Ukwazisa: Ibhedock of Democratic Society

Nakuyiphi na idemokhrasi esebenzayo, ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye aluyonto esemthethweni nje kuphela kodwa lusekelwe kanye kwisiseko apho kulawulwa khona. Inkululeko yabemi nenkululeko esisiseko ekhusela abemi ekungeneni kukarhulumente okungangqinelani nokungangqinelaniyo, yiyo eyahlula uluntu olukhululekileyo kolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu. Zivumela ukutshintshisana okuvulekileyo ngeengcamango, ukukhuthaza inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlale ethembekile ebantwini. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yoluntu, unyulo luba nezithethe ezingekho siseko, ukrumpluko luyapheliswa, kwaye amazwi amancinane ayacinezelwa. Ukuqonda, ukukhusela, kunye nokwandisa olu nkululeko kuyimfuneko kumntu ngamnye oxabisa inkululeko.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela abantu abakhululekile ngayo, indaleko yabo, indima yabo ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi, iingxaki abajamelana nazo, noko sinokukwenza ukuze sibakhusele kwizizukulwana zexesha elizayo.

Kuyintoni Ukukhululwa Kwabemi Ngomthonyama?

Inkululeko yamakhaya lukhuseleko olusemthethweni kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Isoloko ibekwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kumthetho-siseko wamalungelo, okanye izixhobo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke. Ngokungafaniyo namalungelo abantu. Ngokungafaniyo namalungelo oluntu (ngokufuthi kufuneka urhulumente athathe inyathelo elilungileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo/ukufumana inkululeko elinganayo) kuninzi lwenkululeko engalunganga: babeka imida koko urhulumente anokukwenza kubantu ngabanye.

Ngoxa uluhlu olukhethekileyo lungafani ngokwelizwe, inkoliso yedemokhrasi iqonda umgangatho oyintloko wenkululeko yasekuhlaleni:

  • Inkululeko yokuthetha nentetho – ilungelo lokuthetha, ukubhala, kunye nokupapasha izimvo ngaphandle kohlalutyo lukarhulumente.
  • Inkululeko yonqulo – ilungelo lokuqhelisela naluphi na ukholo okanye naluphi na, ngaphandle kwengxinaniso karhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwimfihlo -ukukhusela ekuphengululeni okungalungiyo, ukukhangela, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi ngurhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] kulungele inkqubo efunekayo – ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olufana nokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, ukumela okusemthethweni, kunye nokhuseleko ekuvalelweni ngenkani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yendibano kunye nomanyano – ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo nokwakha amaqela okanye amaqhina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yomatshini wokushicilela – uzimeleyo logcino-lwazi ukunikela ingxelo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngurhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukucela – ukukwazi ukufuna izilungiso kurhulumente.

Le nkululeko ayiphelelanga; inokuba nemilinganiselo elinganiselweyo xa ingqubana nezinye izilangazelelo ezisisiseko, ezinjengokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Noko ke, nayiphi na imiqathango kufuneka ilungiswe ngokumxinwa kwaye igwetyelwe ngokusemthethweni. Uxanduva lobungqina lusoloko lukhona kurhulumente ukubonisa isizathu sokuba umlinganiselo uyimfuneko kwibutho labantu elikhululekileyo.

Umahluko Phakathi Kokukhululeka Kwamakhaya Namalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Kubalulekile ukwahlula inkululeko yabemi kumalungelo abantu, nangona amagama esoloko esetyenziswa ngokulinganayo. Ukhuseleko lwabemi lusuka kurhulumente oxhathisayo () (umzekelo, uLawulo Lokuqala Lokwenziwa kwamalungelo omlomo okhululekileyo. Amalungelo oluntu, kwelinye icala, zisiqinisekiso sonyango olulinganayo kunye nokungaguquguquki, njengamalungelo okuvota, ukufikelela kwindlu, okanye ukufumana imfundo kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga, ubufana, ubufana neentlobano zesini, okanye isiphene. Zombini zibalulekile, kodwa zifuna ukungenelwa ngokwasemthethweni kunye nemigaqo.

