Amandla eveto afana nenye yezixhobo ezinamandla ezikhoyo kuMongameli waseUnited States, enika isebe eliphetheyo ukwakheka ngqo kwemithetho yesizwe. Ngeli xesha kuxutyushwa ngalo kumongo wongquzulwano phakathi kwendlu emhlophe neKhongolo, iveto lingumatshini ocacileyo osekelwe kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko, uqheliselo wembali, kunye necebo lezobupolitika. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olunzulu, olunegunya elinegunya lwamandla eveto(its), imvelaphi, iindidi, iindidi, iintsingiselo zezobupolitika, kunye no-at-actal-dance-me-gent yangoku inika abafundi ukuqonda okunzulu okuqhubekayo kwalo msebenzi uphandoqolo lwezonga.

Yintoni Igunya Leveto?

Kuhlobo lwalo olulula, amandla ligunya lomgaqo-siseko likaMongameli lokugatya irejista okanye isigqibo samalungu omthetho ukuba anikezelwe ngamagumbi omabini eBhunga. Igama elithi "veto" livela kwigama lesiLatini elithetha "Andaleli," kwaye lisebenza njengendlela yokuqala yokuhlola kwisebe lemithetho. Xa uMongameli ekhupha umthetho, awubi ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba iNgqungquthela ihlanganisa iihendi ezimbini ezingaphezulu kwikota zovota kuzo zombini iNdlwane yoomeli kunye neCandelo lokuthoba.

Iveto asilogunya elipheleleyo. Ichazwe ngokukhethekileyo nguMgaqo-siseko kwaye iphantsi kokungalawuleki. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli akanakukwazi ukubeka indawo nganye yemali qha, inxalenye nganye yemali. Oku-okanye okunganto yendalo bekungumthombo wempikiswano kwaye kukhokelela kwizicelo zomgca-indawo, leyo iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabetha njenge-odomituni (bona ][Clinton v. isixeko saseNew York, 524], U.S. 41719983] [[FLT]]). Ukuqonda oku kufuna ukuba zombini iinkqubo zayo zomsebenzi zokwelipopu.

Imbali Ethetha Ngolawulo Lweveto

Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. baphikisana kakhulu nge-veto ebudeni beNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko yowewaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe asixhenxe. Ukoyika yonke indlu yowiso-mthetho enamandla ("ii-"tyranting of the]), bafuna ukunika umphathi ophethe isixhobo sokukhusela ekuthinteleni ukugula okanye ukungenelela umthetho. UAlexander Hamilton, ebhala uNo. 73, wathi iveto iza kuvumela uMongameli ukuba "aphinde akhusele" ekuthinteleni ukuchasana nokungalawuleki kwemithetho engafanelekanga."ukungamela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwemithetho engafanelekanga."Kwalo xesha linye, abaxhasi benkqubo baqinisekisa ukuba i-Frederator, impembelelo ye-globalviation.

Inqaku I, icandelo lesi-7 loMgaqo-siseko lithi: "Yonke iBhili eya kugqitha indlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, iza kunikwa uMongameli weUnited States; ukuba uyakuvumela ukuba ayisayi kusityobela, kodwa ukuba akayi kubuya, kunye neZiqinisekiso zakhe kwindlu apho iza kuba ivele khona. Olu lwimi lulula luza kumisela inkqubo esetyenzisiweyo kumaxesha amaninzi kwimbali yaseMelika.

I-Evolution Yokusetyenziswa Kwe-Vito

Oomongameli bokuqala basebenzisa i-veto ngokuncipha. UGeorge Washington wakhupha amatyala amabini kuphela, zombini, ngemiqathango yomGaqo-siseko. UThomas Jefferson ngokufanayo wawathintela umsebenzi wakhe. Kwakude uAndrew Jackson ukuba iveto ibe sisixhobo esinesiqinisekiso sokulawula umongameli. Jackson wasebenzisa i-crectorter yesibini yeBhanki yase-United States ngo-1832, ephikisa ibhanki ukuba ingasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangameli bani nabemi abaqhelekileyo.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, oomongameli basebenzisa iveto ngokukhulayo ukubumba iziphumo zowiso-mthetho. UFranklin D. Roosevelt wanyusa ngaphezu kwama-600 ephepha-(ukudlula nawuphi na omnye umongameli). Ngokunjalo ubhekisa phambili ngamandla kwi-New Deal. Oomongameli bamva, ukusuka kuTruman ukuya kuBiden, baqhubeka besebenzisa iveto njengendlela yomgaqo-siseko kunye nengxelo yezopolitiko.

Iintlobo Zemiphunga

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko uchaza inkqubo enye yeveto, uqheliso luye lwadala iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: iveto eqhelekileyo neveto yepokotho. Nganye isebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo kwaye ineengcebiso ezahlukeneyo kwiBhunga.

I-Veto eqhelekileyo

I-veto eqhelekileyo iyenzeka xa uMongameli ekwala ngokusemthethweni umthetho ngokuwubuyisela kwindlu yongxube-ntle apho wavela khona, kunye nenkcaso (i-"veto myalezo"). Ityala alinakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga liyiqwalasele kwakhona kwaye livote ukudlula iveto ngoninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kwigumbi ngalinye. Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lweveto kwaye livumela iBhunga libe nelungelo lokuphendula.

Pocket Veto

Ingxowa yengxowa-mali yenzaka xa uMongameli engenzi nto kwityala iintsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezigqithileyo) ngexesha iBhunga lithe yaqhutyelwa ukufa [[[FLT: 0]] (isivumelwano esithe ngqo ekupheleni kwentlanganiso). Ngelo xesha, ityala alithanga mthetho, kwaye iKhomishini ayinakuzama ukulawula kuba ayisakho kwintlanganiso. Ingxowa ibulala umthetho ngokufezekileyo ngaphandle kokucela imvume. UmGaqo-siseko awuchazi xa iBhangelwa iinjongo zebhobhini. Inkundla yezo ngokomthetho ibonise ukuba ithetha ukuba ityala limele impompompo ephameni. Inkundla ephakamileyo ibamba abathunywa ukuba bangayifumani imiyalezo ekungeneni, ifaka ipokoza epokomeni ukuya kwimpokotho (FFFFFF:[3] [3]] [5]]

I-Item- Line Veto (Inqaku leSihloko)

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oomongameli bafuna ubuchule bokukhupha intelekelelo ezithile kwimiqathango engaphakathi kwetyala `a umgca-ingxenye-veto'. Ngo- 1996, iBhunga lidlulise i-Line Menue Veto Act, linika uMongameli igunya lokuphelisa izinto ezithile ezichithwayo neengenelo zerhafu. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa ukuba le nto ayivumelani nemithetho ekhoyo Clinton v. isixeko saseNew York, ilawula ukuba ichasene noPaint Claus of Pricious of Artic I. