IiNtsika EziyiChokoza Zolawulo LwaseUnited States: Abameli, Abameli, NoMongameli

Urhulumente wase-United States uhleli kwisakhiwo esilungiselelwe kakuhle esahlula amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu: awemithetho, abaphathi, kunye nezomthetho. Kwintliziyo yale nkqubo ngabantu abazalisa ezona misebenzi zibonakalayo `abameli, abameli, kunye noMongameli. Ukuqonda ezi ndima kubaluleke kungekuphela kubafundi bezezezentlalo-ntle kodwa nakumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda indlela imithetho enokwenziwa ngayo, enyanzeliswe ngayo, kwaye evavanywa ngayo. Indawo nganye ithwele amandla ahlukeneyo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nemilinganiselo, kwaye kunye nabo bakha injini enamandla yedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Eli nqaku linikela ulawulo olunegunya, ngokujonga ezi zinkokeli zabo, iziseko zomgqele, nendlela abasebenza ngayo ngenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ukusetyenziswa Kwezangaphakathi Kwehlabathi

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elimiselwe liQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko, linikwe amandla okwenza imithetho. Ingqungquthela yi-bamaral, equke iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zooMongameli, nganye yenzelwe ukumela ii-constituences ezahlukeneyo nokusebenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Esi sakhiwo sibini se-"%chamber siqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ukhutshwe ngenyameko ukusuka kwiimbono ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.

IBhunga Leengqungquthela: Icandelo Eliphezulu

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisoloko lichazwa njengelona qumrhu likhulu, elihloselwe ukulungiselela uzinzo nokuqhubekeka. Urhulumente ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi abantu, unyulo lwama-Senator amabini, ngoku amaqela alishumi elinamashumi amathandathu anesithandathu eminyaka, kunye nekota yesithathu yezihlalo eziphezulu zonyulo nyaka ngamnye. Lo msebenzi uthelekisayo uthintela ukuguquka ngokukhawuleza kobume begumbi kwaye ukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ende yegumbi.

Iimfaneleko Nokhetho

Ukuze abe yiSenator, umntu kufuneka abe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane, ummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esithoba, kwaye ummi welizwe abamela ngalo ngexesha lonyulo. Abaphathi banyulwa ngevoti ethandwayo ngurhulumente ngokubanzi (ngaphandle komGaqo-siseko wokuqala, apho iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zakhetha khona, uqheliselo oluguqulwe yiMphetho-mda we-17 ngowe-1913).

Amagunya Akhethekileyo EBharte

IBhunga linamagunya aliqela akhethekileyo anikela impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisebe elilawulayo nakwinkqubo yesizwe:

  • Ukuqinisekisa amadinga: INdlu yeNdlu yeNdlela inika “imvume nemvume” kwimimiselo yomongameli yabagwebi besizwe, amalungu equmrhu, oopolisa, namanye amagosa omgangatho ophezulu. Eli gunya livumela iCantenel ukuba iphande iimfaneleko neembono zee-ammine, ngokufuthi ikhokelela ekuchotshelweni kwengxabano.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Ratiation: UMongameli angathethana ngezivumelwano, kodwa zifuna ivoti ezimbini 933 kwindlu yeMali ukuba ibophe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zinenkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisan.
  • Ukuvavanywa koMlingo : Xa iNdlu ikhupha igosa lesizwe (kuquka uMongameli), iNdlu yeNtlanga yeNdlela iqhuba ityala. Ivoti ezimbini ezithathu ziyafuneka ukuvalela nokususa igosa eofisini. Le nkqubo iye yasetyenziswa kuMongameli Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (ice), nangona kungekho nanye eyagwetywayo.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Filibuster kunye ne-Clomb: Abaququzeleli bangasebenzisa ingxoxo ye-filibuster(an)/ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala umthetho. Ukuphelisa i-monicbuster, ukuvota okuphezulu kwama-60 kuyafuneka ukuvuselela amahlwili. Lo mthetho, ngexa kungekuko kumGaqo-siseko, inkqubo yeNtsimbi yemithetho ebumbeke kakhulu kwaye ukhuthaza i-bipartarianship kwimicimbi yengxabano.

