Ukuhlahlela Uqingqo - mali LwesiXeko

Abaphathi bezixeko bobabini abancinane nabakhulu bajongene noxinzelelo olukhulayo lokunikezela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko ngeli xesha begcina uqeqesho oluyimfuneko. Ukwanda kwabantu, ukwaluphala kwemiqathango, ukurhoxa kwengeniso, kunye nolwandiso lwabemi olufuna zonke iindlela eziphucukileyo zemali. Uqingqo-lwabiwo-mali lweziko lwesithethe, olugcina inkcitho zangaphambili ngokulula ngotshintsho oluncinane, olungasahlangabezeki kwiimfuno zikarhulumente wale mihla. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bathathe imigaqo emitsha ekhulisa ukubonakala, ukuphendula, ukutshintsha, kunye nolungelelanisa iinjongo zoluntu.

Uqingqo-mali olunempumelelo alukho nje ngokulinganisela amanani; lubhekiselele ekuguquleni izinto eziza kuqala kuluntu kwizabelo ezisebenzayo. Ukuba kulawulwa idolophu engama-5 000 okanye isixeko esikhulu esinamakhulu amahlanu 000, imigaqo esisiseko yomphathi wezandiso, i-equity, kunye nokuzinziswa kwexesha elide akutshintshi. Noko ke, isikali kunye nokuntsonkotha kobuchule bokusebenzisa imali kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Izixeko ezincinane zidla ngokuba zingenabasebenzi abazodwa beze zijongene nemali enzima, ngoxa izixeko ezinkulu zixabana nee-bystaucracria enk ekwii-ertutia, izilangazelelo ezininzi, kunye nezixaso ezidiyo ezidityanileyo ezidityaniweyo.

Eli nqaku lihlola uludwe loqingqo-mali olutsha lwendlela abanolwazi lwesixeko abanokuzamkela. Igquma iindlela zesiseko ezifana nozero qha noqingqo-mali olusekelwe kwisakhelo, inyukela kwicebo elikhethekileyo elidityaniswe kwimiqathango emincinci neyandisiweyo. Ngokunwena kwesixhobo ngaphaya koqingqo-mali lwesithethe, iinkokeli zesixeko zingasebenzisa kakuhle, ziqukelele iziphumo, kwaye zakhe izicwangciso zemali ezinamandla.

IMidlalo yoLawulo

Phambi kokuba wenze uhlengahlengiso kubungakanani besixeko, kuluncedo ukuqonda iindlela ezingundoqo ezixhasa imali kamasipala wale mihla. Ezi ndlela zinokusetyenziselwa nayiphi na imekobume kwaye zenze isiseko soqheliselo oluhambele phambili.

Iqanda (ZBB)

Uhlaziyo lwendleko lufuna zonke iindleko ukusukela ku-zero-siseko sonyaka ngamnye we-fiscal. Endaweni yokwamkela ukusetyenziswa konyaka ongaphambili njengendawo yokuqala, abaphathi besixeko kufuneka bakhe uqingqo-mali besuka emhlabeni, behlola inkqubo nganye kwaye bebiza imali efunekayo kwaye basebenze. Ngoxa inkxaso yemali i-ZB izakuveza imisebenzi eguquliweyo okanye ephelelwe lixesha kwaye batshintshe imali kwizivumelwano eziphezulu. Amadolobha amancinane angasebenzisa i-ZBB ngokukhethayo kwisebe elithile okanye kwiinkqubo kunoqingqo-nkqubo ekhethekileyo, icutheza umthwalo wolawulo xa isafumana ulwazi. [[FLT:] [FL:]

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ulwahlulo lolwabiwo-mali olusekelwe kwimisebenzi yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olunento ekwaziwa ngqo kwiziphumo ezinokufumaneka. Abaphathi beziXhosa bachaza ngokucacileyo imingcipheko yemisebenzi kwinkqubo nganye . "ezinjengamaxesha okuphendula iinkonzo zongxamiseko, ireyithingi yemeko yomendo, okanye amanani okujikeleza kwethala leencwadi" kwaye anikezela ngemali esekelwe ekuphumezeni kwezo zinto. Oku kunyakazisa incoko evela ku- “ukungaphi okusetyenziswayo”“ koko sikufumanayo.” Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, kunye nesebe lophuhlisoluntu lithengiselwa kakhulu iPBB.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluBanzi

Uqingqo-mali olusekelwe kwisiseko soqingqo-mali (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiziphumo 16) sisakhiwo esilungelelaniswe nokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nezinto eziphambili zoluntu. Abaphathi bezixeko bachaza iinkqubo neenkonzo ezingundoqo, babela indleko nganye, bandule ukubeka iliso kwiseti yeenjongo zoluntu ezichaziweyo (umz., ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukukhuselwa kwemeko yezoqoqosho, ukulondolozwa kwemeko-bume). Iinkqubo ezisebenza ngqo kwiinjongo zokusebenzisa iinjongo zokuzikongopheleli zifumana iimali ezipheleleyo, ngelixa imisebenzi esezantsi ephantsi kwe-i-apriordio isenokuncitshiswa okanye ipheliswe. Le ndlela ikhuthaza ukurhweba okucacileyo kunye neengxoxo ezicacileyo kunye nezinceda izixeko ezininzi zinxibelelana nezigqibo ezinzima nabantu.

Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali

Ukusebenzisa uqingqo-mali (PB) kubandakanya abahlali ngokuthe ngqo ukugqiba indlela yokusebenzisa inxalenye yoqingqo-mali yesixeko. Ngokwesiqhelo, abemi bacebisa imisebenzi, ukusungula izicelo, kunye nokuvota apho abo banokuxhasa. IsiXeko saseNew York, iChicago, kunye nePortland basebenzisa iinkqubo zePB ukwenzela iiprojekthi ezinkulu, ngokufuthi kwimimandla ephantsi kwemali. IPB yakha intelekelelo, yandisa ukuthengiselwana kwezezezentlalo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imali idilesi yemali i-dilesi yemali efuna uluntu. Izixeko ezincinane zingaqhuba iPB ngequmrhu elincinane lemali `$50 000) umzekelo wokuvavanya inkqubela-mali ekufuphi ngaphandle komfolondiso. [[FLT: 0] Igalelo lohlalo lohlalo-mali lunika izibonelelo lweprojekthi yohlalo-mali kunye nempumelelo kwi-mali yomgangatho wonke [FF1].]

Imisebenzi Esetyenziswa Zizixeko Ezincinane

Izixeko ezincinane zisoloko zisebenza nabasebenzi abangaphantsi kweshumi elinesibini abasebenza ixesha elipheleleyo kunye nezigcini-mali ezisikelwe umda. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokutsha kufuneka kube luncedo, kuphantsi, kwaye kube lula ukuzisebenzisa. Ezi ndlela zingezantsi zenzelwe ukwandisa ubuncwane obulinganiselweyo kunye nokwakha inkxaso yoluntu.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Oomasipala abancinane banokufumana umlinganiselo wezoqoqosho ngokusebenzisana needolophu eziselumelwaneni, iirejista, okanye amasebe ephondo. Imizekelo iquka ukuthunyelwa kwamapolisa adibeneyo, ukwabelana ngentsebenziswano yentsalela yemali elahlwayo, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lwengingqi. Uqingqo-mali oluthe kratya lubandakanya ukuqokelela imali namaqabane kunye nenkcitho edibeneyo. Le nkqubo ayinciphisi nje kuphela iindleko ze-R000on, kodwa ikwanokukwahlisa okanye iminikelo yorhulumente efuna intsebenziswano yesebe elisebenzisanayo. Abaphathi bezixeko bafanele bathelekele zonke iintambo zenkonzo zezothutholonke baze baphawule ezo zinokunikezelwa ngempumelelo ngakumbi ngelungiselelo elinye. Amanyathelo okuqala aquka ukutyikiselwa kwe-memormands zokuqonda nokumiswa kwekomiti yolawulo kunye.

