Isiseko Sentanda - bulumko Yasemthethweni: Indlela Ukungalawuleki Okuwaguqula Ngayo Amalungelo Nemisebenzi

Iinkqubo zomthetho azisebenzi kwindawo engenalwazi--------wastyle zisekelwe kwiinkulungwane zemibuzo yentanda-bulumko, ukuxambulisana kwentlalo, kunye nokuqiqa okungokwasemthethweni. I-Jurispraise, ufundo olungokwengcamango lomthetho, zinika isiseko solwazi olunzulu lokuqonda isizathu sokuba amalungelo athile akhuselwe nesizathu sokuba kukho iimbopheleleko ezifanayo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabemi ababodwa, beqonda indlela i-jurisprade enxibelelana ngayo namalungelo abantu kunye neembopheleleko zokulawula umgaqo wendalo wale mihla. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa izikolo ezingundoqo zengqiqo esemthethweni, indima ebalulekileyo yetyala ekwandiseni inkululeko yabantu ngabanye, kunye neembopheleleko ezinika intlalo entle.

Umgaqo - siseko Ochazayo Nemibuzo Yawo Eqhelekileyo

Kwinkangeleko yayo, umthetho osisiseko, ubuza: Uyintoni umthetho? Livela phi igunya lawo? Abagwebi bafanele bayitolike njani imimiselo okanye imimiselo? Le mibuzo ibangele iingxoxo ezingenakubalwa kwizithethe namaxesha athile. Iintanda-bulumko ezisuka kuPlato ukuya kuH.L.A. Hart zinike iimpendulo eziphikisanayo, nganye enentsingiselo enzulu ngendlela oorhulumente abaphatha ngayo abemi babo. IJurisrudea ayiyo inkqubo yemfundo engaqhelekanga esekelwe kwimfundo ecacileyo yomthetho, izigqibo ezithe ngqo, nezigqibo zomthetho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo emihla ngemihla.

Izikolo Ezikhulu Zolawulo

Ukuqonda izikolo eziphambili zomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ofuna ukuhlolisisa iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni okanye ocinga ngendlela iinkundla ezinokulawula ngayo.

ITheory yoMthetho yoMthendeleko imigangatho yokuba umthetho umele uhambelane nemigaqo yokuziphatha yendalo yonke ekwindalo yomntu. Abacingisi abanjengoThomas Aquinas baphikisa ngelithi umthetho ongekho sikweni awungomthetho wokwenyaniso konke konke. Le mbono iye yasetyenziswa ekuxoliseni amalungelo abantu ngentetho yoluntu. Ngokomzekelo, iSindululo somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo oluntu (1948) sithetha kakhulu ngeengcamango zomthetho wendalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuqiqaqa ucalulo olukhoyo kwiingxoxo zokuba ngaba umthetho olungileyo (omnye umiselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho) unokuba ungenamsebenzi ukuba uso isigwebo esingundoqo.

. ILegal Positivism , ngokwahlukileyo, igcina ukuba umthetho uyingqokelela yemithetho eyenziwe ngamagunya abantu ngeenkqubo eziqaliweyo. H.L.A. Hart uchaza umthetho njengomanyano lwemithetho engundoqo nesesibini. IPosivivism ayigwebi ngokokuqulatha kwayo ngokokuziphatha; endaweni yoko, igxininisa kwi-pidigree yayo. Esi sikolo silawula kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho waseNtshona, apho abagwebi basebenzisa khona imimiselo ngokobuqu ukuba abavumelani nayo. Noko ke, i posivivism igxekwe ngenxa yokuba ikwazi ukwenza urhulumente ongekho sikweni, isoloko ibopha umthetho?

Ubunyani bezentengiso bavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengendlela yokusabela ngokuchasene nomthetho-siseko. Izazi-nyani ziphikisa ngelithi nawuphi umthetho ongenakuhlukaniswa nendlela abagwebi abagqiba ngayo amatyala. Bagxininisa umongo wentlalo, iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho, kunye nocalucalucalulo lobuqu lwabagwebi. Ubunyani obusemthethweni balungisa indlela yesobugqeba kunye nezifundo ezichanabileyo ezingomthetho. Umzekelo, iziphumo zetyala zinokujika kancinci kwimigaqo engekho mthethweni kwaye iqela linobuncwane obungcono okanye ukuba ligwebe ngayiphi na imbono engakumbi yezopolitiki.