Iikomiti nokhokelo

Umsebenzi omninzi weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeNdlu yeQela ukwenzeka kwiikomiti, njengeKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo, iKomiti yeeNdlela zoLawulo, kunye neKomiti yokuXhosa iMasipala (ngokuqhelekileyo evela kwiqela elininzi). UMongameli oPhathiswayo ukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeNtlanganiso kodwa kuphela uvota ukwahlula amaqhina. IBhunga likwanyula uMongameli weProsazulu (ngokuqhelekileyo eyona mphathi-mikhosi ephezulu) kunye nenkokeli yeqela (iNkokeli yoMphathi yoMphathi-mikhosi, iNtlokothontsi) emisela ikhalenda yemithetho.

Indlu Yabameli: Ikomkhulu Labantu

Indlu yabameli, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi- “ezantsi” igumbi lokuhlala, yenzelwe ukuba isondelelene nabantu. Amalungu asekelwe kubemi bakarhulumente, enamalungu angama-435 okuvota ahlulwa emva kobalo lwaminyaka ephelileyo. Ummeli ngamnye usebenza ixesha eliyiminyaka engama-620, nto leyo eyenza ukuba le ndlu ivume ngokukhethekileyo kuluvo lukawonke--"isihlalo ngasinye sixhomekeke kunyulo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini.

Inkcazo neMimandla

Amalungu endlu kufuneka abe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, ummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kwaye abe ngummi weli lizwe (nangona kuyimfuneko abamela isithili). Ama-odonga atsala izithili zengqungquthela, phantsi kwemfuno esemthethweni yabemi abalinganayo kunye (kuMthetho wamaLungelo)

Amandla Abalaseleyo Endlu

Indlu inamagunya avela kunxibelelwano lwayo olungqalileyo novoti:

  • [IiBhili zeBhili ezi-: Zonke iindleko zokunyusa ingeniso (irhafu) kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu. Oku kunika iNdlu ulawulo lokuqala kuqingqo-mali lwezwe kunye nenkqubo yerhafu, kubonakalisa umgaqo wokuba irhafu ifanele ivunyelwe yeyona qumrhu limeleyo.
  • I- ubhaqo: Indlu inamandla okuphela kwamagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli. I-Impeachment ingumntu onegunya lokugweba ngokusemthethweni/ivoti elula eNdlu yanele ukuzisa izityholo. Indlu yendlu ibamba ityala.
  • Ikholeji efileyo ye-Aflechock: Kwisiganeko sokuba akukho mvo wamongameli ozuza uninzi kwiElectoral College, iNdlu ikhetha uMongameli, ngevoti nganye yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi.

IiKomiti Zezindlu Nokhokelo

Indlu ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiikomiti ukusingatha umthamo omkhulu womthetho. Iikomiti ezingundoqo ziquka iiMpawu kunye neMathematiloshe (iirhafu), iMithetho (imisela ii-parimes zemali zemali) neMimiselo (emisela iingxoxo zemali). USithethi weNdlu, onyulwe yiNdlu epheleleyo, yeyona ndawo inamandla yokulawula kwaye yeyesibini kulandelelwano lomongameli emva koMongameli. IMajoni kunye neeNkokeli eziManeyo, iiWips, kunye nezihlalo zekomiti zibumba zibumba ikhalenda yeRhulumente kunye neqela lemibutho elinolawulo.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: uMongameli njengoMphathi-mikhosi oPhakamileyo

Isebe elilawulayo, elichazwe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. UMongameli uyintloko karhulumente nentloko karhulumente, usebenza igama elikwiminyaka emine 939 kwaye ulinganiselwa kumabinzana amabini ngeMpathiso-Mpathiso-siseko wama-22. Amandla kaMongameli aye akhula ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kodwa ahlala enyanzelwa yiBhunga kunye nejaji.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko kunye nemisebenzi

Amagunya kaMongameli aquka:

  • I-Veto Power: uMongameli angawugqithisa nawuphi nawuphi na umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonkxa. Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha u-veto ngo-2. I-33 3-4 uninzi lwabaninzi kumagumbi omabini, isiganeko esinqabileyo. Isisongelo seveto sinika uMongameli isixhathiso esithe ngxi kwingxoxo.
  • UMyaleli wapin hin: uMongameli uyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, nangona inguNgqungquthela kuphela enokuthi ivakalise imfazwe. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa le ndima ukugunyazisa ukuhlasela kwemikhosi, ukuthumela imikhosi, kunye nobuchule obungqalileyo, obukhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo emalunga namandla emfazwe.
  • Amandla okuBonisa: Ngokuqinisekiswa kweNtlanganiso, uMongameli umisela iijaji zesizwe, oonobhala boburhulumente, oonobhala, namagosa aphezulu esebe eliphetheyo. Le nkqubo yokumisa izakhiwo iminyaka ezayo, ingakumbi xa izalisa iizithuba kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • `Treaty and Foreign Poligil: uMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano (imvume yeNdlu yeeNtsimi) kwaye usenokungena kwizivumelwano zegunya ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlu yeeNtsimi. UMongameli uyamkela ii-ofisi zamanye amazwe kwaye ukhonza njengomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wesizwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izakhono kunye neReprieves: UMongameli anganika ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungakhuthazi. Eli gunya lisetyenziswe ngokuphikisanayo kwaye linika ingxubusho kwisebe lejaji.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: Oomongameli bakhupha imiyalelo yegunya ukukhokela abameli besizwe kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza ngaphandle komthetho omtsha, ukuba nje abaphula imithetho ekhoyo. Le miyalelo ingawiswa yiBhunga okanye ihlatshwe ziinkundla.

IKhabhinethi Nolawulo Lolawulo

UMongameli uxhomekeke kwikhabhathi yeentloko zesebe (umz., uRhulumente, uKhuselo, uBume, uBulungiseleli) abatyunjwe ngoqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Iqumrhu elibanzi lorhulumente, eliqukelwe ngamaqumrhu anjenge-EPA, FBI, kunye ne-Social Security Administration, aphumeza imithetho phantsi kolwalathiso lomongameli. Kwakhona uMongameli ulungiselela aze anikezele uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le, olumisela ezona zinto ziphambili.

Indlela Indima Ezintathu Ezisebenza Ngayo: Umthetho Nolawulo

Unxulumano oluyintloko phakathi kwabaLawuli, abameli, kunye noMongameli lubakho kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Umthetho uhamba ngokuqhelekileyo udlula kumagumbi omabini eBhunga uze ke uye kwidesika kaMongameli. Ukuqonda olu hambo kukhanyisa umlinganiselo ocekeceke kakhulu wamandla.

Inyathelo Lenkqubela Yomthetho Ngenyathelo

  1. Iinthulumange: Ityala liveliswa kwiNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yeNdlu (ngaphandle kwerhafu yengeniso, eqala kwindlu). Inikwe ikomiti yokuchola, ukunyusa, nokulungisa.
  2. [[NTLA] Ulwazelelelo : Ukuba kuxelwe ngaphandle kwekomiti, ityala liya kwigumbi elipheleleyo lengxoxo nokuvota. Indlu isebenzisa iKomiti yeMimiselo ukulinganisela ixesha lengxoxo; iNdlu yeNdlela ivumela ingxoxo ebanzi nokusetyenziswa kwe-filibbuster.
  3. IKomiti yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana: Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela igqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi iyaxolelanisa. inguqulelo yolalanisa mayivunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi.
  4. Isenzo sePredified : Umthetho wokugqibela usiya kuMongameli, ongayisayina kumthetho, iwubuyisela (uwubuyisela ngokuchasa), okanye ungathathi nyathelo. Ukuba uMongameli akasayisayi iintsuku ezilishumi (iintsuku ezingekhoyo) ngelixa iBhunga lisekho kwintlanganiso, umthetho uba ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba iBhunga lithe lamisana phambi kwaloo mihla ilishumi, ingxowa iyafika.
  5. Umzamo wokungaboni nto [: Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha u-veto ngesibini sesithathu sovoto kwigumbi ngalinye, isiphumo esifuna inkxaso enamandla ye-bipartisan.

Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iKhomishini iqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngokuchotshelwa, ngokuphanda, nangokulawula isipaji (ukulawula iingxoxo). UMongameli, naye, unokusebenzisa intetho yeState of the Union, ukubonakala kwamajelo eendaba, kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika ukuphembelela imiba yemithetho.

Inkqubo yeepeksi kunye nolungelelwano kwinkcukacha

Abaseki bakha urhulumente apho isebe ngalinye linokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Le nkqubo ayingonjongo nje; idlala rhoqo eWashington.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • O ukunganambitheka kweVitos: Ingqungquthela ingasaphula iveto yomongameli ngesibini kwisithathu sobuninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • [[UMTL: 0]Control of Funding: iBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali; uMongameli akanakuyisebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga liyifanele. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla sokunciphisa isenzo sokulawula.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuhlomela nokukhutshwa : Indlu iyabhabha; iCantenel iyasusa. Eli gunya lisetyenzisiwe nxamnye nooMongameli namanye amagosa, elisebenza njengesithintelo ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya.
  • Isivumelwano kunye neNkqutyana: Indlu yengqungquthela ingazichasa ii-amnenes kunye nezivumelwano. Umzekelo, iNdlu yeQela yasikhaba iSivumelwano saseVersailles emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kwaye iikhabhinethi ezininzi zoyiswa.
  • I-Vito ePhambiliyo (ibekiwe): Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho othile engongamelanga umthetho, iBhunga lisenokuyidlulisa imithetho enyanzela izenzo zokulawula okanye ifune iingxelo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

  • Igunya le-VEto: UMongameli angavala umthetho, anyanzelise iKhomko ukuba iphinde ihlolisise okanye ilalanise.
  • Ukukhupha iZiqendu ezikhethekileyo: UMongameli angahlanganisa iKonkela ngexesha lokuphumla, nangona oku kunqabile kumaxesha angoku.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo ephumezekayo kunye ne Memotranda: Ezi zivumela uMongameli ukuba anike umgaqo ngqo ngaphakathi komda womthetho, ngempumelelo agqithe iKhomishini ukuba ayivavanywanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ipali ephezulu: UMongameli angabumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke nenkxaso yentlanganiso yocwangciso lwabo, ucinezela iBhunga ukuba lithathe inyathelo.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Isebe lejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, lingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo ezilawulayo ezingamiselwanga ngokucaciswa kwenkundla, okumiselwe uMarbury v. Madison (1803). Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba akukho Khomishini okanye uMongameli ugqitha imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi abagcinezeli beNkundla ePhakamileyo, bamiselwa ubomi, babugqumele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Kodwa ke, ijaji yejaji yephondo ixhomekeke kwigunya lemithetho yayo kunye neBhunga lokuxhasa imigaqo yayo.

Unyulo, Amagama, kunye nomelo

Imijikelo eyahlukeneyo yexesha lonyulo idala iintshukumisa ezahlukileyo kwiofisi nganye. Ii-Senator, ezinemiqathango emithandathu yeminyaka engamashumi amathandathu, zingathatha imbono nemiyalelo emide ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lokhetho lwesizwe. Abameli, abanyulwayo, qho qho qho qho, kufuneka baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwinkxalabo yasekuhlaleni kunye nemo yesizwe. UMongameli, onyuliweyo qho qho qho, uzama ukwakha ingxelo ngexesha elilinganiselweyo. Olu ncedo luxazulu luqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanyangenwa ngokupheleleyo ziingcinga ezifutshane zikawonke-662 zexesha okanye akhuselwe ngokupheleleyo kwiimvakalelo ezithandwayo.

AbaLawuli nabameli banyulwa ngabo basebenza nabo, kodwa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi imela amazwe ngokulinganayo, ngoxa iNdlu ye-Indlu imela abantu. Oku kulalanisa, okwaziwa ngokuba yi-Connecticut, ulungelelaniso lwezilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Namhlanje, ikwaphembelela ukwabiwa kwemali karhulumente, uhlobo lwentshukumisa, kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika zamaRhulumente.