Imisebenzi Ekhuthazayo Neyokuzithandela

Izixeko ezincinane zidla ngokungazihoyi izibonelelo ezinamandla ezimbini: izibonelelo zokhuphiswano kunye nabemi bomzi. Imali evela kurhulumente, kwiphondo, okanye kwimithombo yesiseko ingabhalwa phantsi kwemisebenzi yamakomkhulu, uhlaziyo, okanye iinkqubo zoluntu ngaphandle kokuzama ukutsala intlawulo jikelele. Ukunikezela nge-pajikoply okanye abacebisi bayakwazi ukuzihlawula ixesha elincinane labasebenzi lokudibanisa kunye nokusebenzisa iiyure ezingama-2479 zokuzithandela njengeminikelo efanayo yokubonelela. Ezinye izixeko ziye zasungula “ingxelo ezihlambulukileyo, ukulondolo lwezitiya, okanye ukususwa kwekhephu lezekhephu. [8] ukuhlahlela ezi zinto kunciphisa imfuneko yemisebenzi ehlawulwayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zemali ezikhoyo zemali ezibonelelwa ngemali.

Unyango lobuxhakaxhaka bobuChwephesha

Uqingqo-mali lwangoku alufuni i-software yezoshishino exabiso eliphezulu. Amadolobha amancinci angamkela amaqonga asekelwe kumanqanam oqingqo-mali enzelwe isikali sawo, ngokufuthi kwisiqingatha sexabiso lendlela ye-ERP enkulu. Izixhobo ezininzi zinika isikhokelo se-rotemplate yomgca , inkqubo, kunye neeforethi zoqingqo-mali ezisekelwe kwintengiso, kunye neefomati zohlahlo olulula. Kwane siseko sesiseko sesiseko semiqathango sinokongezwa ngongeniso lwedata olucwangcisiweyo, ulawulo loguqulelo, kunye netafile exhathisayo ukuxhasa uhlalutyo. Isitshixo sendlela yokuyila idata engatshintshiyo (umz. g. iindidings, iikhowudi zocwangciso-mali zocwangciso-mali ezithe kratyani zinokuhla ngo-thulo-thulo nyaka. [[FLD:]]]GOA umba-mali oluquka izibonelelo ezikhululekileyo kunye neenkqubo zaleebhusayithi zangoku ezikhoyo zangoku [iiiiiiiii

Iikomiti zoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali loMhlazo

Elinye icebo eliphantsi kodwa elisebenzayo kwizixeko ezincinane kukwenza ikomiti yoqingqo-mali. Ikomiti `idibanisa ububanzi becandelo elinqamlezileyo, abanini-mali, kunye neenkokeli zoluntu---(meets rhoqo kulo mjikelo woqingqo-mali ukuhlola izicelo, ukubonelela igalelo, kunye nokucebisa izinto eziza kuqala. Le ndlela ifana noqingqo-mali lomzilili womzi woqingqo loqingqo-mali kwimi encinci kwaye yakha ingqiqo yokuba nomnini-ofisi we-ofisi ngokwezigqibo ngaphandle kokwenza ulawulo olupheleleyo lwe-PB. Ikomiti ikwasebenza njengesixhobo sokucacisa urhwebo olunzima lwe-162off kuwonke.

Izixeko Ezikhulu Ezineengenelo

Izixeko ezinkulu zisebenzisana namakhulu amasebe, amashumi amawaka abaqeshwa, nezigidi ezingamawaka ali-769 zemali eqingqiweyo.

Ukuyila nokuxela ukumiselwa kwengxelo

Izixeko ezinkulu zivelisa ubuninzi obukhulu be-data esebenzayo (ukusukela kumhla wama-31) iminxeba esebenzayo, iirekhodi zothutho lwamapolisa, imiyalelo yomsebenzi, kunye neebhulorho zerhafu. Ukuqhubela phambili kokusetyenziswa kwerhafu kungaguqula le nkcazelo ibe kukubonela kwangaphambili. Iimodeli ezixela kwangaphambili zinceda ekuxeleni ingeniso eninzi, iimfuno zogcino-mali, kwaneendawo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezishushu, ezenza ulungelelwaniso loqingqo-mali. Umzekelo, iSan Francisco isebenzisa uhlahlolo lokuxela kwangaphambili ukunikezela ngemisebenzi kawonke ngexesha lenkqulukwano, ukucutha iindleko ezithe kratya ezithe rhoqo. Abaphathi beziXhosa-mali kufuneka bafake imali eninzi kakhulu kwiyunithi ezinikezelweyo okanye i-ekhompyutha eyunivesithi ukuze banike le migaqo-mali. Ulwazi luchaza ngokuthe ngqo uhlahlolo lwemiboniso: ukuba uludwe oluthile lwe-data olune-eastrup, imali lungajoance.