[[NTLT: 0] Izifundo zomthetho ezithe ngqo (CLS) iqhubekeka ngokuphikisa ngelithi umthetho sisixhobo esinamandla esiqinisa abaphathi abakhoyo. Abaphengululi beCLS bacela iimfundiso zesithethe ukuvavanya iimfundiso `njengomthetho wesivumelwano okanye umthetho wempahla] njengezixhobo ezigcina udidi, ubuhlanga, nobufana besizwe, nobufana bamabhinqa. Ngelixesha iCLS ixhaphake kakhulu kwimigangatho yemfundo, impembelelo yayo iyabonakala kwimibutho yanamhlanje yemithetho yobuhlanga kunye nolingana kwezoqoqosho.

Ingcaciso ye-Jurisprudence ihlola indlela iinkqubo zomthetho eziye zawacutha ngayo amabhinqa ngokwembali kwaye ziqinisa izithethe zobhishophu omkhulu. Ifaka ingcamango edibeneyo yendoda nendoda ekwimithetho emalunga namalungelo okuzala, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, kunye nokulingana emsebenzini. Ngokufanayo, ITheory [ yomthetho ihlola indlela ekhuthaza ngayo umgangatho wobuhlanga, icekisa ingcamango yokuba inkqubo esemthethweni ingumqaqaba.

Isikolo ngasinye sinikela iliso elibonisa ulwalamano phakathi komthetho, amalungelo nemisebenzi.

Imeko Yamalungelo Abemi

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni ngalawo akhuselweyo namalungelo abemi abanawo ngokuchasene nogxalaba lorhulumente kunye nogxalaba. Baqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho kwaye bakhusela inkululeko eyimfuneko. Ngoxa uluhlu olukhethekileyo lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni luhluka ngokwamandla, uninzi lweenkqubo zedemokhrasi luwagqala amalungelo amaninzi angundoqo njengasisiseko.

Ukufanelekela Ukulingana

Igalelo elilinganayo lokukhusela kwiNkundla yeMigaqo ye-14 yeSiphendu se-U.S. alikwaleli ukukhanyela nawuphi na umntu olinganayo kwimithetho. Lo mgaqo ube sisiseko semithetho yenkcazo ebonakalisayo ngokuchasene nocalucalulo, ubufana, kunye nokufikelela okungalinganiyo kwimfundo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Brown v. . Komiti yemfundo [FLT] [1954] [1] [1954] ivakaliswe ngokudumile ukuba amaziko emfundo awalingani ncam, angqubananisa imfundiso ekhoyo, angqulanisayo kanye kanye kanye kanye, angqulanisa imfundiso esungulwe kuluntu olulungele uluntu olulungele ulungelelwano olukhoyo.[FLT]] [18]). Eli tyala libonisa indlela i-juprudentialnce-Platence-9, i-evoluevoluethe .

Ukukwazi Ukuthetha Ngokukhululekileyo

Inkululeko yokuzichaza ikhuselwe luHlaziyo Lokuqala eUnited States nangamalungiselelo afanayo kwamanye amazwe amaninzi. I-Juristopradence ichaze imida yaleli lungelo, efana noko kukuthi yintetho engakhuselekanga (umz., ukuphembelela ugonyamelo, ukutyhalela). Umzekelo wophawu Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969] umisele ukuba intetho inokuthi inqandwe ukuba ibhekiswe ekuvuseleleni kwisenzo sokuchasa umthetho kwaye ikwenze njalo. Olu vavanyo luxinene lubonisa ixabiso eliphezulu elibekwe kumazwi akhululekileyo, kwanaxa iimbono zingathandwa.