Indima Yokukhulula Abahlali Kwidemokhrasi

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lungaphezulu komthetho omninzi. Lufuna ukuba kubekho intengiso yokwenene yeengcamango, apho abemi banokuphikisana, bagxeke, baphembelele inkqubo ngaphandle koloyiko.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwezobupolitika Okunenxaxheba

Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisana, neyokushicilela, unyulo alunantsingiselo. Abavoti abanakufunda ngabaza kufumana inkxaso okanye ngemigaqo, amaqela enkcaso akanakukwazi ukuthatha iphulo, kwaye uluntu lungenakuziphendulela iinkokeli. Inkululeko yabemi iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yedemokhrasi ayiyonkqubo yobudemokhrasi kodwa lukhuphiswano lokwenyaniso lweengcamango.

Ukukhusela Ilizwi Elincinane

Nakweliphi na ibutho labantu, uninzi lungahendelwa ekucinezeleni iimbono ezingathandwayo okanye amaqela asengozini. Ukukhululeka kwabemi kusebenza njengekhusi kumaqela amancinane(amaqela) onqulo, ezobupolitika, okanye eengcamango. Baqinisekisa ukuba kwanabona bantu baphantsi kakhulu banokuxhasa amalungelo abo baze banyanzele utshintsho ngoxolo. Oku kukhusela ubuninzi obenza idemokhrasi ibe nempembelelo entle.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Yindlela yokushicilela yamaphephandaba neyomeleleyo yokukhusela abavuli-phulo ngegunya lokubona ngaphaya korhulumente. Abacholacholi-ndaba, abaxhasi, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo bangabhenca ukunganyaniseki, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, kunye nokungaphumeleli kwemigaqo. Xa inkululeko yabemi yomelele, urhulumente akanakufihla ububi bakhe ngokufihlakeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, iPentagon Papers [ impapasho ebhaliweyo ngo-1971] ibonisa indlela inkululeko yoosomashishini enokuthi ikhangele ngayo ukuchukumiseka kwemi.

Ukuphuhliswa kweNkcubeko neNkcubeko

Iingingqi ezikhusela inkululeko yabemi zidla ngokusebenza kakhulu. Inkululeko, ukubonakala kobugcisa, kunye nophando lwenzululwazi luxhaphakile xa abaphandi nabadali benganyanzelwanga yizithethe. Imibutho emininzi ephambili yezentlalo (ukusuka ekulweni ukulingana kobuhlanga ukuya ekulweni kweLGBTQ+ amalungelo enkululeko yokulungiselela, ukuqhankqalaza, nokuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Imbali Ethetha Ngokukhululeka Kwabemi

Ingcamango yokuba abantu banelungelo lokuhlonelwa ngurhulumente iyinto ephunyezwe ngokunzima kwaye enzima. Iimbalasane ezingundoqo zembali ziye zandisa inkululeko yasekuhlaleni ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

Isiseko Sangaphambili: UMagna Carta NoHabeas Corpus

IMagna Carta yowe-1215 yaseka ingcamango yemvukelo yokuba ukumkani wayengengawudluli umthetho. Yazisa imigaqo enjengenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokuvavanywa kwetyala ngabachopheli-tyala. Kamva, iSivumelwano sikaHabeas Corpus (1679) saqinisa ilungelo labantu lokuvavanya ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni, qha, isiseko senkululeko yobuqu esisaqhubeka sisesangundoqo namhlanje.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Abacingisisi njengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu baphikisana ngamalungelo emvelo . Izimvo zafunyanwa ngabantu bonke. Ezi ngcamango zafumana imbonakalo ecacileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo e-U.S. (1791), eyadibanisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yengqungquthela, kunye nesicelo. Ngelinye ixesha, ukucaciswa kwamalungelo abantu kwamalungelo abantu nowabantu [unyaka we-179] [unyaka we-19] kwavakalisa inkululeko, impahla, kunye nokuchasa ingcinezelo njengesiseko.

