Ulwalamano phakathi koncedo lwamanye amazwe namalungelo abantu lukuko ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokuxinezeleka. Oorhulumente, amaqumrhu ehlabathi jikelele, kunye nemibutho yezoqoqosho, kunye nemibutho engeyoyarhulumente, basoloko besebenzisa uncedo njengendlela yokuqhubekisela phambili amalungelo abantu, kodwa iziphumo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto ezithanda ezezobupolitika, imo-ngingqi yasekuhlaleni, kunye nendlela yokuyila iinkqubo zoncedo ngokwazo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indaleko yale mjamo, ubuchule obunceda ngayo ukuphembelela amalungelo abantu, kunye neengxaki ezisebenzayo ezivelayo. Ngokuhlola iingxelo zetyala kunye neengxoxo zale mihla, sizimisele ukunikela ukuqonda ngokucacileyo indlela uncedo lwamanye amazwe olunokudibana ngayo okanye ukuthoba inkqubela engoko yamalungelo abantu.

Ukuvela Koncedo Lwamazwe Asemzini Njengesixhobo Samalungelo Abantu

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe lwaqala njengesixhobo sokuyila imimandla yezobupolitika ngexesha lemfazwe yoMmandla, namagunya amakhulu anika uncedo kumahlakani angaphakathi kungakhathaliseki iingxelo zamalungelo abantu. Iminyaka yasemva konyaka ka-19990 yatshintsha utshintsho kuncedo oludityanisiweyo lokulawula namalungelo, ingakumbi njengoko abanikeli beNtshona bamkela "ulawulo olulungileyo" icebo. Ingqungquthela yehlabathi Lonke emalunga namalungelo abantu ekwakheniseni amalungelo abantu, kwaye iMinyaka Elineempunde Yophuhliso Yophuhliso lwahambela phambili idityaniswe kwiziphumo zentlalo. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, iNgqozo zoPhuthulo oluHlanga noMkhosi woPhuhliso oluManyeneyo kunye neenyathelo ezifana ne Isiseko se-Aid Effective Effective Agendayworkive Agen inxibelelanisa ngokucacileyo ukuhambelana kwemimiselo lomgangatho soluntu, nangona kuhlelileyo kungahambelani.

Namhlanje, uncedo lwamanye amazwe aluquki nje kuphela izibonelelo zemali kunye neemboleko kodwa lukwaquka iminikelo emininzi ngemibutho enjenge-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), iBhanki yehlabathi, kunye neebhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi.

Ukusuka ekuhlaleni ukuya kwicandelo

Ukusebenzisa iindlela zangaphambili zoncedo olusekelwe kumalungelo kudla ngokusetyenziswa ifomu yesohlwayo: ukunqanda uncedo de urhulumente owamkelayo adibane neephawu ezithile. Olu "ints" maxa wambi luye luzibhaxa, njengoko oorhulumente abasemagunyeni acuthayo benokuthi babangele imvakalelo yesizwe nxamnye nenkcaso yamanye amazwe. Kwimpendulo, abanikeli abaninzi baye bashukumisela "iiindlela" yokufikelela, ukunikela izihlomelo ezifana nenkxaso yoqingqo-mali, uncedo lobugcisa, kunye noluhlu lorhwebo kumazwe abonisa inkqubela phambili. [UMquluko-luko-NXomana] oluPhakalw' oluPhakamileyo lwezinto ezikhethelweyo zelizwe+, umzekelo, unika unikezelo olongezelelo kumazwe olungundoqo lwezoshishino, unika ulwano lwezincolelo olungundoqo lwendibano zabantu, unika umvuzo olwano lwezinkonzo olusebenzayo.

Ubuchule Bokufumana Iimeko Zoncedo: IiCarot, Iixhadi, Neenyaniso Zezobupolitika

Umgangatho woncedo usebenza ngamaziko amaninzi. Eyona ithe ngqo yi imiqathango enxulumene nomlinganiselo , edityaniswe kwizivumelwano ezingokwandula okanye kwiinkqubo ezininzi, apho imali ixhomekeke ekuthobeleni imigangatho ethile yamalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, iUnited States Foreign Act Act iquka amalungiselelo alinganisela uncedo kumazwe anemilinganiselo egqithiseleyo yokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ngaphandle kokuba inikezelwe ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngokunjalo, iBhanki yeNtlanganiso yesizwe ivumela ukwenziwa kocelomngeni lokungawahloneli amalungelo abantu.

I-interlive commentation [ isebenzisa inkxaso-mali esekelwe ekusebenzeni: abanikeli banikezela inxalenye yoncedo olusekelwe ekulawuleni nakumalungelo. IMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), i-U.S. liqumrhu elingumba-mazwe elisekelwe ekusebenzeni kwawo kwii-projekthi ezingama-20, kuquka "Civil Liberaries" kunye "namalungelo aphezulu" namalungelo omgangatho ofumana unyulu, amaqulu amaninzi eminyaka elungele ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, inkqubela enika umvuzo kunokuba kusikelele.

Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zisoloko zichatshazelwa ziingcebiso zobupolitika. Amahlakani acwangcisiweyo, anjenge-Egypt okanye iPakistan, asoloko efumana uncedo phezu kwazo nje iingxelo zamalungelo abantu angekho mgangathweni ngenxa yezinto eziphambili ze-geographic. Ngokufanayo, ngexesha lemfazwe ye-Tergury, ezinye izibonelelo zandiswa kwimikhosi yenkohlakalo eyasebenzisana nokhuseleko, idala uxanduva phakathi kozinzo lwexeshana elifutshane namalungelo exesha elide. Isiphumo sisiqalo seendawo ezidibekileyo apho umlinganiselo wamalungelo asetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga, ukunciphisa ukuthembeka kwayo kunye nempembelelo yayo.

Amalungelo Ezoqoqosho Nasekuhlaleni: Ukuphazanyiswa Okungaphezulu

Ingxoxo eninzi yemibandela igxininisa kumalungelo oluntu nawezobupolitika, ngokukhululekileyo, iimvavanyo ezisesikweni, kunye nenkululeko yokuhlanganisa. Kodwa uncedo lwamanye amazwe lukwachaphazela uqoqosho, intlalo, kunye namalungelo enkcubeko, njengamalungelo empilo, imfundo, kunye nezindlu ezaneleyo. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwamatyala, umzekelo, zingakhulula ulawulo lukarhulumente ukuze kusetyenziswe imali engakumbi, ngoxa iinkqubo zolungiso lwesakhiwo zifake umlinganiselo wokufikelela kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. IMF's Resience kunye ne-Sultive Trust Trust, zizimisele ukulinganisela ulwakhiwo lwemali kunye nolwando olupheleleyo, kodwa urhwebo lusaseleyo.

Uphando lwetyala: Xa uNyakazo loncedo — okanye Ungaphantsi kwe-Primes — Amalungelo abantu

Ibali lempumelelo: IMpuma Yurophu emva kweNtloko-yokuNxulumanisa

Emva kokuwa koMda we-Iron, abanikeli beNtshona basebenzisa imiqathango yokuqhuba utshintsho lwedemokhrasi kunye notshintsho lwamalungelo abantu kuMbindi naseMpuma Yurophu. I-European Union ] i-activerity imvommentation [ efunekayo kumazwe afuna ukwamkela imilinganiselo yeCopenhagenhagen, kuquka amaziko aqinileyo aqinisekisa ulawulo-demokhrasi, umthetho, kunye namalungelo abantu. Amazwe alishumi aphucula amalungelo angakumbi, iHungary (ngaphambi kokuhamba ngenkaba), kunye namazwe eBaltic afumana uncedo oluninzi olunxulumene notshintsho oluluvo oluluvo lululuvo lulungileyo. I-EURGRAP anamandla ngenxa yokuba afumane iinjongo ze-democcounts (accentia) kunye ne-egences) ezintle zobugqwele zobu. Ngo-20044, amazwe alishumi ayeseleka kakuhle, abonisa indlela echaza ngokucacileyo iinjongo ezicacileyo ezichanekayo.

Imiphumo Exutyiweyo: IRwanda neEthiopia

IRwanda ifumene uncedo olungamawaka ezigidi kubantu baseNtshona abanikela ngeli xesha beyigcina ngamandla inkululeko yezopolitiko kunye nebutho labantu. Abaxhasi basoloko bethethelela inkxaso echaza ukukhula okumangalisayo kwezoqoqosho nenkqubela-phambili kumgangatho we-special `Rwanda' inenye yezona ziphumo ziphezulu zokumela ipalamente yamabhinqa emhlabeni wonke. Noko ke, imibutho yamalungelo abantu iye yabhala phantsi ukucinezelwa kwabaphikisi, imiqathango yenkululeko yokuthetha, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Le meko ibalasemgangathweni libala indlela abanikela ngamanye amaxesha abaphuhlisa ngayo iziphumo zokuphuhlisa amalungelo ezobupolitika, ukurhweba ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo abantu.

