Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yobuchule Nentsingiselo Yazo Esemhlabeni

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zenza umva wolawulo-demokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ziguqulela ukuthanda kwabavoti kwizihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kwiofisi elawulayo, ibumba indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo nendlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo. Ukukhethwa kwesixokelelwano sokhetho kuneziphumo ezinzulu zokuzinziswa kwezobupolitika, ukuma, ukuma, kunye nolwaneliseko lovota. Ngoxa kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, nganye ibonakalisa ukuphuhliswa kwesizwe okukhethekileyo kwembali, intlalo, i-clevage, kunye nezinto eziphambili ezingokweenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olubanzi lweenkqubo eziphambili ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje, ukuvavanya iimfaneleko zazo, iinzuzo, kunye nokuhlola indlela amazwe ahlukeneyo aye aziphumeleli ngayo kwiimfuno zawo. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo zoburhulumente boluntu, ukufaneleka nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-demodemokhrasi.

Iinkqubo zooMasipala: Ubuchule noLomeleleyo

IPost yokuqala (FPTP)

Inkqubo yokuqala yePost Prase, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-binity vocation, yenye yezona ndlela zonyulo ezindala nezaziwayo. KwiFPTP, umvoti ofumana ivoti eninzi kwi-loventi enye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba loo mvoti ukhusela uninzi olupheleleyo kusini na. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom, Canada, i-Indiya, kunye ne-United States ukwenzela unyulo lonyulo lomthetho. I-FPP ixatyiswe kakhulu ngenxa yeziphumo zayo ezilula: i-FPPP ikhetha i-votice enye kwi-balot, kwaye isiphumo sicacile. Idla ngokuvelisa urhulumente omnye ozinzileyo, njengoko kusoloko kuzama ukuzuza inkxaso ngaphandle kokuba inkxaso yawo. Noko ke, i-FPPP igxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokwenziwa kweziphumo ezikhoyo ze-Atrainportet.

Inkqubo enemijukujelwa emibini (TRS)

Kwakhona i-aflears eyaziwa njengenkqubo yokukhupha i-"wind System" ifuna umvoti-mbini ukufumana uninzi lwevoti okokuqala ukuphumelela. Ukuba akukho mjikelo wesibini ubanjwa phakathi kwabathathi-mphini abaphezulu, ivelisa uxhaso olukhulu. Le ndlela isetyenziswa eFransi ukwenzela unyulo lomongameli kunye nobeko lwemithetho, kwanakumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika nase Latin America ukwenzela iintsika eziphezulu. ITRS ivumela uvotisbeko ukuba lubonise ukhetho olunyanisekileyo lokuqala olusemgangathweni, kwangoko amalahle asemva kokhetho olwamkelekileyo olusukayo. Oku kungakhuthaza imibutho ebanzi kwaye kunciphise umngcipheko wokuphumelela ngobukhulu obuncinane. Ngaphandle koko, i-TRS yandisa iindleko neendleko ezichukeleyo, kwaye iyakwazi ukuvota okuchanabayo.

Inkqubo ezizizo: Ubulungisa noxanduva

Umelo loLuhlu lweQela

Umelo lweqela lemibutho luquka uluhlu lwabathathi-nxaxheba, yaye izihlalo zizele kweso sixhobo siqhelekileyo sokhetho emhlabeni wonke, esisetyenziswa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-80. Phantsi koluhlu lwePR, abavoti bakhetha iqela kunokuba bakhethe abaza kuthatha inxaxheba, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa amaqela ngokweesabelo zabo. Iindawo zokuhlanganisa amaqela ziquka uluhlu oluvaliweyo, apho iqela ligqiba khona ukucwangcwa, kwaye livula uluhlu, apho abavoti banokuveza khona izikhethelo zabo, ngaloo ndlela bakhuthaza izithuba eziphezulu. Amazwe anjengeSweden, i-lsland, i-allands, ne-South Africa asebenzisa uluhlu lwePR. Le nkqubo ivelisa iziphumo eziphezulu, ithetha ukuba amalungu amancinane angakhusela ixesha elide njengoko edlula umqobo othile (ikhulu eli-5%%). I-propatitencesssssssss isoloko ibonakalisa ulwanombolo olubanzi. Ngokoluvo lwamayela kulawulo olukhoyo, ngokokusetyenziswa ngumthetho oluntu oluthe .