Ukwanda Kwenkulungwane Ye - 19 Neyama - 20

Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka, umbutho wamabhinqa, kunye nombutho wabasebenzi bonke baxhomekeke kwinkululeko yabemi ukuba bafakelwe. EUnited States, uMphetho we-14 (1868) wanyusa ukhuseleko lukarhulumente kwizenzo zikarhulumente, yaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe yasebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe ngokubandakanya. ISindululo somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo abantu (1948), esamkelwa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, samisela umlinganiselo wehlabathi lonke, sivakalisa ukuba “bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile yaye belingana ngamalungelo namalungelo."

Ulawulo lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwabonwa amadabi amakhulu asemthethweni okunyanzelisa inkululeko yabemi baseAfrika, kuquka amatyala aphawulayo ibrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) kunye Gideon v. Wainright[ [1963] [iiiimeko zophawu lwendlela yokubhaqo). Kamva, Roe v. [[FLT:] Isigqibo esikhoyo sokwakhelwa kobunini ngaphambili] savuma ukuba nelungelo, ngexa [[FLT:] [[12] [12]].[FLT]

Ucelomngeni Lokukhulula Abahlali Kwiimeko Zanamhlanje

Nangona zisuka ezi ngxakini, inkululeko yasekuhlaleni isoloko iphantsi kwengcinezelo, ingakumbi ngamaxesha abonakala enzima.

Imfumba eninzi kunye nokunyuka kwemfihlo

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa iye yanika oorhulumente amandla angenakuthelekiswa nanto okukwazi ukuqwalasela. Iimpendulo zikaEdward Snowden ngo-2013 zabonisa ukuba i-National Security Agency (NSA) yayiqokelela imetadata kumakhulu abantu baseMelika nakumazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kwemvume. Ulwandiso lobuso, ukujongana nge-AID-drive, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwabadlali boluntu kunye nabadlali babucala lusongela ilungelo lokuba yimfihlo. Imithetho efana neUSA PATRIOTTT Act kunye nabaxhasi bayo baye banciphisa ukhuseleko lweSine sokuLandlwa, ngokufuthi benogawulwa kancinane.

Imiqathango Kwinkululeko Yokuthetha Neyokushicilela

Oorhulumente ehlabathini jikelele basebenzisa ngokukhulayo izibhengezo “zokulwa ukhuseleko lwamazwe,” okanye“ ukukhusela intsebenziswano yentlalo” ukuphelisa ukungavumelani. Abacholacholi-ndaba babanjwa, imithetho yokuqhayisa iqinisiwe, kwaye uhlalutyo lwe-intanethi luyanda. Kwanakulawulo-lwazi olumiselweyo, umgca phakathi kokulawula intetho eyingozi nokucinezela ukugxekwa okusemthethweni uyavavanywa. [[FLT:] ACLU] imigudu yenkululeko yokuthetha ibala] ibalase umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokugcina ivulekile ingxoxo kawonkewonke.

Iintlobo

Uluntu olufudukayo, iinkonzo ezincinane, namaqela eentlanga asoloko ejongene nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye amapolisa. Ukuvalwa kolawulo lobuTrump kumazwe ajongene nokuhlasela amaSilamsi, ukusetyenziswa kwamaJaphani aseMerika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye nokuqhekeka okugqithisileyo kwemibutho yabaNtlanga, konke kubonisa indlela inkululeko yoluntu enokunikelwa ngayo egameni lokhuseleko okanye ulawulo lwentlalo.

Ukucinezelwa Kwendibano Yoxolo

Imibhiyozo yoxolo inguphawu lwedemokhrasi, ukanti abasemagunyeni badla ngokusabela ngamandla agqithisileyo, ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, kunye nemithetho emitsha ethintela indibano. I-# BlackLives Matter yoma 2020 yajonga ukubuya kwexesha, igesi ekrazula, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni axhotyiswe ngokuchasene nabacuphi beedemon. Ukukrazula okufanayo kwenzeka kumazwe afana neHong Kong, apho umthetho wokhuseleko wesizwe ungene ngokuphumelelayo waqhekeza iinkalo ezininzi zokungavumelani.