Ndinelungelo Lokuzifihla

Ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa alikhankanywa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kodwa liye lakhutshwa kwintelekelelo ezininzi. Griswold v.Connecticut [1965], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela “ekungabusweni” ekuthetheni kwasese kulwalamano lomtshato, ihlasela umthetho ovaliweyo. Le ngcamango kamva yaxhasa ilungelo lokuqhomfa [[FLT:] Roe v. [[FLT][FL:][65].[5] I-Rade [[FLT]] i-evP] ingumthetho yokuzitshintsha indlela yokusebenza kwezentengiselwano yoluntu.

Ilungile Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yezomthetho iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala aya kuba asesikweni nokuba akukho mntu uya kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kokukhuselwa okwaneleyo. UMthetho wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine wokuLandlwa kwemiqathango unika inkqubo efunekayo (ingcaciso, ukuva, inkundla engakhethi macala) kunye nenkqubo efunekayo (ukukhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente). Umzekelo, ilungelo lokutshata, ukutshata, ukuphatha abantwana bomzali, nokungavumi unyango lwezamayeza bonke baye bakhuselwa phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo.

Iimbopheleleko Zamakhaya Kulawulo-melo lomGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo neembopheleleko ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye. Idemokhrasi esebenza ifuna abemi ukuba baphumeze imisebenzi ethile eyenza inkqubo engokwasemthethweni isebenze ngokunempumelelo. Le mbopheleleko ayingolindelo nje lokuziphatha oluqhelekileyo, isoloko iyimbopheleleko enyanzeliswe ziinkundla.

[[NTL:0] Ukusebenzisa uMthetho kungumsebenzi ongundoqo. Ngaphandle kokuthobela jikelele, umthetho uyawa. Noko ke, ijustiprance iyaqonda ukuba kwezinye iimeko, ukungathobeli kwabemi kusenokugwetyelwa xa umthetho ungekho sikweni kakhulu, njengoko kubonwa kwiincwadi zikaMartin Luther King Jr.

[ Ukuhlawula irhafu Imali yemali efunyanwa nguwonke-wonke njengezinto zikarhulumente, imfundo, kunye neenkundla. Ukuphepha irhafu lityala lolwaphulo-mthetho eliphazamisa ukukwazi kwesizwe ukukhusela amalungelo. Irhafu yale mihla ibandakanya imithetho entsonkothileyo malunga nengeniso, iimali ezihlawulwayo, kunye netyala, kodwa imbopheleleko engundoqo ihlala ithe ngqo: inegalelo kwimali yogcino-mali eqhelekileyo.

Ukukhonza kwi Jury ngumsebenzi wesizwe oqinisekisa inkqubo yokugweba iquka ukuthatha inxaxheba eluntwini. UMthetho-mbonakaliso weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa elo lungelo lixhomekeke kubemi abakulungeleyo ukukhonza. Ukungaphumeleli ukuvela kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala kungaphumela kwintengiso okanye ukudelelwa kwenkundla.

Ukuvota kulungile kwaye kuyimbopheleleko. Ngelixesha kungekho rhulumente wedemokhrasi onyanzela abemi ukuba bavote (ngaphandle kwamazwe ambalwa anjenge-Australia), impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekungeneleni kokhetho ngokubanzi. Imithetho ethintela ukufikelela ekuvoteleni, njengemfuno ze-ID okanye ukurhoxa kwe-felony, iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yamalungelo abantu kwaye iye yaba ngumbandela wokwenza i-galelo olubanzi.

Ngapha koko, abemi baneembopheleleko zokuziphatha nezobuntlalo: ukuhlonela amalungelo abanye, ukubandakanyeka kwinkonzo yoluntu, ukukhusela indalo nokuxhasa okusesikweni. Ezi mbopheleleko, nangona zingasoloko zigunyaziswa, zisoloko zibhekiswa kwiimbono zokugweba xa iinkundla zixubusha ngeembopheleleko ezibanzi zokuba ngummi.

