Yintoni Ingcamango Yantlandlolo?

I-protomssion yintanda-bulumko enobungangamsha ephembelela ukuchaza okuthi umbhalo we-United States ufanele uqondwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo ngexesha lokukhutshwa. Le ndlela ifuna ukuma i-ankile yomgaqo-siseko ngokwentsingiselo emiselweyo yembali kunokuba ivumele abagwebi bafake uxwebhu ngemigangatho yale mihla okanye ejikelezayo. I-protoliki yavela kwimo yayo yale mihla ngexesha lama-1970 kunye nowe-1980 njengempendulo koko abagxeki bekukujongwa kuko kwiziphumo zeqhinga ezingoko ezikhoyo ezifana [[FLT: 0]] Roe v. Iwade kunye [FLT:] kunye [FLT] kunye nemibuzo engomthetho elawulayo.[FLT] Miranda] v.[FLT].[FLTPhondor:3].

Kukho imisonto emibini engundoqo yoqobo lobuBhodi. [[FLT: 0] ijonge phambili injongo yobuGawulayo kwintsingiselo yesakhelo somGaqo-siseko. Le nguqulelo ihlola imibhalo yabucala, iingxoxo, kunye nothelelo lwamanani angundoqo njengoJames Magdalene, Alexander Hamilton, noGeorge Washington. intsingiselo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke yentsingiselo yoqobo yentsingiselo ye-, efumene igatya elikhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, endaweni yoko ijonge indlela umfundi ofanelekileyo anokuyiqonda ngayo imibhalo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwerat. Oku kuxhomekeke kwisichazi-magama, amaphephandaba, namanye amaxwebhu ukusuka ekusungulweni kwentsingiselo eqhelekileyo yolwimi lwe-gropulthmast. Sctaliain ireast yentsingiselo yomthetho wantla, uxwebhu oluqhelekileyo oluthetha ngolu xwebhu, oluthi lwamanyeneyo, oluthi lwazinziswayo, oluthi oluthiyo lungachazinzo luchachaneyo, oluthiyo

ISihlomelo Sichaza UNodoli: Umbhalo Nenjongo

I-Emoluments Claus ivela kwiGatya I, Icandelo 9, u-Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko. Umbhalo wayo opheleleyo ufundeka ngolu hlobo: " Akukho Sihlomelo sokungabikho kobuhlolo esiza kunikwa yiUnited States: kwaye akukho mntu uphethe naliphi na iOfisi yemali okanye iTshenxiso phantsi kwayo, uza, ngaphandle kokuvunywa kweBhunga, nayiphi na i-Emlument, i-Ofisi, okanye isiHloko, naluphi na uhlobo, naluphi na uhlobo oluvela kuye na kuKumkani, iPrince, okanye uRhulumente wasemzini.. Eli lungiselelo linye lobuchule obuninzi obusetyenziswa nguMgaqo-siseko ukukhusela ingqibelelo karhulumente worhulumente kunye nomkhuseli wasemzini.

Igalelo lisebenza umsebenzi othile wokwakha ngaphakathi kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ithintela abaphathi-zibonelelo bequmrhu ukuba bamkele izipho, iintlawulo, iziqu, okanye izikhundla ezivela koorhulumente bangaphandle ngaphandle kwemvume yolawulo. Injongo kukuthintela ukubonakala kokungenelela kwamanye amazwe ekulawuleni kweMelika. Ngokufuna imvume yengqungquthela, iqumrhu lidala inkqubo yolawulo eqinisekisa ukubonakala nokuphendula kwiinkqubano phakathi kwamagosa orhulumente kunye namandla angaphandle. Le mfuneko ifikelela kuMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nawo onke abaphathi bamasebe abaphezulu, kunye namalungu eBhunga-Rhulumente kunye nabagwebi borhulumente.

I-Emnuments Clause inxulumene ngokusondeleyo namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko enzelwe ukuthintela ubuqhetseba kunye nezithintelo zamazwe angaphandle. I-Emoluments Claus yahlukile ku-Claus Owenziwe Ekhaya, ovela kwiCandelo II, Icandelo 1, u-Claus 7 kwaye imida inganikwa imbuyiselo ngurhulumente okanye urhulumente worhulumente ngamnye. Zizonke ezi zigaba zibumba inkqubo ebanzi yokukhusela amagosa karhulumente kwiimpembelelo ezingafanelekanga, enoba ngawasemzini okanye kwilizwe lasemzini.

Imbali Ethetha NgoClaus

Imikhosi kaClaus yavela kumaxhala embali akhethekileyo awadala isizukulwana sokusekwa. Ngexesha lokusekwa kwelizwe kunye nexesha lemvukelo, iinkokeli zaseMerika zazinamava angqalileyo ngemigudu yaseYurophu yokuphembelela ezopolitiko ngezipho nangempesheni. Amagosa aseBritani nawaseFransi ayesoloko ezama ukunyanzela amagosa asekuhlaleni aseMerika ngentlawulo, izibizo nezinye izibizo. Isizukulwana esisunguli saqonda ukuba izenzo ezinjalo zinokuba zenzakalise urhulumente weRiphabliki zelipublic kwaye zithobe ulawulo lohlanga olutsha.

UAlexander Hamilton wathetha ezi zinto ngqo kwi Umlawuli woManyano No. [2, apho walumkisa ukuba impembelelo yamanye amazwe yenye yezisongelo eziyingozi kurhulumente weriphabliki. Waphikisa ukuba amagunya asemzini anokusebenzisa iminqweno yomntu ngamnye nokubawa ukuze alalanise ukuthembeka kwamagosa aseMelika. IEmolu guqus Claus yenzelwe ukuphelisa ubungozi ngokudala ummiselo ocacileyo oxhaswa yimiqathango yequmrhu. UJames Madison waphinda waphinda la maxhala ngexesha le Constitution, ephikisa ngelithi urhulumente umele abe "igunya lokususa nabani na umntu ofanele abe kwisikhundla."

Ingxelo yembali ityhila ukuba abasebenzi babexhalabele ngokukhethekileyo impembelelo eyonakalisayo yolawulo lookumkani baseYurophu. Uqheliselo loorhulumente bamanye amazwe abanika amagosa aphezulu aseMelika izibizo zabonwa njengeziyingozi ngokukodwa kuba lunokudala udidi lwabemi abathembekileyo ngaphandle kwe-United States. IEmolu ntle luthetha ngesisongelo ngokuthintela ukwamkelwa kwezibizo ezivela kumazwe angaphandle. Umthetho obanzi ozizobela izipho kunye nokuzigquma uqinisekisa ukuba intetho ayigubungelanga nje kuphela imbeko esemthethweni kodwa ikwanoncedo lwezinto ezinokuphembelela ihambo esemthethweni.

Kwakhona isizukulwana esisunguliweyo sasebenzisa imizekelo engokwembali evela kwiRiphabliki yamaRoma kunye nabanye oorhulumente bangaphambili. Bafunda indlela impembelelo yamanye amazwe eye yaba negalelo ngayo ekuweni kwamaziko eriphabliki baza bazama ukwakha izivikelo zomGaqo-siseko. IEmoluments Claus yenye yamalungiselelo amaninzi abonisa inkxalabo enzulu ngokunganyaniseki nokungenelela kwamanye amazwe, kwakunye nokungavumelekanga kwezibizo zasemzini eziqulethwe kwingxelo efanayo nemfuneko yokuba uMongameli enze isifungo sokulondoloza, sokukhusela, nokukhusela nokukhusela, nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko.

Ingcaciso Yokuqala Yeziphakamiso ZikaClaus

Ingcaciso yokuqala yeEmluments Clause ifuna uhlolo locoselelo lombhalo kunye nomongo wembali owabhalwa kuyo. Le nkqubo yokucacisa ichaza imizobo ekwiqela lemithombo, kuquka isichazi-magama sexesha lokusekwa, iingxelo zeConvention yoMgaqo-siseko, iingxoxo zokwandiswa kwemihlathi, kunye neencwadi zamanani aphambili afana noHamilton, Madison, noJohn Jay. UDarcodist uzama ukufumanisa ukuba umfundi onengqondo ungayiqonda njani intsingiselo yelishwa ngo-1788 kwaye asebenzise loo ntsingiselo kwimpikiswano yanamhlanje.

Intsingiselo "yokukhululeka"

Umbuzo ophambili ocacisayo kwingxoxo yanamhlanje emalunga ne-Emoluments Claus intsingiselo yegama elithi ". ekusunguleni usetyenziso-lolwimi, "umqululo" ubhekiswa kwinzuzo, inzuzo, okanye uncedo olusuka kwisikhundla okanye inkonzo. Isichazi magama esiphambili sexesha, uSamuel Johnson's [isichazi-magama] solwimi lwesiNgesi , esichazwa "inzuzo" njenge "nzuzo; nzuzo;." le nkcazelo ibanzi icebisa ukuba igalelo ligubungela nayiphi na into eluncedo, hayi intlawulo okanye ukunyodola. Abahlaluli bezolwazi bezomthetho baye bafumana ukuba intetho isetyenziswe ngokubanziwa kakhulu kwaye ingeniso, ingeniso yemali, kunye neemali.

Noko ke, umlinganiselo "wokwamkelwa" ibingumbandela wengxoxo ebalulekileyo. Abanye abaphengululi bentlandlolo baphikisa ngelithi eli gama laliqondwa ngokufutshane kakhulu kumongo we-Emoluments Clause ukubhekiselela kuphela kwimbuyiselo yeenkonzo ezinikezelwayo okanye iinzuzo ezinikwa igunya elisemthethweni. Abanye bathi igalelo lalijoliswe ukufikelela nayiphi na ingenelo kwilizwe lasemzini, kuquka ingeniso kwiinkcubeko zoshishino. Isigqibo salo mbuzo sinentsingiselo enzulu yendlela esisebenza ngayo intetho kwiimeko zanamhlanje, ingakumbi xa amagosa aseburhulumenteni ebekelwe izilangazelelo zemali ezinokungenelwa kwisenzo sikarhulumente wasemzini.

Abaququzeleli besakhelo bazimisele ukujolisa impembelelo yamanye amazwe

Inkxalabo engqalileyo yabasebenzi ngempembelelo yamanye amazwe inika umongo obalulekileyo wokutolikwa kwengcaciso yoqobo. Iingxelo zeConvention yezomGaqo-siseko zibonisa ukuba abathunywa babexhalabele kakhulu ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wamanye amazwe anokubonakalisa amagosa aseMelika ngezipho, iindleko, kunye nezinye izinto eziwabangelayo. UCharles Pinkeckney waseMzantsi Carolina wacebisa ukuba kwenziwe ilungiselelo elathi laba yiEmoluments Clause, kwaye izicelo zakhe zathathwa ngengxoxo encinane, ecebisa ukuba kuvumelwano olubanzi ngemfuneko yokwalelwa komthetho onjalo.

Isizukulwana esisunguliweyo sazibonela ngawaso amehlo indlela amagunya aseYurophu awasebenzisa ngayo izipho kunye nemihlala-phantsi ukuphembelela amagosa kurhulumente obuthathaka. Amava aseMerika phantsi kweZihlolo zoMbutho abonise ukuba urhulumente ohloniphekileyo ubuthathaka kwilizwe lasemzini. IEmoluments Claus yenzelwe ukuphelisa oku kuthintelwa ngokuyila uluvo olucacileyo, lokuzinqumla umthetho ongafuni mthetho ongakumbi ukuze usebenze. Amagosa aseburhulumenteni ayengenakuzamkela iinzuzo zangaphandle ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga libanike igunya elingqalileyo lokwenza oko kulula ukulwa nokuvunywa okunokunokupheliswa kuphela ngesenzo sokuvuma umthetho.

Isicelo kuMongameli

Umbuzo obalulekileyo kutoliko lomntu wokuqala ngukuba ngaba iEmoluments Claus iyasebenza kuMongameli. Igalelo ligubungela "Nabani na umntu ophethe na i-Ofisi Yemali okanye Intelekelelo phantsi kwayo," ibhekisa kwii-ofisi phantsi kwegunya le-United States. Umbhalo awumshiyi ngokucacileyo uMongameli, kwaye isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko sicebisa ukuba umongameli yiofisi ephakathi komlinganiselo wengxelo. I-Emlurensis Clauslease kwiSihlokomiso II ngokungqalileyo imbuyiselo yomongameli, ibonakalisa ukuba abalawuli befamente bacingele ukuba bathobele imiqathango jikelele.

Iingxoxo ngexesha lokwandiswa komnqongo zinika inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo yokusebenzisa igalelo kuMongameli. Umlawuli woManyano No. 69, uAlexander Hamilton wathelekisa uMongameli noKumkani wase Great Britain kwaye waphawula ukuba uMongameli uza kuthotyelwa phantsi kokungagunyaziswa nokususwa kokufumana izipho okanye intlawulo yangaphandle. Oku kuthelekisa ukuba abasebenzi be-freamfemi baqonde i-Emolu tshintsho Clauslee ukuba basebenzise kwiofisi ephakamileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Abaphengululi bemfundo yentsusadla ngokuvavanywa lo mbuzo bagqiba kwelokuba uMongameli ugqunywe ngumthetho, nangona kukho ingxoxo emalunga nomgangatho ochanileyo wokwalelwanomthetho njengoko kusetyenziswa kwi-Pescioclaes.

Ufundo lwetyala kunye nesicelo sale mihla

I-Emnuments Claus yahlala ingaziwa kakuhle kwimbali yaseMelika, ibangela igalelo elincinane okanye ingqalelo yabaphengululi. Oko kwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha lolawulo lukaMongameli uDonald Trump, oshishino lwakhe oluninzi olubambe intengiso nolwala ukuntywilisa ukusetyenziswa kwebinzana elitsha kuMongameli oqhubeka esebenza amashishini azimeleyo. Ixesha likaTrump labangela ukumangalelwa okuninzi nengxoxo engomthetho ebanzi ngentsingiselo nomgangatho we-Emoluments Classiaske.

Uqikelelo loLawulo lweTrump

Kwamangalelwa izihlandlo eziliqela ngokuchasene noMongameli Trump echaza ukuba ukwamkelwa kwakhe intlawulo kurhulumente wamazwe ngamanye ngamashishini akhe angoosomashishini kwaphula umthetho weSigqeba sikaClaus. La matyala aphikisa ukuba xa oorhulumente bamanye amazwe babephakamisa iihotele, iivenkile zokutyela, nezinye izinto, babenikela izivumelwano kuMongameli ngaphandle kwemvume yolawulo. Abalawuli babequka amalungu eBhunga, amagqwetha-mikhosi, namashishini azimeleyo akhuphisana nempahla yeTrump.

Ilixa elihlaziyiweyo laphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yokuma nokulunga, iinkundla zifikelela iziphelo ezahlukeneyo malunga nokuba abalawuli bafumana iziphumo zokonzakalisa okwaneleyo ukuba bazise oko bakuthethayo. INkundla yeNtloko yeSine yeNtlanganiso yezibheno kunye neNkundla yesibini yezibheno zaMaphondo zawavumela amatyala ukuba aqhubeke ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo, angavumi ukuba uMongameli akhululwe kwiEmoluments Clause. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalathisa ukuphendula iimfanelo zezi tyala, endaweni yoko yawalahla amatyala athile njengoMongameli uTrump emva kokuba uMongameli uTrump eshiyile iofisi, eshiya imibuzo etyhila imibuzo epheliconjululwe kwinqanaba lomthetho eliphezulu.

I Trump litigation yabalaselisa uxinzeleleko phakathi kotoliko loqobo kunye nezinto zale mihla zezoqoqosho. Abalawuli befreyim abahlala besebenza ngokugqithisileyo kushishino lobuqu kumazwe amaninzi. Abagwebi nabaphengululi boqobo bazama ukusebenzisa ulwimi lweshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane kucwangciso lweshishini lokuqala. Abanye baphikisa ukuba intsingiselo ebanzi "yokusebenza" ekusunguleni iquka ingeniso kwintengiso eqhelekileyo yentengiso ngamazwe angaphandle, ngexa abanye bebambelele kwelokuba irejiyo ijoliswe ekufikeleleni kuphela iifomu eziqhelekileyo zezipho, iinkozo, kunye nozuko lwasemthethweni, hayi iinkcutho zoshishino zoshishino olude.

Uqikelelo Olubanzi Nengxoxo Eqhubekayo

Iingxoxo ezikufutshane neEmoluments Clause zidlulela ngaphaya kolawulo lweTrump kwaye ziphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nokuchazwa komGaqo-siseko, imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente, kunye nesakhiwo sedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Uhlalutyo loqobo lweli binzana kufuneka lubambene nenyaniso yokuba impembelelo yamanye amazwe asebenza ngokwahlukileyo kunakwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo. Oorhulumente bamanye amazwe namhlanje banokuphembelela amagosa aseMelika ngeminyakatho, ngokuphembelela, ukuphembelela, kunye nezinye iindlela ezingalindelwenga ngabalawuli. Umbuzo ngulo lweEmolu didi luka Claus uClaus lungaphuculwa ukuze afikelele kwezi ntlobo zesi zixhobo zempembelelo zanamhlanje ngoxa ehlala ethembekile kwintsingiselo yokuqala.

Abanye abaphengululi bembali baphikisa ngelithi eli binzana lifanele licaciswe ngokubanzi ukugubungela zonke iintlobo zokungenelwa kwemali koorhulumente basemzini, kuquka ingeniso kwiinkcubeko zoshishino, ngenxa yokuba abafaki-nkqubo bayiqonda ingozi yempembelelo yamanye amazwe kuzo zonke iintlobo zayo. Abanye baye baphikisana ngokuchaza okunciphileyo okulinganiselayo kwizipho zesithethe nentlawulo, beqiqa ukuba abafaki-fomza-mali babezimisele ukukhusela uhlobo oluthile lorhoxisa ubuqhetseba phantsi kolawulo lwaseYurophu. Le ngxoxo ibonisa ukungavisisani okunzulu phakathi kobukho boqobo malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yesiseko ebhalwe ngokwexesha elahlukileyo ekungalindelangalindelanga.

Ukugxekwa Nezityholo

Ingcaciso yeEmoluments Claus ayiyonto ingenabahlalutyi bayo. Abaphengululi abaxhasa indlela esebenzayo yomgaqo-siseko baphikisa ngelithi iziphumo ezikhoyo zobukhomfama zichasene nemilinganiselo yale mihla kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Baphikisa ngelithi indlela yomseki wempembelelo yamanye amazwe yayilinganiselwe kwiintlobo zorhwaphilizo ababenazo ngokobuqu, njengezipho ezithe ngqo nezibizo ezisemthethweni, kwaye ukusebenzisa oko kuqonda amalungiselelo antsonkothileyo eshishini lanamhlanje kukwabubububukho bobukhomzeli. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zifanele zitolike iEmolu lungelelwano Claus ngoluvo lwanamhlanje lorhwaphiko kunye nempembelelo yasemzini, kunokuba ziqiniswe ngokwentsingiselo yembali.

Abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ubufundamentali obusekelwe kwisiseko sendlela esetyenziswayo. Baphikisa ngelithi ingxelo yembali ayicacanga kwaye abagwebi abaphambili banokukhetha imithombo efumaneke kwangaphambili. Iingxoxo malunga nentsingiselo "yesigqibo" zibonisa oku kugxekwa, ngezazi zoqobo ezifikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kubungqina obunye bembali. Abahlalutyi bakwakwalatha ukuba isizukulwana esisunguliweyo sasineembono eziphikisanayo kwimibandela emininzi, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuchaza intsingiselo enye yokuqala yemiqathango yemithetho esekelwe kwimithetho.

Abameli bobuGqaba baphendula ngokuthi aba bagxeki abaqondi nzulu indlela yokuchaza imvelaphi. Baphikisa ngelithi ukwenziwa kolwazi lwantlandlolo akufuni ulwazi olugqibeleleyo lwentsingiselo yokusekwa kodwa kunoko kuzimisela ngokunyaniseka ukulungiselela ukuphinda kuqonda okusengqiqweni kokubhaliweyo okusekelwe kubungqina obukhoyo. Ngoxa kuya kusoloko kukho ukungavumelani, abaxhasi bendalo basoloko beqinisekisa ukuba indlela ethintela ukugweba ingqiqo ecacileyo nesemthethweni ivelisa iinkcazelo ezivumela abagwebi ukuba bafake imilinganiselo yabo. IEmolusments Clauslee, kule mbono, inika umthetho ocacileyo wokuba iinkundla zinokunyanzelela ngokusekelwe kubungqina obungokwembali ngoko kwakuthethwa xa i-regiontiethi isetyenziswa.

Isiphelo

I-Emoluments Claus imela enye yezona zikhuseli zibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko kwimpembelelo yamanye amazwe kurhulumente waseMerika. Ukucaciswa kokuqala kwebinzana kugxininisa umbhalo kunye nomongo wembali welungiselelo, ukufuna ukusebenzisa intsingiselo yalo yantlandlolo kwiimeko zangoku. Le ndlela inenkxaso ebalulekileyo esuka kubungqina obungokwembali, kuquka iingxelo zeConvention yoMgaqo-siseko, iingxoxo zokwahlula, kunye neencwadi zabaseki abaphambili abanjengoHamilton noMadison. Intsingiselo ebanzi ye "emolument" ekusunguleni ukusetyenziswa kwendlela icebisa ukuba iqhina eligubungela uludwe olubanzi lweengenelo kwiimeko zamazwe asemzini, nangona umgangatho othe ngqo uhlala uhleli umxholo wengxoxo eqhubekayo.

Ulwahlulo lwangoku olujikeleze iEmoluments Claus lubalaselise zombini amandla kunye nosikelelo lotoliko. Ngelixesha ukwenziwa kolwazi kusungulo kunika isiseko somgaqo wokuqwalasela icandelo, kwakhona lutyhila iingxaki zokusebenzisa ulwimi lweshumi elinesibhozo-phambili kulawulo olukwinkulungwane yokuqala. Ugqibo olupheleleyo lwale mibuzo yotoliko luzakufuna uqwalaselo olubhekele phambili nolwazi olunzulu. Abo banomdla ekuhloleni isihloko ngokuqhubekayo, [[FLT: 0] umbhalo opheleleyo woMgaqo-siseko [[FLT:] ufumaneka kwiNational Archive Archives, kunye noluvo lwangaphandle lwe-FLT [FFFF] olunolwazi olubalulekileyo.[FFFoctive]

Ukuyeka ukuphikisana okusemthethweni noogqirha nge-Emoluments Clause kubonisa ukungavisisani okunzulu okukumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMerika phakathi kokunyaniseka kwiintsingiselo zantlandlolo nokuqhelaniswa kweemeko zale mihla. I-rekhostary inika isiseko esinamandla sokuqonda umGaqo-siseko njengombhalo ozinzileyo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwimibandela emitsha kuza kuqhubeka kudala impikiswano. Isigqibo sale mibuzo siyaqhubeka sibangela ukuba uMgaqo-siseko uClaus, kanye ilungiselelo elibalwe kakhulu, siye saba liziko lokuvavanyazisa indlela yobunzululwazi bokuqala nenkxalabo ehlala ihleliyo ngokugcina ingqibelelo yorhulumente waseMerika enxamnye nowasemzini. Isigqibo sale miba nempembelelo ehlala ihleliyo ukwenzela ukuba umGaqo-siseko ukhusela njani iRiphabliki ekusongelo lwangaphandle nolawulo lwayo.