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

IVote eDlulisayo iyindlela esetyenziswayo kwimimandla emininzi. Abaququzeleli basetyenziswa kukhetho. Abaveleli bafumana imvume yokukhetha. Abanyulwa banikwa iqumrhu lokhetho, kwaye abagqitha umlinganiselo bakhethwa, kunye nevoti eziseleyo zithunyelwe kubavoti abasezantsi abaqeshiweyo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe. I-STV isetyenziselwa unyulo lwepalamente eIreland naseMalta, ukwenzela iNtsiba ye-Ostreliya, kunye nokhetho lwengingqini kumazwe amaninzi. Isitshixo se-STV sibandakanya iziphumo zolwahlulo oluno olunolwahlulwayo nokhetho olunamandla. I-Voters iyakwazi ukubeka abatshali abathathi-nxaxheba phakathi kwamaqela ahlukene, ezivumela ukuba babonise izikhethelo ezikhethiweyo, nokukhuthaza ukukhuthulwa kwe-tratrated. Ngoko ke, i-STV, ukuba i-ssssss kuqondane, kwaye i-od projectrived widio-o-otive, ingakumbi, imimandla ephakathi

Iinkqubo Ezixutyiweyo Nezamakhazikhazi: Ukuvala Ukwahlukana

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo zeMember Propogational zizama ukudibanisa umelo lwendawo lwemibutho engundoqo kunye nolwahlulo loluhlu lwe-PR. Olu tshintsho lwaziwayo lusetyenziswa eJamani nase-New Zealand. IiVoter ziphosa iibhola ezimbini: enye kwi--procession kwisithili sazo sobulali (ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa i-FPTPP) kunye nenye kuluhlu lweqela. ivoti igqiba ukuba ulwahlulo lwezihlalo lwezihlalo, nezihlalo zesithili ezibalelwa kwiqela liphela. Ezinye “ephezulu-” izihlalo ezisuka kuludwe lwamaqela zongeniswa ukuze zifumane ulwahlulo. MMP ivelisa iqondo eliphezulu lolwahlulo. Quaiseka ku-1% lwevotili oluqhelekileyo. Elikhuthaza oorhulumente kunye nezopolitiko, njengoko kujongwe ngendlela ejikelezayo, i-MMP.

Ukujijeka okudibeneyo (Mented-Member Majorian)

Uvota okunxulumanisiweyo, okukwabizwa ngokuba yiMixdied-Member Majoritarian (MMMM), kuyafana ne-MMP kodwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokusebenza ngokumanyeneyo. Abalawuli kwakhona bakhetha ubhaptizo lwesithili kunye neqela, kodwa izihlalo zeqela zabelwa ngaphandle kweziphumo zesithili. Oku kunceda amaqela amakhulu kwaye kunciphise iziphumo zokulungelelanisa. Amazwe anjengeJapan, iRashiya, kunye neMexico asebenzisa iinkqubo ezinxulumanisiweyo. EJapan, inkqubo yaziswa ngo-1999 ukuze inciphise ukonakala kwaye ibangele ukhuphiswano lwezahlulo ezimbini ezizigabadi, ngokufuthi avelisa iziphumo ezithe kratya ezithe zahlukeneyo.

Uhlalutyo lothelekiso:

EUnited States: IFPTP Lige

I-United States ingumzekelo obalaseleyo we-FPTP kumgangatho wesizwe, esetyenziselwa iNdlu yabameli kunye (kwinkqubo yesithili elungisiweyo) kunyulo lomongameli odlula kwiKholiji yase-Electoral. Isiphumo sisithi isibini separatapoly. Iqela lesithathu elifana ne-Libertarians okanye iGreens linqabile ukuphumelela izihlalo, kwaye iivota zabo zesizwe zingaphaya kwesabelo sazo. Inkqubo ikwanegalelo kwiGgerrymandering, apho imida yesithili itsalelwa ukuxhasa iqela elinye. Ngexesha eliphambili i-FPPPP ivelisa, amava e-voti asezantsi ajikayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindawo, ngenxa yokuba uninzi lweendawo ezikhuselekileyo lungavotiswa. Unyuswa nokhetho oluqhelekileyo, u-2016, u-2016, apho u-TPinmorence oluphambili luye lwabala i-Elton, nolunyuselwayo.