I-Ethiopia phambi kokuvulwa kwezobupolitika ngo-2018 yayingumzekelo ofanayo: uncedo olukhulu ekuthuthweni kwezibonelelo ezixhaswayo kunye neenkqubo zentlalo ngexesha urhulumente evalela iintatheli kunye namaqela achasayo. I-U.S. kunye ne-EU yaqhubeka inceda nanjengoko amaqela amalungelo aye aphakamisa izilumkiso. Emva kokungquzulana kweTigray, abanye abanikeli abashiywe, bebonisa ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kwemiqathango. Isifundo sisithi abanikeli basoloko besebenzisa umlinganiselo wokwenza imibandela ethile kuphela ngexesha lengxaki enzima, bevumela ukulwa kwemithetho engapheliyo ukuba iqhubeke.

Ulingelo Olungaphumelelanga: Uncedo noGunyaziso eUganda

I-Uganda iye yaba ngumamkeli omkhulu woncedo lwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi kwiU.K ne US, eziye zafumana inkxaso yempilo, imfundo, kunye neenkqubo ezilwa nobuhlwempu. Abanikazi bakwaxhasa indima ye-Uganda ekugcineni uxolo lwengingqi. Kodwa phantsi koMongameli Yoweri Museveni, urhulumente uye walwahlula ngokukhula inkululeko yezopolitiko, igqithiselwe imithetho echasene ne-LGBTQ, kwaye isuse imida yexesha elithile. Nangona uncedo lwexesha nexesha elifutshane lokukhupha imali exhasa uqingqo-mali ngo-mali ngo-2012 2012 emva kwehlazolo-ok-okluntluntlulo oluninzi luye lwahlala luhleli phezulu. Uganda umzekelo ubonisa ukuba imikhosi engengoluloncedo lungadli ngqinelani, njengoko utshintsho olunentsingiselo, njengoko urhulumente enokuthi axhamke iindleko ezifutshane zexesha elifutshane lokurhoxabela isiseko sawo.

Indima yeentlangano ezininzi ne-NGOGO

Amaziko amaninzi ayila uncedo--alunts-lurights nexus ngendlela ezikhethekileyo. IZizwe ezimanyeneyo zisebenza ngoothunywa bazo abakhethekileyo (umz., UNICEF, UNICEF, i-OHCHR) kwaye ifaka amalungelo abantu ekuququlunqeni iinkqubo ngenkqubo yamalungelo oluntu-esekelwe kwiNqaqo-siseko (HB). INgxowa-mali yoXo lweZizwe oludibanisa ulwakhiwo lwamalungelo abantu kunye notshintsho lwezobulungisa. Okwangoku, i-World Bank idibanise ekuhlaleni kunye nemekobume bemeko-bume kwimisebenzi yayo, nangona ithe tshiswe kude kwimicimbi yezobupolitika. Kwindawo yayo ye-Sccestion inika ingcesacio yoncedo lwamalungelo oluntu oluvela kwiziphumo zeBhnFLY.

[[NTLT:0] Imibutho yezoburhulumente (NGOOs) enjenge-Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, kunye namaqela oluntu asekuhlaleni asebenza njengee-arhediog, ukubhala ukuxhatshazwa nokukhuthazwa koncedo ukuze luqinisekiswe ngamalungelo. Ezinye ii-NGOGO zikwanikela uncedo ngqo, zinikela "uhlahlo-lo lokugqibela" xa oorhulumente besilela ukukhusela abemi. Ulawulo lobuzwe lwe-Devolment-Parance Nexus lufuna ngokuqhubekayo ukuba bonke abadlali baquke uphatho lwamalungelo abantu kwiinkqubo zabo. Noko ke, ukusebenza kuhlala kukhuphiswano, ngokukodwa kumazwe amaziko axhomekeke kuncedo oludakayo kwintsebenziswano yentsebenziswano karhulumente.