Indlela Ukuziphatha Okuqhelekileyo Okuwachaphazela Ngayo Amalungelo Abemi: Uphando Oluphambili

Ukungaguquguquki akumi ndawonye, kwaye imibutho emitsha yezentlalo inyanzela iinkundla ukuba zihlolisise kwakhona iimfundiso ezindala. Inkqubo yokuqiqa okusemthethweni, ukuchaza, ukwahlula, nokuvavanya imigaqo, ngezantsi kusini na ukuba amalungelo ayanda okanye agunyaziswe.

Ukulwela Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s kunye no 1960 yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo uluvo lwaseMelika kwijustical jurisprudence. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yayingelulololololololokuziphatha kuphela kodwa yayikwalutshintsho olusemthethweni. ISikhulu seJaji Earl Warren saxhomekeke kubungqina benzululwazi kunye nokufundwa okude kwe-Sult Protection Clausle. Le meko yabonisa ukuba i-jurisprudecity ingayilwa ziimeko ezingahambelangameli, njengengozi ebangelwa yi-Roce.

Amatyala alandelayo anjengo . Virginia (1967) waphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato wezinhlanga ezahlukeneyo, efaka umgaqo wokuba ukwahlulwa kohlanga kumele kukhonze inzala yombuso enyanzelisayo kwaye kulungiswe ngokunqamlezileyo. Umthetho weVoting Rights Act ka 1965, oxhaswe kwizigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ofuna ulawulo lwembali yocalulo ukuze ufumane uvumo lwasemthethweni phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ka-2013 kuMkhosi u-S. Shelby Countyrder

Umgangatho wesini kunye namalungelo okuzala

Amalungelo amabhinqa aye aqhubekeka ngothotho lwemimiselo yephawu. Reed v. Reed yayingumzekelo wokuqala wokusebenzisa uKhuselo lwe-Linganiso luka-Claus ukubetha umthetho osusiweyo ngokwezizizinziso zesini. Kamva, Craig v. Boren [77] wasungula umlinganiselo wovavanyo oluphakathi wemigangatho yemigangatho ye-sthronsom. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho osekelwe kwi-senobumbane unxulumene ngokunzulu nomdla obalulekileyo.

Isigqibo sokuvelisa amalungelo sifikelele incopho yaso kwi Roe v. Wade [1773], eyamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokukhupha isisu phantsi kwe-"Gue Doctory Claus ye-145 Demence. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla [iiiNkundla] yamaDobs v. Jackson iQumrhu lezelo lezempilo [2022]] [2022]) kumthetho onyanzelelwa ngamalungelo oluntu [[[FLTLT:], ibuyisela umbatho kwimithetho-siseko. Oku kubonisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko akaxhomekekanga kwintanda-bulumko.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo kunye nenkqubo ye-Evolution yenkululeko

Intshukumo ye LGBTQ+ ukulingana kubone utshintsho olukhawulezayo olusemthethweni kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo. Lawrence v. Texas [2003], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi imithetho ye-sodomy, ibamba ukuziphatha okusondeleleneyo phakathi kwabantu abadala abavumayo kuyinxalenye yenkululeko ekhuselwe yi-Octal Claus. Le meko ingaphaya kwemithetho Bhowers v. Hardwack[ [1986], eye yaxhasa imithetho enjalo. Utshintsho lubonisa indlela okutshintsha ngayo umgangatho wendlela yokusebenza komthetho.

.Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) ukwandisa ilungelo lokutshata nezibini ezingokwasemgaqweni, ukuphatha ukuba umtshato ungundoqo kwaye ukususa izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni omnye kuyayaphula iNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye neSikhuseli. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yaphikisa, iphikisa into yokuba iNkundla yayiyigqitha indima yayo `a umzekelo wodidi woxinzelelo phakathi komthetho kunye nezenzo zomthetho ezisemgangathweni ezilele entliziyweni yejaji.

Kutshanje, [[Nkundla:0] Bostock v. Clayton County [2020] yathi iSihloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo waMazwe Oluntu silwalela ucalulo lwemisebenzi esekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye kwisini sobufanasini. INkundla isebenzise utoliko lwemithetho, hayi umthetho wemithetho, ukufikelela kweso sigqibo ````ijurisprudeunce''''' ayiquki nje kuphela ingqiqo yesiseko kodwa ikwakutolikwa ukucaciswa kwemithetho nemigaqo.