EJamani: Umzekelo WeMMP

Inkqubo ye-MMP yaseJamani idla ngokukhankanywa njengemodeli yokumela. I-Bundestag iquka izihlalo ezingaphezulu kwama-598 (nangona zihlalo nezihlalo zokulungisa zingandisa eli nani). Le miqobo yesithili ikhetha isiqingatha sezihlalo, kwaye ivoti imisela ukuba iqulunqe, naliphi na iqela elifumana ngaphantsi kwe 5% yevoti yeqela (ngaphandle kokuba iphumelele izihlalo ezintathu zesithili) ikhutshwe. Le nkqubo inqanda ukwahlukana okugqithiswa kakhulu ngethuba ivumela amaqela amaninzi (eGreenters, "afs, eKhohlo, ne FDP) ukuba ihlale ecaleni kweCDU/CU neSD. I-SP efuna ukuhlahlela nokuhleba. Isixokelelwano sikhusele amashumi eminyaka amashumi eminyaka, nangona ukhlulo olukhoyo lwe-MMP olukhoyo lwe-RGP sikhonjiweyo.

Sweden: Vula- Uluhlu PR

I-Riksdag yaseSweden inyulwa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo elungisiweyo yolungelelwaniso oluvulekileyo, inika impembelelo ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba abatsha ngomqobo wesizwe (okanye 12% kulawulo olunye). Iintlanganiso ezikhoyo; abavoti banokuvota iqela okanye babonise ukhetho lobuqu lomvotelwa. Oku kukhuthaza ukuvumelana kunye nokumela okubanzi. Noko ke, urhulumente ongqubanayo ngamanye amaxesha anokuthi aphinde alungele udwe, kwaye ukwenza inkqubo yenze ifune ukuba abavoti banikezele ngokwahlukeneyo. Inkqubo ye-PR iveza indlela ekhuthayo ephezulu yokuguqula i-voti (8 okanye ithoba elisithoba) kwaye ithanda ukuba i-ontathe yahlukeneyo (ngokunje i-80%).

Ngaphaya Kwezi Nto Zithathu: Ukuthelekiswa Okungakumbi

IIndiya, eyona mimandla inkulu yedemokhrasi ehlabathini, isebenzisa i-FPTP kunyulo lwayo lweLok Sabba. Le nkqubo ivelise urhulumente ozinzileyo, kodwa kwakhona ingaphantsi kwe-aussmeaam namaqela amancinane emimandla ngaphandle kokuba axhaswe ngokugqithisileyo. IBrazil isebenzisa uluhlu oluvulekileyo lwe-PR kunye nezithili ezinkulu kakhulu, ikhokelela kwintsebenziswano ezininzi kunye namaphulo obuqu. Ingqungquthela yaseFransi yeNdibano yesiZwe idibanisa isidubulo esikhulu ngomjinganiso wesibini osoloko uvelisa ugqatso olomelele irbathi olumathelisayo ngokuchasene noxanduva. Umzekelo ngamnye ubonisa indlela imo-mo lwentlalo kunye nolawulo olukhoyo oluyilo lwenkqubo yokhetho.

Iingenelo Neentswelo: Imbono Elungeleleneyo

Iinkqubo zooMasipala: Iipro kunye neeNgqungquthela

Izibonelelo eziphezulu: Iinkqubo zobuMajoni njenge FPTP kunye ne TRS zilula ukuqonda nokubala. Zidla ngokudala oorhulumente abanobucaka abanokudlulisa umthetho ngokukhawuleza kwaye banokuphendula kwivoti. Zidimaza amaqela agqithisileyo kuba ukuphumelela kufuna ulwakhiwo lwesibheno esibanzi. Zikwagcina uqhagamshelwano olunamandla lwelizwe phakathi kwabameli kunye nee-contitue.

