Ukwazisa: Kutheni Kubalulekile Ukuphendula Kwimiqathango Enyanzelisayo

Amaziko alawulayo asisiseko solawulo lwangoku, asebenza ngokuguqulela injongo yomthetho enyanzelekileyo yokukhusela impilo yoluntu, ukhuseleko, ukuzinza kwemali, kunye nendawo engqongileyo. Kodwa amandla okulawula umngcipheko ongokwemvelo: ngaphandle kobuchule bokuphendula obunamandla, amaqumrhu anokuba angathathi-nxaxheba, abophelele, okanye angabi naluqilima. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho-tyala akuyonto yobunewunewu bokufumana izinto zobunewunewu [“ukunganyaniseki, ukuthembeka kwabantu, ukuthembeka, nokulawulwa ngumthetho. Xa abemi namashishini besazi ukuba imithetho iya kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokucacileyo, nangokungaguquguqukiyo, ukuphucula kunye nezivumelwano zoluntu. Ngokuphikisanayo, xa ukugcinwa komthetho kujongwa njengokungekho mthethweni okanye njengokuphembelela, ukurhoxa kuthe kokugqibela, ukuqeka komthetho.

Eli nqaku lixubusha ngemigaqo esisiseko yokuziphendulela ekunyanzelweni komthetho, iinkonzo ezingundoqo ezenziwa ngabameli, iingxaki ezizingisileyo abajamelana nazo, kunye namaqhinga anokubangela ukuba baphendule. Lisebenzisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene evela kumasebe amakhulu eUnited States naseYurophu, lize likhangele phambili kwindlela ubugcisa nentsebenziswano yehlabathi eziwalungisa ngayo amatyala.

Isiseko Sokuphendula

Ukubonakala gca njengeCornerstone

Ukubonakala ngaphaya komlinganiselo obonakalayo wokuziphendulela. Kufuna ukuba abameli bapapashe imithetho yabo, izigqibo zokugcina, iimpembelelo, kunye nedata yomsebenzi. Inkululeko yolwazi Act (FOIA) eUnited States kunye nemithetho efanayo kweminye idemokhrasi inyanzela amasebe ukuba atyhile ulwazi kwisicelo, kodwa ukubonakala okucacileyo /-inkcukacha ngaphandle kokubuzwa ngokwandayo. Umzekelo, ukhuseleko lwe-ENT] lwe-evirontial Agement (EPA) kugcina iibhodi zokubhalisa izicwangciso-mali, ivumela uluntu ukuba lubonise ukugcinwa kwemibutho nokuqokelelwa kwalo.

Umthetho Nenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ukunikwa ingxengxezo kwakhona kufuna ukuba abameli basebenze kwimida ecacileyo esemthethweni. Imithetho mayibhengezwe kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni zokumisela imithetho ezivumela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kwaye izenzo zolu lungiselelo kufuneka zilandele iinkqubo ezimisiweyo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ikhusela izinto ezilawulwayo kwimiqathango enxulumene nemithetho-siseko. EUnited States, iAdministrative Proceduture Act (A) inika isiseko esisemthethweni sale nto, ngoxa kuseYurophu, umgaqo wokulungelelanisa umgaqo ukuvumela imigaqo-nkqubo enzima unokuba yiyiphi na indlela enokuba ngqongqo ngayo.

Ukuzimela - geqe Kwingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Neyezorhwebo

Umlawuli onoxanduva kufuneka akhuselwe kwimijikelo emifutshane yezobupolitika nasekubanjweni yimizi - mveliso eyivelelayo. Inkululeko ayithethi ukuba akukho ngxelo; kunoko, ithetha ukuba izigqibo zonyanzelo zenziwe ngokusekelwe kubungqina kunye nomthetho, kungekhona kwimigaqo ejongene nee-asethi okanye i-arhente. [[FL:0] U.S. uBukhomfa no-Exchange Commission (SEC)[FLT: 1] buyinkqubo ezimeleyo emiselwe ngabalawuli abagrona-gosayo, inciphisa umngcipheko wokutshintsha inkqubo. Ngokufanayo, [[[FLT:] .EPLAN Medicial Medicial Agencytion [FLT] [FFT:]] isebenza nozimele kwezenzululwazi, imodelimu eqinise ulwano kukholo lwama.

