inkxaso-mali yamapolisa, ungachaza ukuba ibhunga libeka umthetho obekwe phambili kwiinkonzo zentlalo ezithintelayo. Iimbono ezichaseneyo kufuneka zibe zezingaqinisekiyo kwaye zivuleleke ukuphinda zivulwe njengoko kuvela ubungqina obutsha. Iingcukubhene zenkcu ziyawuqonda umahluko phakathi koko kuqinisekisiweyo noko kunokwenzeka, kwaye ziyakuphepha ukutsiba kwizigqibo ezingaxhaswanga.

Ukutolika: Ukuqiqa Ngentsingiselo

Ukutolika kungokokuqonda intsingiselo yenkcazelo ```ichaza into ethethwa yiyo kumongo.' Xa izicelo zenkqubo zisebenzisa igama elithi “uhlaziyo,” umqwalaseli ogxekayo uza kuqwalasela ukuba elo binzana lithetha ukuhlaziya, ukuveliswa kwezithuba zikawonke-wonke, okanye enye into. Ukutolikwa kufuna ubuchule bokuchaza, ulwimi, kunye neembono zabagcini-matyala abahlukeneyo.

Ukuziqeqesha: Ukucinga Ngengcinga Yakho

Mhlawumbi eyona nxalenye ingahoywa kakhulu, ukuzitshintsha kuthetha ukuhlola utyekelo lwakho lokuqonda kunye nendlela ovakalelwa ngayo. Wonke umntu uneendawo ezingaboniyo; iingcaphephe ezigxekayo zizama ngamandla ukuzibonakalisa. Umzekelo, ukuba ufumanisa ukuba uvumelana kakhulu nentetho yezobupolitika, nqumama uze ubuze: “Ngaba ndinokuvakalelwa ngendlela efanayo ukuba iingxoxo ezifanayo zisuka kwiqela eliphikisayo?” Lo mkhwa wokulungisa i-metaa-coration uyimfuneko kwingxoxo yequmrhu elilungileyo.

Indima Yokucinga Okubalulekileyo Kwintsebenziswano

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwe-CPF kuquka imisebenzi emininzi — ukunikela uncedo, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, ukusayina izibongozo, ukuya kwimibhiyozo, ukuncedisa kwiibhodi okanye ukuncokola nabamelwane. Kwimisebenzi nganye, ukucingisisa ngemibandela kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo ngolwazi

Amanyathelo ebhola kunye nokhetho lweziko lorhwebo olunzima. Ngaphandle kokugxeka, abavoti bangathembela kwimiba edibeneyo, izibongozo ezingokweemvakalelo, okanye kwisuntswana lokuqala lolwazi abadibana nalo. Iingcinga ezibalukileyo ziqokelela ulwazi kwimithombo emininzi ethembekileyo, zilinganise iipropati neengozi, zize ziqwalasele iziphumo ezinde zexesha. Ziyazi kwakhona xa zingenalwazi olwaneleyo kwaye zifuna ulwazi olungakumbi ngaphambi kokwenza ukhetho. Ukufumana ukhokelo olunzulu ekuvavanyeni imithombo yezigqibo zokuvota, umbutho we-Pubicity inikela izibonelelo zokwahlula inkohliso kwinkobeko kukhetho.

Ingxoxo eyakhayo neNxibelelwano

Ukucinga okuziincamisa kuguqula impikiswano ukusuka ekuphandeni inyaniso ngokuncedisana. Endaweni yokuzama “ukuxambulisana, umcaphuli ogxekayo uphulaphula ngenyameko, abuze imibuzo ecacisayo, kwaye anikele iincopho ezisekelwe kubungqina. Le ndlela ihlonela uluntu lomntu kwaye yenza isithuba sokutshintsha ingqondo yomntu. Kuluntu lwe-Forms / "iindawo ye-intanethi okanye kwi-person" incoko efana ne-demokhrasi. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-[[FLT:] Dieliberal Develoption Consolution inikeza iimodelium ezibonisa ingcebiso zengxoxo ecwangcisiweyo, ehlalubileyo yemicimbi kawonke.

Ukucocwa kweNkxaso eNempumelelo

Imingeni emininzi yezentlalo-ntle — ifana nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, ukubola kwezakhiwo, okanye iingxaki zempilo yoluntu — `requirerere' izisombululo ezithetha ngengcambu ebangela izinto, hayi nje iimpawu. Iinkcuba-ngqolo ezintlukwano zichaza iingxaki ngokuchanekileyo: zichaza ingxaki ngokuchanekileyo, ziqokelela ugcino-lwazi, zidibanise iinkcitho ezininzi, zilindele iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kwaye zihlole iziphumo. Umzekelo, iqela labantu elijonge ukunganqabiseki kokutya lingacingisisa enoba ivenkile entsha, ibhanki yokutya, okanye isitiya soluntu liza kuba luncedo, ukulondoloza, kunye nokufaneleka kwezithethe.