Ukuncipha kwenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ukunqandwa kokuvalelwa, iinkundla zasese, nokusetyenziswa kweenkundla zomkhosi kuyabalulaza abantu abaqhelekileyo. Emva kokuba i-9/11, i-U.S. ivalele amakhulu abantu eGuantánamo Bay ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokungenasiphelo. Ukusetyenziswa “koluhlu olungenazingcingo”, ukuvalelwa wedwa, nokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala kumela ukuphambuka okunzulu kwinkqubela-nkqubo efanelekileyo.

Indlela Yokukhusela Nokomeleza Inkululeko Yabemi

Ukukhusela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni kufuna ukuganana okusebenzayo ngalo lonke ixesha,

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Ulwazi luyindlela yokuqala yokuzikhusela. Abantu abanakuwakhusela amalungelo abangayiqondiyo. Funda umgaqo-siseko welizwe lakho, funda iNkundla Ephakamileyo okanye izigqibo zenkundla ephakamileyo okanye zomGaqo-siseko, uze ulandele umsebenzi weentlangano zenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Thetha ngale ngxaki nabahlobo kunye nentsapho ukuze uphakazelise ukuphaphalazeka.

Inkxaso yemibutho yenkululeko yamakhaya

Amaqela angenangeniso kunye namaqela angenazintlawulo adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiligia, imfundo, kunye nokutsalela. Qwalasela amaqela axhasayo anjengelithi izithintelo zoluntu zaseMelika [ACLU] Union , [[FLT]] i-Ectronic Foundation (EFF)[FLT], okanye i-MDIS International. Le mibutho isebenzisa izihlunu ezisemthethweni ukuvavanya imithetho edityanisiweyo kwaye inika abaxhasi.

Yiba Nenxaxheba Kwizenzo Zoxolo Nokuphatha Abanye Ngobulumko

Sebenzisa amajelo eewebhusayithi ukuze uncede abantu bacinge ukuba ukungcakaza kuluncedo xa kusenziwa iziphumo zembali yaye kusetyenziswa amalungelo abanye.

Baphe Amagosa Karhulumente Imbopheleleko

Ukukhuthaza abo bafuna ukusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Sebenzisa inkululeko yenkcazelo ukucela inkcazelo kwiinkqubo zokuhlola. Ukuxhasa abafunyanisi bempempe ebhenca ububi. Ukunyanzelisa ukuba abameli bomthetho bamkele iinkqubo ezihlonela ukuzimela, ukunqanda ukukhutshwa kwenkululeko yobuhlanga, nokuqinisekisa ukuba bamele baphendule ngehambo evaliweyo.

Ukuxhasa Ukhuseleko Olunamandla Lwezeejaji

Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ekunyanzeleni ukhuthuzo lwenkululeko yabemi. Ummeli wokutyunjwa kwabagwebi abawaqondayo nabawaxabisayo amalungelo abantu. Ukutyhala umthetho obeke imiqathango yamandla olawulo oluphezulu, kufuna imiyalelo yokuphengulula amanani, kunye nemisebenzi yokuvalwa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuxhasa imithetho efana ne- INFUZER, ejolise ekuphindeni iliso kwingxilongo eninzi.

Khusela Amalungelo Okuzifihla Kwixesha Lamanani

Sebenzisa izixhobo zokukhowuda, phatha izicwangciso zakho zobuqu, kwaye uxhase iinkampani ezibeka imfihlo yomntu ozisebenzisayo. Ummeli wemithetho yokhuseleko logcino-lwazi eyomeleleyo efana ne-General Data Protection Reglation (GDPR). umsebenzi we-escs ye-IFF unika ukhokelo ekunciphiseni unyawo lwakho lwamanani.