Imisebenzi engundoqo yenkqubo yokunyanzelisa

Ukuphendula kusetyenziselwe ngokweseti yemisebenzi engundoqo emele iqulunqwa

  • Ukwenza: ukudlulisela izindululo zomthetho ezibanzi kwimimiselo ecacileyo, enyanzelekileyo. Oku kubandakanya uhlalutyo-maxabiso, uphicotho-umgcini-mali, kunye nempapasho kwiincwadi ezisemthethweni. Iinkonzo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba imithetho ayinzima kakhulu kodwa iphumeza iziphumo zayo ezicetyiweyo.
  • [[NTLALA: 0] Ukujija kunye nokuhlola: ukujonga okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezizimeleyo zokufumana ukungahambelani. Oku kunokuquka uhlolo oluzinzileyo, iimfuno zogcino-lwazi, kunye nobugcisa obukude. Umzekelo, ukhuseleko kunye noLawulo lwempilo (OSA) ihambo ezicetyiweyo nezikhankanyiso ze-odookrati.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izenzo zonyanzeliso: ezithatha amanyathelo alinganayo nxamnye nabaphuli-mthetho abanoonobumba abalumkisayo(-] ukusuka koonobumba kunye nentengo ukuya kumaphepha-mvume okurhoxiswa kunye nee-partiers ezigwebayo. Ukuthembeka konyanzelo kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni ngokuqinisekisiweyo kwesohlwayo.
  • Imfundo kunye nokhupho: Ukunceda amaqumrhu alawulwayo aqonde kwaye athobele imithetho. Ukhokelo lwempangelo lunganciphisa ukwaphuka ngempazamo luze lwakhe ulwalamano lwentsebenziswano.
  • Uvavanyo lotshintsho olukhoyo: ukulinganisa impembelelo yemigaqo kunye neenkqubo zoqikelelo, kunye nokondla ezo ngqiqo emva ekwenzeni ulawulo kunye nokwabiwa kwezibonelelo.

Ukusoloko Ujamelene Nocelomngeni Lokuziphendulela

Phezu kwako nje ukufaneleka kwamaziko alawulayo asebenza kwimeko - bume entsonkothileyo evavanya ukuba amele aphendule ngamaxesha onke.

IiNqanawa zoBume kunye neeNtlanganiso zobuLungu

Amaziko amaninzi asoloko egwetyelwe ukuxhomekeka kwimiqathango yawo. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), umzekelo, ahlola kuphela inxalenye yezixhobo zokuyila iziyobisi zangaphandle nyaka ngamnye, exhomekeke ekujoliseni umngcipheko. Uqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo luthetha ukuba bambalwa abasebenzi bohlalutyo logcino-lwazi, iziphumo ezisemthethweni, kunye nokukhutshwa ngaphandle. Xa oovimba be-omatshini be-ofisi be-arhente, banokunyanzeleka ukuba bafake i-miqathango, ebonakala ingumbandela osisigxina kwaye ivala ityala.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Neyoshishino

Ingxamiseko ingajongene nokuphenjelelwa ngamandla kubadlali bezopolitiko kunye noshishino olulawulayo. Isisongelo sokusikwa koqingqo-mali, iinguqu, okanye imvume yomthetho ingabangela unyanzelo olunamandla. Amagosa amaziko anxulumene ngokusondeleyo nabameli boshishino, nto leyo ekhokelela "kukhukuliseka kolawulo" oluvumela ukukhuthuzwa kwe-oyile ebotshelelweyo. Unyaka wama-2010 we-Deeaterhory oil kunye nengxaki yemali yowama-200 zombi abonisa indlela ababanjiswa ngayo abangakwazi ukunyanzelisa imithetho ekhoyo, kunye neziphumo eziyintlekele.