Ulawulo noxanduva lwamakhaya: Ukuchaza iinkonzo

Kanye njengokuba ukugweba kulawula amalungelo, kukwaphakamisa iimbopheleleko. Iinkundla zidla ngokuchaza imisebenzi umntu ngamnye amele ayiphumeze kwilizwe nakumnye, zimisela loo misebenzi ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu noMbutho

Ngobuchule, ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo (ukusuka kwi Hobbes, iLocke, kunye ne Rousseau) ibambelele ekubeni abantu bavume ukunikezela ngenkululeko ethile ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko nocwangco. Imithetho yale mihla ivakalisa le ngcamango: imithetho efuna inkonzo yabachopheli-mgwebi, ukuqeshwa komkhosi, okanye ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu igwetyelwe njengezibo ezinxulumene nenkonzo ezinyanzelekileyo, nokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa inkonzo yabacholi-mfa, iqiqa ngelithi imfuneko yokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni ingaphezu kweengxaki zomntu ngamnye.

Ukuhlonela Amalungelo Abanye Njengomda Owakho

Umgaqo odumileyo othi “ilungelo lakho lokujinga ingalo yakho ngapha kwesiphelo apho impumlo iqala khona” ifakwe ngokunzulu kumthetho wetort kunye nomthetho odidayo. Jurisprince iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akaphelelanga; kufuneka alungelelaniswe nxamnye namalungelo okukhuphisanayo. Inkululeko yokuthetha ayiwakhuseli ukunyeliswa, ukuqhutyelwa, okanye amagama okulwa. Ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo liphantsi kolawulo olufanelekileyo, njengoko kubonwa ku- Diriscore of Columbia v. [FLT][2001], eqinisekisa ukuba umntu ngamnye unelungelo lokugcina imipuletu ukuze azigcinele imipu yesandla kodwa ivunyelwe imiqathango elungele ukuphatha iintambo zenyama zakhe ezibuhlungu nezifo zengqondo.

Imbopheleleko Yokusingqongileyo Nokukholosa Ngoluntu

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iinkundla ziye zawuqaphela umsebenzi okhoyo wokukhusela imekobume yezizukulwana ezizayo. Imfundiso yoluntu, esekelwe kumthetho wamaRoma kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, ikholelwa ukuba izinto ezithile zendalo `njengamanzi anokusetyenziswa, amanxweme, nezilwanyana zasendle') zithenjiwe ngurhulumente kawonke-wonke. Le mfundiso iye yasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente eziyingozi kwindalo. Umzekelo, imeko yendalo Juliana v. United States (ngokuba ingekagqityelwa ngezizathu ezintle) ingqina ukuba urhulumente urhulumente umele ukuba umgaqo olawulayo ukhuseleko lwendalo.

Imithetho ethintela ukungcoliswa kwenkunkuma, ukukhutshwa kwegesi nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuhlaziya izinto isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba izenzo zabucala zinemiphumo kawonke wonke. Apha iJurisprudence ilungelelanisa inkululeko yezoqoqosho nxamnye nomdla woluntu kwimekobume entle.

Ukuphatha Okusesikweni Njengombutho Wesityalo

Nangona ingeyombopheleleko esemthethweni, iinkundla ezininzi kunye nabaphengululi abaninzi abangokwasemthethweni baye baqonda ukuba abemi banembopheleleko yokuziphatha yokuxhasa inkqubo esesikweni. Le ngcamango isoloko isetyenziswa ekuchaseni iimbono ezikhuthaza utshintsho lomthetho. Umzekelo, iJaji uTurmark Marshall usoloko ebhala ukuba iinkundla zingenza okungakumbi; iinguqulelo ezihlala zihleli zifuna ukubhaliswa kwezezezentlalo-ntle. Ingcamango “yokulinganisa okusesikweni phantsi komthetho” ifuna ukuba abo bangenelwayo kwinkqubo basebenzele ukulungisa iimpazamo zayo.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho, amalungelo abantu neembopheleleko lusoloko luvavanywa. Ukuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nokungahlangani kwezobupolitika kudala imibuzo emitsha efuna ucelomngeni kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo.