Uqingqo-mali olubhetyebhetye noqikelelo

Uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le luye lwaphelelwa ngokukhawuleza kubume bemeko yezoqoqosho obuguquguqukayo. Amadolobha amakhulu amkela iindlela zoqingqo-mali ezibhetyebhetye, eziquka ukuqikelela kwangaphambili uhlaziyo, ucwangciso lweminyaka emininzi, kunye nokugcinwa koludwe. Uqikelelo lokusombulula iiyure ezisisigxina zeminyaka engama-886 kunye nenkqubo eqhubekayo apho intethe engaphambili ibhabhayoloji (umz. iinyanga ezili-12) zihamba zisiya phambili. Oku kuvumela abaphathi besixeko ukuba balungelelanise ukuhlawula iindleko-mali ezifutshane okanye iimfuno ezingalindelekilengalindeli umjikelo woqingqo-mali olandelayo. Umzekelo, ukuba irhafuthezo luyekile phakathi kweminyaka e-196, isebe lemali liyakwazi ukuphawula ukuba akukho mali ingeniso eninzi nemali echithwayo ngoko nangoko.

Ushishino loluntu

IiP3 zenzi ukuba izixeko ezinkulu zikwazi ukuqokelela nokuhambisa iiprojekthi ezinkulu . ezifana neendlela, iibhulorho, izikhundla zokunyanga amanzi, kwanezindlu ezinokufikeleleka ngokulinganayo . kodwa, iplani yangasese, izakhiwo, imali, kwaye isoloko isebenzisa ifaksi yemali ngexesha elimisiweyo, ukutshintshisa iindleko zomsebenzi okanye iindleko ezisekelwe kwisixeko. Oku kunciphisa ikomkhulu elingaphandle kunye nokuthumela ezinye iindleko kwicandelo labucala. Noko ke, ii-P3 zifuna ulawulo olucophelelayo ukuze ziqinisekise inzuzo kawonke kwaye ziphephe iindleko eziphezulu zexesha elide. Abaphathi beziXhotwe kufuneka bamisele inkqubo yeP3 yenkqubo kwaye bahlole iprojective nganye kwiprojective yayo elungele ukulungiselela iinkqubo zemali. Umanyano lwesizwe saseCity (NC) lukhuphela

Inkqubo yokuPhicotha iziBonelelo eziNgenisiweyo (ERP)

Kwizixeko ezinkulu, iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zoqingqo-mali ezikhokelela kwi-inficiencies kunye neempazamo. Iiplat zale mihla ze-ERP zidibanisa uqingqo-mali, ukuqokelelwa kolwabiwo-mali, ukuqokelelwa, ukuhlawulwa, kunye nolawulo lwemisebenzi kwinkqubo enye. Zinika ukubonakala kokwenene kwexesha lokusebenza kwinkcazo, ulawulo lwezikhundla, kwaye zivumela ukuba zikwazi ukuxela ngezoququzelela iibhulunqwe zolawulo. Ukukhupho kubiza imali eninzi kunye nexesha, kodwa ukubuya komngeni wogcino-mali ngokwemiqatha yomsebenzi, ukuthobela okuphuculwa kobuchule obusemgangathweni, kunye nokuqonda okubalulekileyo. Abaphathi beziXhongo kufuneka bakhokele inkqubo yokukhetha equkelwe kwingeniso yemali, ingeniso, i-IT, i-DSCY, kunye nemisebenzi yemichini exhasa ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza.