Ukubandakanyeka Ngokugqithiseleyo Nobuchule

Abantu abacinga ngokuqatha basenokuziva benamandla okwenza. Xa ubona ngokucacileyo ukungalungisi kwinkqubo okanye kokungekho sikweni kwinkqubo, ushukunyiselwa ukuba uthethe. Ukucinga okuntlukwano kukwanceda abaxhasi bobugcisa bokulwa iimpikiswano ezomeleleyo, baphephe ukuphikisa okunengqiqo, kwaye baphendule ngokunempumelelo kwinkcaso. IZiko lobuLuhlwempuzeko [ linikela uphando ngendlela uhlalutyo olunelisa ngayo ukuphumelela kwendlela ubuchule bokuchasana lwamalungelo abantu.

Ukuvelisa Ubuchule Bokucinga Obubalulekileyo: Iindlela Zobuchule Ezisebenzisekayo

Ukucinga ngendlela erhabaxa asiyonto ingokwemvelo; bubuchule obunokuhlakulelwa ngokuqhelisela ngabom. Ngapha koko, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezingakumbi, ezinokusetyenziswa ngabantu namaqela abantu.

Buza Imibuzo Ecacileyo

Yamkela umkhwa wokubuza “ngeni,” "nje," ukuba" uthe wachazwa ngetyala, zinyanzele ukuba ungene nzulu. Umzekelo: “Kutheni le nkqubo isithi inciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho? Ingalinganisela njani impumelelo? Kuthekani ukuba iziphumo ezichaseneyo zenzeka?" Sebenzisa isiseko esifana ne Isiqulo sombuzo wokubuza.

Khangela ngaphandle Ingqikelelo-magama

Amagumbi okubhala aqinisa iinkolelo ezikhoyo kwaye athintela ukwanda okunzima. Oku kutyhilwa kufunda imbono yabantu abaneemvelaphi, iingcamango namava ahlukeneyo. Zibophelele kumajelo eendaba ahlukeneyo abahleli, yiya kwiindawo apho ungekho kuninzi, kwaye uncokola ngentlonelo nabo bangavumelaniyo. Oku kutyhilwa kukunceda uqonde amandla nobuthathaka besikhundla sakho.

Cinga Ngobuchule Bakho

Sonke sinobuqhetseba bengqondo obufana nokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kobungqina (ukufuna ulwazi oluqinisekisa iimbono zethu) kunye neziphumo zeDunning-Kruger (ukuxabisa ubuchule bethu). Gcina “ulindixesha ocingayo” apho uphawula izigqibo ozenzileyo kwaye uhlolisise indlela oqiqa ngayo. Buza:“ Ingaba ndibubone ubungqina obuphikisanayo? Ndizilahla ngokukhawuleza into ngenxa yokuba yayingathandeki?” Izixhobo ze-ONtene njenge webhsayithi yakho ethi Bias inikeza iingcaciso ezidizam.

Ukuphuhliswa kweNkxaso eQhubekekayo

Sebenzisa isiseko esifana ne “Izizathu Ezintlanu,” Pros/Cons zidweliswe ngokubaluleka okunzima, okanye i-“Six Thing Hats". Indlela ka-Edward de Bono. Xa ulungisa umba woluntu kwiqela, yabela iindima ezinyanzelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga (umz., omnye umntu ubhekisa kwizibakala, omnye kwimvakalelo, omnye ekuyileni ngendalo). Le ndlela yeSix Sutning Hats iyakunqanda ukucinga nokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iimbombo ziyaqwalaselwa.

Ukudibana kwimfaniso nokudlala indima

Ukuba nenxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, umzekelo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, okanye iziganeko zokuvota ezixelwa phantsi kwemiqathango yexesha, ulwazi, kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo. Zakha izihlunu zengqondo ezifunekayo ukucinga ngeenyawo zakho nokuqwalasela iimbono ezininzi ngexesha elinye.

Ukucinga Okubalulekileyo: Uhlolisiso Lwembali Nanamhlanje

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ikhanyisa indlela ingcinga enzima eye yasetyenziswa ngayo − kwaye ```isetyenziswa kakubi'' ne-(info yoluntu.) Nalu uhlolisiso lwemizekelo emine olubonisa amandla okuhlalutya okuqisa neengozi zokungabikho kwayo.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi: Ukuchasa Umthetho Ongalungisiyo

Iinkokeli ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr. zasebenzisa ingcinga enzima ukucell ’ umngeni ukwahlukana. Kwi- “Letter ukusuka eBirmingham Jail,” uKumkani wachitha ngokulandelelana iingxoxo zokuthobela imithetho engekho sikweni, ukwahlula phakathi kwemimiselo esesikweni nengekho sikweni kunye nokucela ukuphendula okucacileyo. Akazange avukele nje kuphela; wabandakanyeka kwisenzo esinzulu sohlalutyo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha esakhuthaza uhlanga.