Imithetho entsonkothileyo nesusiweyo

Ucwangciso lolawulo ludla ngokulwa nzima ukugcina isantya notshintsho lobugcisa. Imithetho ebhalelwe ushishino lwe-analog ingangeniswanga kwiqonga lamanani, abasebenzi be-gig-economity, okanye izityalo ezimiselwe ngejini. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kudala izithintelo kwaye kumema imingeni esemthethweni. I-Accounting kufuneka ifake ingeniso kutshintsho lomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlala icacile kwaye iyanyanzeleka.

Ukungathembani Nokusasazwa Kwezibhengezo

Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kwamaziko kuye kwancipha. Xa abemi bejonga abalawuli njengabakhuphi-mthetho njengabangancedi nto, basenokungabi nakuxela ukwaphulwa okanye ukusebenzisana nophando. Izixhobo zezentlalo-ntle zingandisa iimbono zocalulo, kwanaxa unyanzelo lunesandla esiphezulu. Ukuthembana ngokwakha akufuneki nje ukuba kubekho ugcino-mthetho olungcono, kodwa kulula ukunxibelelana nomanyano olungcono.

Umatshini Wokuphendulisa

Ukuziphendulela akuzenzekelanga; kufuneka kwakhiwe ngendlela yesixokelelwano solawulo ngobuchule obuninzi obungenanayo.

Izidumbu ezibukhali kunye nohlolo oluzimeleyo

Amaziko amaninzi avelisa amaqumrhu anikezelweyo ukuze avavanye ukusebenza kwamasebe. I-ofisi yoMalunga noLawulo lukaRhulumente (GAO) iqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando ngesicelo seBhunga, ipapasha iingxelo ezibalaselisa ukuswela nokuncomela utshintsho. Kulo United Kingdom, i- uPhondo lwe-National Accounting (NAO) yenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Ii-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-outudman ziyakwazi ukusingatha izikhalo ezivela kubemi nakumashishini malunga nonyango oluqhelekileyo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni amaqumrhu eenkonzo ephendulayo. Amaqumrhu alawulayo kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla kuluntu angavavanya imithetho kunye nezenzo zokunyanzelisa imithetho yesithethe okanye yemiqathango ephantsi kwemiqathango. Nangona uhlalutyo olusemthethweni lubalulekile, lungacotha kwaye lufake inkxaso-mali.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokubonisa ngaphaya Kweliso

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke okunentsingiselo kudlulela ngaphaya kwamaxesha okugqabaza kwimithetho ecetyiweyo. Iquka iikomiti zoluvo, ukuva, kunye namaqabane namaqumrhu oluntu. SEC rhoqo ufuna igalelo loluntu kumanyathelo olawulo, kunye ne EPA isebenzisa amacandelo oluntu okucoca ummandla wesibonelelo. Ubugcisa bungathoba imiqobo ekuthabatheleni inxaxheba: ii-web sitelktrols kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo-ndaba luvumela ukudityaniswa okubanzi.

Ukhuseleko lwemipu kunye neziqhagamshelanisi ezichazayo

Ukukhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuxela ukunganyaniseki sisixhobo esinamandla sokuziphendulela. Izikhuseli ezinamandla zomlozi, njengaleyo ikwi UMthetho we-Dodd-Frank wolawulo lwemali, yenza abasebenzi bakwazi ukubhenca ukungahambi komthetho ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Ingxangxasi kufuneka kwakhona inikezele ngenkqubo elula yokukhalaza kawonke-wonke.

Ubuchule bokunika ingxelo

Ngokusekelwe kucelomngeni nakucwangciso oluxutyushwayo, amaziko alawulayo anokusebenzisa la maqhinga alandelayo ukuze aqinisekise ukuba anyanisekile.