Ingeniso esekelwe kuhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Izixeko ezinkulu zingandisa iziphumo ezisekelwe kwisakhelo soqingqo-mali esikwisebe lonke. Umzekelo, uqingqo-mali lwesebe loluntu loluntu lunganxulumene nokunciphisa utyelelo lwegumbi longxamiseko ukwenzela iimeko ezinokuthintelwa; uqingqo-mali lwesebe lezothutho lungadityaniswa ne-avareji yexesha lokuhamba okanye izalathisi zemeko yomgca. Ukufunyanwa koqingqo-mali olusekelwe kwi-projekthi kufuna ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluqinileyo kunye nophicongo oluzimeleyo. Kuguqula impucuko ukuba ingabi “yo imali eqingqiweyo” ukuya“ kwiziphumo ezinokuphumelela.” Izixeko ezifana ne-Baltimorence kunye neMinneapolis zifake iinguqulelo zalee indlela, kusetyenziswa iibhodi ezibonisa izikhathi zokusebenza ezibonisa inkciso zemali kwinkcio-data.

Ukuphumelela Nokwakha Ngokucace

Uqingqo-mali olutsha lusebenza kuphela njengoko iinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukulandelela nokunxibelelana. Abaphathi bezixelo kufuneka balinganisele umsebenzi oqingqiweyo ukususela ekuqaleni, bachaze izibonisi ezingundoqo (KPI) kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezinkulu. Ingxelo yonyaka nenyanga, ngonyaka kunye ne(iintelekelelo) zivumela ulungiso oluphakathi kwaye zivumele ulungiso. Iintshukumo ezibonisa ngaphaya komgca woqingqo-mali kwi-intanethi, ukwenziwa kwemiba ephakathi, ukushwankathelelwa kwemiba, kunye noncedo lwamanani obemi boncedo lwakha ukuthemba kunye nezigqibo ezinzima.

Izixeko ezincinci zingasebenzisa iprogram yokubala i-Spreadsethi elula ~ .g. i-KP Is (umz., indleko yabahlali ngabanye kumkhosi wamapolisa, ipesenti yeendlela kwimeko engalunganga). Izixeko ezinkulu zingasebenzisa i-software yolawulo oluntsonkothileyo ngokukwazi ukuqhuba nokudibanisa ne-ERP. Nokuba sikali, injongo kukwenza irhintyela elinobuchule: oovimba banikwa ngokusekelwe kubungqina beemisebenzi, kwaye utshintsho lwenziwe njengoko kufikelwa ulwazi olutsha.

Ukulingana kufuneka kube negalelo kwimpumelelo. Uhlaziyo lohlaziyo olunceda ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto imimandla efumileyo okanye lungahoyi ubungozi obukhoyo ngokwembali obusemngciphekweni woluntu oqhubekekisa ukungalingani. Abaphathi bezixeko bangasebenzisa amakhadi okufumana iingxelo apheleleyo okanye iingxelo ezichaphazelekayo zoluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithombo inika inkxaso phambili esesikweni kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Isiphelo

Abaphathi bezixeko abahamba ngaphaya koqingqo-mali lwesithethe bevula amandla okwenza okuninzi ngemiqathango encinci, nokokuba kukho iimfuno ezikhulayo. Ukuba abaphathi-mali abasebenzisa i-zero_grafis besebe elincinane, beqalisa inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yokubonelela ukudibana kwabemi, okanye besakha izixeko zokuthelekelela ukucwangciswa kwesakhiwo esikhulu, isitshixo kukuhambelana necebo elichane nemeko yesixeko. Izixeko ezincinane ziyangenelwa kumalungiselelo asebenzisanayo, ukunikezela ngezixhobo zombane, kunye nobugcisa obusezantsi. Izixeko ezinkulu ziyangenelwa kwinkqubo yedata, ukuxelwa okuguquka, kunye neziphumo ezithimba engqiniweyo ezithi ziqheke ngokusetyenziswa kwe-boucaucracties intiotia.

Owona baphathi besixeko baphumeleleyo bajonga uqingqo-mali lungeyonto yoqeqesho olumileyo kodwa njengesixhobo solawulo olusebenzayo. Babandakanya abafaki tyala, iziphumo zomlinganiselo, kwaye bahlale bevulekile kwiindlela ezintsha zoqingqo-mali. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha zoqingqo-mali, kwaye ngokuziqhelisela kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni--------"inkokeli zesixeko zinokulwakha ugcino-mali, ziqinise ulweyiselo loluntu, kunye nokunikela iinkonzo ezizihlangabezana ngokwenene neemfuno zabemi bazo.