Ukuguquka Kwamandla Omongameli

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ubala amagunya akhethekileyo, umongameli uye wakhula kakhulu, ingakumbi ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ukuvela kwe-United States njengegunya lomhlaba wonke, ukudalwa kwemithetho-siseko enkulu yezoburhulumente, kunye neenguqu zobugcisa konke oku kwafak ’ isandla. Oomongameli ngoku bakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ngempembelelo enkulu (umz., ukuququzelelwa kwemikhosi ye-Emanciption Proclation, ukudityaniswa kwamaMerika ngexesha le-WWII, iNkulungela ukufikela kwesizwe, kunye nemfazwe. Amandla emfazwe ahlala ehleli kummandla oxanduva: Isigqi soMphathi-mikhosi yemfazwe yemfazwe ye-197979, kufuneka ukuba umanduleli azise imikhosi exhobileyo nemiqathangonyaka engama-60 ngaphandle kogunya-Bhunganiso. Kodwa, umongameli wemikhosi e-Abian, kunye nenkquluntramentiant.

IBhunga liye lasibekela umnqanda, lisebenzisa iindlebe zobuveleli, imiqathango yoqingqo-mali, kunye nomthetho wokumisa kwakhona kwinyathelo legunya. UMthetho weBhunga weNkqutyana uvumela ukuba iBhunga libhukuqe imithetho yequmrhu. Uxanduva phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo nolawulo lowiso-mthetho luyinxalenye esisigxina yolawulo lwaseMerika.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Nokulungelelana Okuqhubekayo

Namhlanje, iindima zabaLawuli, abameli, kunye noMongameli bajamelana neengcinezelo ezintsha. Ukubekwa kwecala elibandayo kudla ngokukhokelela kwi-grid lock, kunciphisa iziphumo zomthetho nokwandisa ukuxhomekeka kwimiyalelo yegunya. Inkqubo yoqinisekiso yabalawuli kunye neyokugweba ithe yasetyenziswa kakhulu, kunye nezinye iindawo ezishiywe zingenamntu kangangeminyaka. I-Dialbuster kwi-Camplate ilungiselwe ukuphenduliswa kwemithetho kodwa ihlala ikho kumthetho omkhulu, iqalisa iingxoxo ngomthetho omkhulu. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kukaMongameli kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nonxibelelwano olungqalileyo nonxibelelwano olungqalileyo nabaquququzeli bonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo, iguqula indlela iofisi enxibelelana ngayo kunye nempembelelo.

Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, umgaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano kuyaqhubeka kuthintela nawuphi na umdlali ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo zabaququzeleli, abameli, kunye noMongameli (nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo (ukuze basebenzisane) kubalulekile ukuze babe ngabemi abanolwazi kunye nokukhusela imigaqo yedemokhrasi exhasa uhlanga.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Le ndima Kubalulekile

Urhulumente wase-U.S. ungumatshini oluntsonkothileyo oneenxenye ezininzi ezishukumayo, kodwa oyena uphakathi ngabaLawuli, abameli, kunye noMongameli. Indima nganye ineembopheleleko ezizodwa: Abameli banika uzinzo kunye nokuzihlola, abameli baqinisekisa ukuba abameli abasabelayo, kwaye uMongameli ukhokela ekuphunyezweni komthetho. Ngapha koko, ngenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, badala urhulumente onamandla nonoxanduva. Abafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, besazi indlela ekwenziwa ngayo le mithetho, indlela iinkokeli ezibanjwe ngayo, nendlela abantu abanokubandakanyeka ngayo norhulumente wabo. Njengokuba uhlanga lujongeneengxaki ezinokucombulula, olu lwazi ulwazi olusesekelwe kwisiseko luhlala lufanelekile njengangaphambili.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngeenkqubo zombutho, tyelela .Gov. Kwinkcazelo esemthethweni yeNdlu eWhite House yendima kaMongameli, bona [ Isebe Lesebe Elilawulayo. Kumongo onzulu ngokwembali kwiindlela zokhangelo nolungelelwano, umGaqo-siseko woovimba woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi wesizwe unika umbhalo wokuqala kunye neenguquko.[FLT]