Umxhasi wamahlelo obucala kunye namaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe luhamba nangamaziko, ingakumbi kwiiprojekthi zezibonelelo ezixhaswa ngamatyala emali-mboleko ebhaliswe ngamabhanki okanye ngamaqela. Ezi zibonelelo zingadala umngcipheko wamalungelo `elizwe, ukuxhatshazwa kwemisebenzi, ukuxhatshazwa kwemeko- bume, ukulimala kwemeko- bume- bume- bume-lueding. Imigaqo ye-UN Guideting on Business and Human Rights ibiza kumazwe ukulawula ihambo engqubanayo, kodwa imisebenzi enika umnikezeli isoloko ingenayo imigaqo enamandla yokuphendula. Impikiswano yakutshanje eBelt ne Roadtivection (BRI) ibonisa indlela inkqubela ekhoyo enxulumene namatyala ngexesha lokukhuselwa kokhuseleko xa kukhuselwa amalungelo.

Imiphumo Elinganisayo: Sazi Njani Ukuba Uncedo Luhambisela Phambi Amalungelo Abantu?

Ukugqiba ukuba uncedo luphucule ngokwenene amalungelo abantu kunzima. Uncedo oludityanisiweyo luhamba ngezalathiso zamalungelo njenga Indlu yenkululeko [ okanye inqaku I-CIRPOS Amalungelo Oluntu Ugcino-lwazi olumiselwe[ ngamanye amaxesha lubonisa iziphumo ezisezantsi zoncedo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa iziphumo ziquka iingxaki.

  • Isiphumo [: oothunywashe abaninzi bachaphazela amalungelo abantu, kuquka imibutho yasekhaya, uxinzelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nongquzulwano lwezoqoqosho. Ukukhetha iziphumo zoncedo kuphela kuphantse kube nzima.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ixesha elilingeneyo: Utshintsho lwamalungelo ludla ngokuthatha iminyaka ukubonakala, ngelixa imijikelezo yoncedo ifutshane (2-5 leminyaka). Abanikeli bangabiza impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli ngaphambi kwexesha.
  • Izikhuthazo ezigqwethekileyo: Oorhulumente bangamkela iinguqu ezikha phezulu", ukuthulula uthumo lwamalungelo abantu besizwe olungenawo amandla, umzekelo, ngokunjalo-manani ekuvuleni inkxaso-mali, ngaphandle kotshintsho lokwenene.
  • [[FLT: 0] ucimo lokuqinisekisa urhwaphilizo: Abanikazi badla ngokuchaza impumelelo ngokusebenzisa imilinganiso yabo, ukungazihoyi iimbono zasekuhlaleni zamalungelo. Umzekelo, ukugxininisa kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni kungawagquma amalungelo ezoqoqosho abekwa kuqala kumamkeli.

Abaphandi baxhasa uvavanyo oluthe vetshe lokudibanisa amalungelo abantu, ukudibanisa ugcino-lwazi oluququzelelayo nomsebenzi we-qualitial preference. IKomiti yoPhuhliso loPhuhliso lwe-ECD (DAC) inikela izikhokelo zokudibanisa amalungelo abantu kuvavanyo, kodwa ukuphumeza akwalingani. Ngaphandle kohlolo olungqongqo, uqhagamshelwano phakathi koncedo namalungelo lushiyekile luqinisekisiwe kunokuba luqinisekiswe.

Iimbambano Zangexesha Elidluleyo: Uncedo Olunekhazi, Imali Yemozulu Namalungelo Abantu

Uncedo oluthenjiweyo].

Imali ephindaphindiweyo yindawo ekhula ngokukhawuleza yoncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe, enezibhambathiso ezifikelela kuma-100 amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka. Kodwa ulwamkelo lwamalungelo abantu lusoloko luncitshiswa kwiiprojekthi zemozulu, ingakumbi ulwandiso oluthi luhlaziyiwe kakhulu olususa iindawo okanye iinkqubo zokulondolozwa kwamahlathi ezisusa abantu belizwe. Imali yeCPGP [GFF] [FLT] ithathe i-omati yemekobume yendalo nenkqubo yentlalo, kodwa ababukeli baphawule ukuba amalungelo afanele asebenza. Njengoko izikelelwa zemozulu zisenza imbeko kunye nokuqhubela amalungelo abantu anokuba lucelomngeni olubalulekileyo.

[[NTL:0] Uncedo lophuhliso lwezibonelelo .