Ukuveliswa kogcino-lwazi-ulawulo

Abameli bale mihla basebenzisa ialgorithis ukuchaza ugcino-lwazi olukhulu, beqikelelela ukujolisa izibonelelo zobugxwayiba ngokunempumelelo. Inkonzo ye-Internal Inventive Revolution (IRS) isebenzisa ialgoriths ukuchonga ukubuyisa irhafu, ngelixesha Adveration Administration Administration (FAA) ihlalutya ugcino-lwazi lokubhabhabha ukuze lufumane ukhuseleko lwengozi. Ukukhankamisa ugcino-lwazi lwangaphandle ukuze lukwazi ukuphiconga ukwenziwa komkelo lweziko. Noko ke, abameli kufuneka balumkele ukuchasana nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubuchule bogcino-data bunetyala.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Ngotshintsho Lolawulo

Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwezobupolitika, amanye amazwe akhusele abameli kwiibhodi ezinamalungu amaninzi, amacandelo asisigxina okhokelo, kunye nemijelo enikezelwa ngemali. I-Eupain Central Bank [ (ayiyo inkqubo yolawulo nge-se, kodwa imodeli yokuzimela) ibonisa indlela ulawulo olungaxhasa ngayo imithetho engaguqukiyo egcinwayo. Abameli abakhoyo, iinguqu ezinje kwinkululeko yoqingqo-mali kunyaka ngamnye zinganceda ngayo.

Ukwakha Isithethe Semilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nesokufunda

Ukujongwa koxanduva lwangaphakathi kuqala ngoqeqesho kunye nemigaqo yesimilo. Iingxakeko kufuneka zikhuthaze "ukuthetha" impucuko apho abaqeshwa benokunyusa inkxalabo ngaphandle koloyiko. Uhlolo lwasemva komsebenzi wokunyanzelisa lungaphawula iingxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo. U.S. iKhomishini yeNyukliya (NLC) inenkqubo elungiselelwe kakuhle "oooooooooooooomatshini abanokusebenza" efundelwa rhoqo emva kweziganeko ezibalulekileyo.

Ukusebenzisana Noluntu

Kunokuba baphathe uwonke wonke njengabamkeli abangasebenziyo bomthetho, abameli bangabandakanya abemi ekujoliseni nasekuqinisekiseni. Iinkqubo zokuhlola uluntu, ezifana nokuvavanya amanzi nomanyano EPA, inika uluntu olukhoyo kwaye inike ugcino-lwazi olongezelelekileyo. Le ndlela ayilungisi nje kuphela ukuphendula kodwa ikwakhulisa ukuthembana.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokubekwa Komthetho

Izithethe ezohlukeneyo zomthetho nolopolitiko zivelisa imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yokuziphendulela. EUnited States, ukugxininiswa kugxininiso olunzulu kumthetho wesizwe (inkundla yesizwe yeLungu) ukunyanzelisa ukuphendula rhoqo kunye nolawulo loburhulumente. [[FLT: 0]] i-Eupanon Union [ ixhomekeke kakhulu ekuhloleni untanga phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu kunye nenkundla enamandla (iNkuNkundla yeSigwebo se- Justi) ukunyanzelisa. I-Earting, enjengeIndiya neBrazil, iye yadala amaqumrhu azimeleyo eediyo eeeeee eeeeeeemont afana nocingoants afana nombane nombane, kodwa izama ngamandla kakhulu ekungeneni kwezopolitiki. [[FLT.2] [iKD][F2][FF3]]

Uphando Ngetyala Olunempumelelo

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA iphumeze ulwakhiwo oluninzi lokuphendula. I- i-Enftice kunye neQumrhu lembali elikwi-Online (ECHO) isiseko sesiseko sogcino-lwazi sivumela nabani na ukuba aphengulule ugcino-lwazi lweziko, iingxelo zohlolo, kunye nezigwebo. Le nkqubo ikwakhupha iziphumo zonyanzelo lwaminyaka le kwaye yenza uvavanyo lwesithathu lweenkqubo zayo. Ngethuba lolawulo lwe-Obama, i-EPA yandisa izigwebo zamakhaya kwaye ilandela umthetho olwaphula umthetho owenzileyo, ithumela uphawu olunamandla lokuthintela ukuthintela.