Ukusebenzisa Amanani Obuqu

Ukunyuka kwe-Internet kunye ne-intanethi yezentlalo kudibene nemida engaqhelekanga. Ingaba uphando lwefowuni luthathwa njengophendlo phantsi koMphetho-mva wesine? INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ewe ku Riley v. California (2014, iqonda ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwamanani lufuna ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla ziyangqubana nokuba amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle afuna ukukhuselwa ngenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye imikhosi yabucala ezimele enokuthi icuthe yazisela ekuboneni ukuchanabeka oku.

Utshintsho Lokuziphatha Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Ukufa okuphezulu kwe-propati yama-Black America ezandleni zamapolisa kuye kwabangela iimfuno zotshintsho. I-Jurisprudence engqonge ukukhusela ukugcinwa komthetho kwityala lasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba ahlule amalungelo amiselweyo. Amanye amazwe ashukunyiswe ukuwamisela okanye ukuwaphelisa. Ingxoxo yokuba inkqubo esemthethweni ikhusela ngokufanelekileyo abemi ekucinezeleni okugqithisileyo ingumbuzo osisiseko ngokulungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kolungelelwano nenkululeko.

Amalungelo abantu Asemhlabeni Wonke nolongamo lwesizwe

Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkundla yeZizwe Ngezizwe Yesigebenga, isebenzisa imigaqo yesigwebo esingaphaya kwemida yesizwe. ISindululo soMhlaba soMalungelo Oluntu, izivumelwano ezifana noMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe kuMalungelo Oluntu nawezobupolitika, kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zonke ziphembelela iinkqubo zomthetho wasekhaya. Noko ke, kubakho iingxabano xa imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe ingqubana nolawulo lwesizwe, umzekelo, xa ilizwe lingavumi ukukrokreqa ukuma ngegunya nesohlwayo sokufa. Umthetho wezizwe zonke ukunceda ukusombulula ezi ngxabano ngeemfundiso ezifana nokuxhasa kunye nokutolika kwesivumelwano.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Ukulawula Kubaluleke Kwimfundo Nakubumi

Kubafundisi-mthetho, ukufundisa ngomthetho akuthethi nje ngokucacisa iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni. Kukuxhobisa abafundi ngezixhobo zokuhlalutya iimpikiswano zomthetho, ukuqonda isizathu sezigqibo zenkundla, nokubandakanyeka kubomi boluntu. Umfundi oqonda umahluko phakathi komthetho wendalo nomthetho we-positivism unokuyiqonda kakuhle into yokuba eminye imithetho itshintsha ngoxa eminye ihlala ingavumelani nemigaqo. Ummi owaziyo ukuba iziphumo ezingomthetho zinokusiphikisa njani isimo sobugxwayiba sikhuthaza ngokunempumelelo inguquko.

Ngaphezu koko, ijulisopradence ikhuthaza ukucingela ngokugxeka. Xa umfundi ehlola ukuqiqa Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, bayabona indlela umthetho onako ngayo ukukhonza okusesikweni. Xa befunda .Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857] [indlela], bayabona indlela umthetho onokuthi uqhubekisele ngayo okungekho sikweni. Ngokuthelekisa ezi meko, abafundi bafunda ukuba umthetho awumiselwanga nyaniso emiselweyo kodwa inkqubo ephilayo ebonisa amaxabiso aphezulu ezinto eziphilayo.

Ekugqibeleni, impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kumntu onolwazi oluwaqondayo amalungelo akhe kunye neembopheleleko zakhe. Imfundiso yeSigqeba inikela isiseko sengqiqo yoko. Njengoko isithandi sobulumko esisemthethweni uLon Fuller sakha sabhala, “umthetho unegalelo lokuthobela ihambo yomntu ekulawuleni kwemithetho.” Impumelelo yaloo nkampani ixhomekeke kwingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweenkundla, kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, nakubantu.

[[UMTL_BO:0] ngokuphinda-phinda ukufunda kunye nezibonelelo:[[UMTL_1]