Ukungalawuleki kokusingqongileyo: Ukusuka kugcino-lwazi ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo

Amaqela okusingqongileyo afana neNgxowa-mali yoNcitho-bume beNgqongqo-moya esebenzisa uhlalutyo lwenzululwazi ukuxhasa umoya ococekileyo namanzi. Endaweni yokuqhayisa, aqokelela ugcino-lwazi olukhutshwayo, iziphumo zemodeli yempilo, kunye nemigaqo exhobisa ngexabiso lexabiso lexabiso. Le ndlela yobungqina ikhokelela ekufumaneni inkqubo efana nokupheliswa koMthetho we-Cec Air Act. Ukucinga okuntlukwano apha kuthetha ukuvavanya ukungaqiniseki kwenzululwazi ngokunyanisekileyo nokunxibelelana norhwebo noluntu ngokubanzi.

Iziphumo zempilo yoluntu: I-COVID-19 Pandemic

Isifo esigqugqisileyo saluvavanyo olucacileyo lokucingela okugxekayo. Abantu ababexhomekeke kwindlela ecacileyo, esekelwe kubungqina . “‘ Ukuphulaphula iingcali zezifo ezibulalayo, ukuhlalutya amazinga osuleleko, kunye nokulungisa iindlela zokusebenzisa ubuchule obungcono kunezibanjwe kwinkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Amaphulo ezempilo kawonke wonke asebenzisa ubuchule kunye nokubona mhlophe ukuze abangele ukuthembana, ngoxa ukungaphumeleli kwakusoloko kubangelwa kukucinga komlingo okanye ubungqina obungagqibeleliyo. Amava abethelele imfuneko yokuba abemi bahlole ngokunzulu imilinganiselo yempilo nokuqonda iingcamango ezisekelwe kwizibalo ezifana “nomlinganiselo wokufa kwabantu".” kunye“ nomlinganiselo wokufa kwabantu.

Iingxubusho zeBhodi yeSikolo sasekuhlaleni: Ukucinga okuNcedisiweyo

Qwalasela ibhodi yesikolo ethetha ngezifundo ezintsha. Umqwalaseli ogxekayo kwiqumrhu akazukusuka nje ekuvoteleni ngokweqela; bazakuhlola oko kuqulethwe yizifundo, bacebise iimbono zengcali kubafundisi, bahlolisise uphando lwemfundo ngeziphumo zokufunda, kwaye baphulaphule abazali benoxhala. Babuza: “Bubuphi ubungqina obuxhasa le ndlela yokusebenza? Ziziphi iziphumo ezingalindelekileyo? Oku kuhambelana njani nomsebenzi wesikolo?” Olu phengululo lukhokelela kulwando oluqinileyo, izigqibo ezilungileyo.

Ukukhuthaza iingcinga ezimandundu kwiMimiselo yeDislam nakuLuntu

Ukuba ukucingela izinto eziphosakeleyo kungumthombo oyintloko wedemokhrasi, izikolo nemibutho yoluntu zintliziyo eziyifunxayo. Nantsi indlela abafundisi, abazali, neenkokeli zoluntu abanokubuhlakulela ngayo obu buchule.

Ingxoxo Elungiselelwe Isakhiwo

Hamba ngaphaya kokucengceleza impikiswano yokwenene efuna abafundi baxakene namacala omabini embambano. Iinkqubo ezifana neNational Speech & Debate Association ziqeqesha abafundi ngokudibanisa ubungqina, ubuchule, kunye nokuphikisa. Kwaneengxoxo ezifutshane kwiklasi kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni (umz., “Ngaba isixeko sethu siyazivala iiplastiki ezisetyenziswayo?”)

Sebenzisa ufundo lomzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene kunye nemfaniso

Nika abafundi ukuba benze uphando ngempikiswano yasekuhlaleni--"njengendlela ecetyiweyo okanye iinguqu zeendawo/ kwaye kwangoko abafaki-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo: abahlali, abanikazi bezoshishino, izazinzulu, abacebi besixeko. Kufuneka baqokelele izibakala, balindele iimpikiswano, bancokole ngesisombululo. Oku “kufunda okusekelwe kwiproblem". Izipili zenkcaso yezentlalo.

Fundisa ukufunda nokubhala nokuhlola imvelaphi

Yahlulela ixesha leklasi lokuhlalutya amanqaku eendaba, iinxuwa ze-cum-smedia zoluntu, kwane-Al-generated. Bafundele ukuvavanya i-CRAFT okanye “Indlela ye-SIFT” (Yima, ngenisa imvelaphi, Fumana intlawulo engcono, ii-Traces) eyaveliswa ngu Mike Caulfield. Imiboniso ye-Discribacy Project [[FLT: 1]] inika abafundisi izinto ezibonelelwa ngesisa.