Ukutya noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA)

Ukujongwa kweFDA kuxhomekeke kuhlolo olungqongqo lwenzululwazi kunye nokuzibandakanya okugqithisileyo kukawonke-wonke. I-Pathient Discoverement drug idibanisa ukusetyenziswa kolwazi olunomonde kwizigqibo zolawulo. Isebe likwagcina i-Dashboard ehamba ngokutya neziyobisi zikhumbula ngexesha lokwenene. Emva kokungagqibeki kwemiqathango ye-projekthi engcolileyo, i-FDA iphumeza icebo lokulungisa kunye nokuphatha okugqithisileyo.

IKomishini yoTshintshiso (SEC)

Icandelo lonyanzeliso-mthetho le-SEC livelisa iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zonyaka kwimisebenzi yalo, kuquka inani lezenzo ezigcinwe, izigwebo eziqokeleliweyo, kunye namabhaso okufutha ngempempe. Inkqubo ye-SEC Whistlefizer Program[, enziwe nguMthetho weDodd-Frank, ihlawule amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ukuya kwizenzo ezincomekayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizenzo zonyanzelo olubalulekileyo.

I-Arhente yezonyango yaseYurophu (EMA)

I-EMA ixhomekeke ekuboneni ulwazi lweziko lonyango nasekusebenzisaneni ngokusondeleyo namagunya afanelekileyo esizwe. Ipapasha iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zeziyobisi zonke ezivunyiweyo, kuquka nokuqiqa okubangela izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo. Kwakhona eli qumrhu liqhuba uxilongo lukawonke-wonke kwimigaqo engundoqo kwaye liqhuba iintlanganiso rhoqo nemibutho yezonyango ezele ngumguli kunye nemibutho yezonyango.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka Ekulungiseni Ingxelo Ngexesha Elizayo

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunika amathuba kunye nobungozi bokuphendula. ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo bungaqwalasela ngokutsha uphando lwemisinga emikhulu yedata, ukuyeka ukubeka iliso kwicandelo loluntu. unqakrazo olunento yokwenza nolunokuyila iingxelo ezibhabhabhathiweyo zezenzo zonyanzelo kunye neziqinisekiso zokusebenza, ukunciphisa ukuqhatha. Noko ke, ubugcisa obunye bungafihla ukuziphatha kombutho ukuba i-algoritilitio okanye i-arheyi. [[FLT] Akhawulezi" kufuneka abeke ku-[FLT:] ukubonakala okucacileyo [[[12]] [FLT]] kunye noomatilo-omatilo-omatika-omati, kuquka nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ze-omatshini ziphantsi kolawulo loluntu. [FT][FT]][6]

Isiphelo: Ukuqhubeka Ufuna Ukuphendula

Ukubekwa komthetho asiyondawo efunekayo kodwa ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Amasebe alawulayo kufuneka asoloko eqhelanisa neengxaki ezintsha zokwenza uphazamiso-nkqubo, ukutshintsha kwemiqathango kawonke-wonke, kunye nezinto ezihluzekileyo. Owona masebe anokuphendula ngalawo amkela ukubonakala, ukuzimela, kunye nokuzibophelela kwabantu ngokwamaxabiso angundoqo, hayi njengemiqathango yokuthobela. Alinganisa umsebenzi wawo, afunda ukungaphumeleli, kwaye akulungele ukutshintsha. Njengoko umhlaba wonke utshintsha uhambelana, imigaqo yokuziphendulela izakugweba iya kuthathwa ngemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uhlolo lomsebenzi we-ECD kwinkqubo yolawulo, i-ofisi yobuNikademfama U.S. i-Ofisi yobuNikadelelo yoRhulumente, kunye EMA's condulective comciso yenkqubo yemithetho. Ezi zixhobo zibonisa indlela imigaqo ebekwe ngayo ekusebenzeni ngaphaya kwamaqela namaqela ahlukeneyo.