Ikamva Lokukhululwa Kwabemi: Iimbambano Ezizayo

Njengoko ubugcisa nebutho labantu zitshintsha, kuza kubakho iingxaki ezintsha ezibangela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Ubuntlola noLawulo lwemithetho

Iinkqubo ze-II ezisetyenziswa kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqesha, ukuqinisa amatyala, kunye neengenelo zikawonke-wonke zingaqhubekisela phambili ucalucalulo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokucacileyo nelungelo lokubhenela kwizigqibo ezizenzekelayo, abantu abakwazi ukulawula ubomi babo. Imigudu yokulawula i-Al/njengenkqubo ye-Al Union ecetyiweyo ye-Al-iron kufuneka iquke izikhuseli ezinamandla zenkululeko yabemi.

Umlinganiselo wemichiza kunye nokweenkcukacha zobume

Oorhulumente neenkampani basebenzisa ubugcisa bokuphawula ubuso kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya, kwizitrato nasesikolweni. Obu bugcisa bungabangela indibano kawonke-wonke, bukwazi ukuqokelela intabalala yabantu abanombala ongafaniyo, kwaye bunokwenza abantu ababhinqileyo bangakwazi ukubhaqa. Izixeko ezininzi ziye zakuvala ukusetyenziswa kobuso ngurhulumente; abameli bazama ukuphelisa imfazwe yesizwe.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokukhululeka Kwabemi

Njengokuba iintlekele zemozulu ezinxulumene nemozulu zisiba zizinto ezixhaphakileyo, oorhulumente basenokumisela amanyathelo ongxamiseko athintela intshukumo, indawo yokuhlala, namalungelo empahla. Amalungelo eembacu zemozulu, abemi bomthonyama, kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo abachaphazelekayo bafuna izakhiwo ezintsha ezisemthethweni. Abakhuseli bemekobume abaqhankqalazayo bakwajongene nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukudityaniswa Kwamalungelo amanani

Inkululeko ye-Intanethi iyahlaselwa ehlabathini lonke, namazwe afana neTshayina, iRashiya, kunye neIran ukwakhiwa kweengqikelelo oluntsonkothileyo kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola. Kwaneedemokhrasi zisamkela iziqalelo zezi zixhobo “zilawula ubucukubhedengu". Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemisebenzi yokuthatha izithuba ezinqamlezileyo, njenge izibhengezi zemali ezingenawo amacandelo enkululeko e-'[[FLT]] , zinganceda.

Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko

Emva kokuhlaselwa ngabanqolobi okanye ngexesha leendyikitya zokufa, uluntu lusoloko luvuma imiqathango yenkululeko enokuthi ingamkeleki ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo. Ucelomngeni kukuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo okwexeshana awahlali ehleli, kwaye nayiphi na imiqathango iyalungelelana, iyafuneka, kwaye ifanele ijongwe ngokwayo. Impilo yedemokhrasi yexesha elide ixhomekeke ekuxhathiseni umnqweno wokuncama inkululeko ngenxa yokhuseleko lokwexeshana.

Isiphelo: Inkululeko Yangaphakathi njengeprojekti eqhubekayo

Inkululeko yamakhaya ayinikwa kanye kwaye ikhuselwa ngonaphakade. Ifuna ukuphaphama okuqhubekayo, ukuzikhusela okusebenzayo, kunye nokwanda ngamaxesha athile. Imbali isenokujikela ekugwetyweni kokusesikweni, kodwa injalo kuphela ngenxa yemigudu yabantu abangavumiyo ukwamkela ubuzwilakhe, ukungalingani, nokungalingani. Kwidemokhrasi, isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sifunde kwakhona ixabiso lamalungelo kunye nexabiso lokuphulukana nawo.

Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya kumadabi aqhelekileyo enkulungwane yama-21, umzabalazo wokulwela inkululeko yabemi kukuzama ukuchaza oko kuthethwa kukukhululeka. Ngokuqonda amalungelo ethu, ukuba nenxaxheba emfazweni yoxolo, ukuxhasa amaziko akhusela inkululeko, nokuzithethelela ekusetyenzisweni kwendlela eqhelekileyo yokuhlola nokulawula, siqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luyinto ephilayo, hayi nje into efunekayo.

[[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yedemokhrasi ngumphefumlo wedemokhrasi. Masingaze sithathele phantsi.