Ukuthobeka Okungumzekelo

Ootitshala neenkokeli bafanele bacebe indlela yokucinga ngendlela ecacileyo.

Iindawo zokusebenza zoLuntu nobugcisa

Izikolo, amathala eencwadi, amaziko oluntu, kunye namaqonga e-intanethi angangenisa indawo zoshicilelo ngokuqiqa okunengqiqo, ukuchonga ikhethe, nokuhlola inyani. Izixhobo zobugcisa ze-CPIC njenge- “Pol.is” iplatform yenza uphando lwesikali esikhulu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ukuzoba imaphu evumelanayo kunye nokudibanisa kusetyenziswa idata.

Ukoyisa Izithintelo Ekucingeni Okugxekayo Kubomi Besitya

Ukuyiqonda le miqobo linyathelo lokuqala lokuyoyisa, nangona ibalulekile, ukucingisisa ngezo zinto kujongwa njengemiqobo.

Ulwazi oluninzi Lugcwaliswe

Ii-algorithm zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo zidla ngokubeka phambili ukuganana ngokuchanekileyo, ukusondla oko kuqinisa ikhethe lethu. Ukuphikisa oku, qhelisela “ukucinga okucotha”: zinike ixesha ngaphambi kokwabelana nantoni na, ukuqinisekisa, kwaye sebenzisa iindawo zokuhlola inyani ezifana ne-Snopes okanye i-PritiFact. Ulwandiso lwamajelo lunganceda kwimithombo ethandabuzekayo.

Uqinisekiso lwe Bias kunye nokwenziwa kweqela

Xa siphulaphula kuphela abantu abavumelana nathi, iimbono zethu ziba zigabadele kwaye zivavanywe kancinci. Ngokuzenzekelayo zizichanaba kwimiba ephezulu ephikisanayo. Indlela "isekela lika-devil"" yindlela--" emisela umntu ophikisana nembono ekhoyo." Ingasetyenziswa nakweliphi na iqela ukutyhila ubuthathaka ekuqiqa ngayo.

Ukuqumba Nesizwe

Imicimbi ye-Cobic idla ngokuvuselela iimvakalelo ezinamandla", uloyiko, umsindo, ulawulo lwesizwe. Ezi zinokuvala uhlalutyo olusengqiqweni. Yamkela iimvakalelo zakho kodwa ungazivumeli ukuba zikulawule. Yima uze ubuze: “Ukuba bendingaba ngumjongi ongathathi cala, bubuphi ubungqina endinokubufumanisa bunyanzelisa kakhulu?”

Ukungafikeleleki kwimfundo ePhakamileyo

Ubuchule bokucinga obunentsingiselo abusasazwanga ngokulinganayo. Ngaphantsi komthombo wemfundo zisenokugxininisa ekufundeni ngokucatshulwa ngokungaphezulu kokufuna uphando. Ukuqwalasela oku kufuna iinguqu zenkqubo notyalo-mali loluntu kwiinkqubo zophuhliso, amathala eencwadi, kunye namajelo eendaba kawonke-wonke.

Isiphelo: Umnxeba Wokucinga, Wokubandakanyeka Nokuqinisa Ulawulo - melo

Ukucinga okugxekayo asikokucinga nje okulula, kungumsebenzi wesizwe. Kwidemokhrasi esempilweni, ummi ngamnye kufuneka akulungele ukubuza ugunyaziso, ahlole ubungqina, aze aqwalasele iimbono ezahlukileyo kwezakhe. Ubuchule obuchazwe kweli nqaku((analysis, ingqwalaselo, intelekelelo, ukutolika, kunye nokuzilawula) asingokwabafundi okanye abefundisi; bangabavoti, okanye abavocileyo.

Ukuphuhlisa obu buchule kufuna injongo, uqheliselo, nokuthobeka. Kodwa imivuzo ininzi: izigqibo ezicaphukayo, iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke ezakhayo, kunye nabantu abaxhobele ukucombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko sijamelene neengxaki ezinzima ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani, kunye nokungalungelelani kobugcisa, imfuneko yeenkcuba - buchopho ezigxekayo ayizange ibe nkulu. Ngoko ke nokuba ungumfundi nje ofunda ukubuza iimbono, umfundisi- ntsapho olungisa iklasi yakho, okanye umxhasi wexesha elide ozilungisayo iingxoxo zakho, uzibophelele ukuqinisa ukucinga kwakho okugxekayo, kwaye uzisebenzise ekukhonzeni ibutho elinobulungisa neledemokhrasi.