Izikhuphi-mali: Ezi nkqubo zivelisa iziphumo zokurhoxa, ngokufuthi zinika iqela elikhulu nge “inkomfa efunyenweyo” ngexesha lokonakalisa abanye. Iivoti ezigatyiweyo zixhaphakile, zikhokelela ekurhoxiseni intsabelo yovoti. Zingaqhubekisela phambili iingcamango ezintsha, kwaye zifake iphulo elibi kunye nokuvota.

Inkqubo yokwandiswa: Iiprojekthi nezikolo

Izikhuseli ezikhoyo: umelo lwepropati luqinisekisa ukuba izihlalo zowiso-mthetho zibonisa izabelo eziqhelekileyo zevoti, kuquka namaqela amancinane. Ikhuthaza inkqubo yecandelo amaninzi, inika abavoti ukhetho olungakumbi kwaye inika ukurhoxa okuphezulu. Inciphisa iivoti ezilahlwayo kwaye ikhokelele ekwenzeni inkqubo equka yonke.

Iziphumo ze-PLT's directs: isoloko iphumela kurhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo, abanokungazinzi okanye abanokucotha ukuphendula, ingakumbi kuluntu oludibeneyo. Inganika impembelelo engalinganiyo kumaqela amancinci ajikelezayo anokuphelisa umlinganiselo. Iinguqulelo ezivaliweyo zinikelw' amandla ngamandla neqela eliphezulu, zithob'ityala elithe ngqo kwii-PR systems nazo zingadidanisa uvoti.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Notshintsho Oluqhelekileyo

Isithembiso somhlaba wonke sotshintsho lwenkqubo zokhetho asithathi sithuba. Amazwe amaninzi aye enza utshintsho ukuze alungise iimpazamo ezicingelwayo. Ku-UK, i-UK, i-Vote (AV) eyalahlwayo ngo-2011 i-tendium, kodwa i-PR ifuna ukuba i-PR iqhubeke. Isithembiso se-Canada se- 2015-Liberal sokuguqula i-FPTPPP sashiywa emva kokungavumelani. Ukusuka kwe-New Zealand kusuka kwi-FPPPP ukuya kwiMP ngo-1993 ngumzekelo omkhulu wokuphumelela kwempumelelo okuqhutywayo kuqhutyelwa nokhetho lukawonke wonke. I-Irlande isebenzisa i-STV phantse ngeminyaka emalunga nekhulu kwaye icingelwa ngokutsha ukuba iphinde ifumaneke i-RC. I-Rhank i-evice iyakwazi ukunyusa umhlaba eUnited States kumgangatho ofana nomgangatho we-Francis York, i-Maineequeens, kunye nonyusolikel isebenzisa unyusoluvo lwasekunye ukunyuka kwemeko oluphambili lwendlela olu

Enye intsingiselo kukusetyenziswa komlinganiselo wesini kunye nezihlalo ezigcinweyo ukunyusa umelo, ngokufuthi zisebenza kwiinkqubo zonyulo ezikhoyo. Amazwe anjenge Rwanda ne-Argentina asebenzise uluhlu oluvaliweyo lwe-PR oluneemfuno zomlinganiselo wokufikelela kumlinganiselo wesini kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho. Iinguqu ezinjalo zibonisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yokukhetha kusenokuba sisixhobo esinamandla ekufikeleleni usukelo olubanzi lwentlalo.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral azingobuchule bobugcisa nje kuphela; zibumba ubunjani kunye nophawu lwedemokhrasi. Ukusuka kulula kweyokuqala iPosi eUnited States naseIndiya ukuya kumlinganiselo woluhlu lwe-PR oluvulekileyo lwe-Sweden kunye nolungelelwaniso oluyi-inguqu ze-MMP yaseJamani, inkqubo nganye inika urhwebo-lungiso. Akukho sisombululo somlinganiselo wonke wedemokhrasi; inkqubo engcono ixhomekeke kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yelizwe, izahlulo loluntu, kunye nemithetho ephambili. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okuxhasa utshintsho oluhambelana nexabiso labo. Njengoko utshintsho oluqhubekayo, uhlalutyo nokuguqulwa kwenkqubo yokhetho luza kuhlala luyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu baya kulungele ukuphumelela kwaye kuguqulelwa kwinkqubo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga iInternational Institute yedemokhrasi kunye ne-Electoral Uncedo kunye noThungelwano lolwazi olukwindawo ebanzi].