Iingcebiso kubenzi boMgaqo-nkqubo nabaLawuli

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina, ulungelelwaniso olunempumelelo ngakumbi loncedo lwamanye amazwe namalungelo abantu lufuna ukutshintshana okuninzi:

  • ushukuma ngaphaya kobudlelane obunxulumeneyo: Endaweni yamaqhina aphezulu, abanikeli kufuneka basebenze noorhulumente kunye noluntu ekusayineni iinkqubo zokumisela amalungelo alinganayo, ukukhuthaza ubumnini bekhaya. IGlobal Previer of Effective Development Cooperation (GPEDC) inika isiseko sokuphendulana.
  • Amalungelo abantu aqinisekiswe ukukhuthala okufanelekileyo: Yonke imisebenzi yoncedo kufuneka yamkele iziphumo zamalungelo abantu, hayi njengekhusi kuphela kodwa njengesixhobo sokwandisa iziphumo ezilungileyo. IsiQinisekiso seDatash samalungelo abantu [ kunye [FLT:]] kunye [FLT]] OHHR
  • Ilungelelaniswe ngapha nangapha kwabanikezeli: Xa abanikezeli besenza umsebenzi wodwa, oorhulumente bangazidlala ngaphandle komnye. Ukusebenzisana, ukufikelela okuninzi (njengokuba iEU isebenzisa Amalungelo abantu aXhaswe nge-Sanctions Regime kunye noncedo lokwenene indawo ezikhoyo/*/i-i-croscoveraveges. Uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe kufuneka lumisele iqonga eliqhelekileyo lokwabela ugcino-data kunye neempendulo eziquququzelelanayo.
  • iquka amalungelo ezoqoqosho nangokwentlalo ngokulinganayo[: Ukugxininisa kumalungelo anciphileyo ezobupolitika kunokwenza oorhulumente bamkeleke kwaye basilele ukuchaza iingcambu zobuhlwempu. Abanikazi kufuneka balinganisele baze babuye babuye bafumane inkqubela kwimpilo, imfundo, izindlu, namalungelo abasebenzi, bedala ukuthenga okuninzi.
  • I-Fund izijoli ezizimeleyo: Imibutho yasekuhlaleni evaliweyo ehlawulelwa ngemali kunye nabakhuseli bamalungelo abantu basoloko bengabameli abanempumelelo. Iinkqubo zoncedo kufuneka ziquke iinkxaso ezinikezelweyo zokuhlola ummandla, ukubhala ingxelo, kunye noncedo lwasemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo kubhaliwe kwaye kusetyenziswa.
  • Yenza iindlela zokuphuma ukwenzela ii-trirk eziphezulu zemeko: Xa uncedo lungenakuwaqhubekisela phambili amalungelo kwaye lungakwanenokuphathwa kakubi okuphakathi, abanikezeli kufuneka balungiselelwe ukukhupha okanye ukuphinda bafumane uncedo kubadlali abangengomazwe. Isicwangciso sokuphuma esicace gca.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana koncedo lwamanye amazwe namalungelo abantu asinto ilula enokutsalwa ukuze kuvezwe inkqubela ezenzekelayo. Kusisithuba esinamandla, esiphikiswayo apho izilangazelelo zezentlalo-ntle, iinjongo zokuphuhliswa, kunye nemigaqo yamalungelo ingqubana. Ingxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba uncedo lungakhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yamalungelo abantu ngokwenene (xa iimeko zilungile, imilinganiselo yomlinganiselo iyathembeka, kwaye abadlali basekhaya banikwe amandla. Kodwa ikwabonisa ukuba uncedo lungaqhubeka lunyusa ngempazamo ulawulo olucinezela phantsi, lugqwetha izinto eziphambili, luze lubangele ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukwandisa ubuchule obulungileyo, abanikeli kufuneka bamkele indlela ecacileyo, enetyala, kunye namalungelo aphakathi, ``eyeyona ivavanya isiphumo ngokunyaniseka, ifunda kwiimeko ezichaphazelekayo, kunye neendawo apho abantu bahlala khona abachaphazelekayo. Usukelo oluSizinziso oluzinzileyo, kunye nobizo lwabo ngokubanzi lokungashiyi mntu emva, kufuneka banikele isiseko esidibanisa uncedo lwenkqubela-phambili kumalungelo abantu apheleleyo. Ukuphumeza loo mbono akuzukufunanga nje utshintsho lobugcisa kodwa ukuzinikela lokwenene ekulungiseni ulwalamano lwamandla olufakwe kuncedo lwangaphandle.

Njengoko uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lujamelene neengxaki ezintsha, ukusuka kwimozulu ukuya kutshintsho lwedemokhrasi kulungelelaniso lwedemokhrasi, kuya kukhula. Umsebenzi unzima, kodwa ngokuyila nokuziphendulela ngobuchule, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lungahlala lusesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo, siguqulayo sokuhambisela phambili okusesikweni, isidima nenkululeko ehlabathini lonke.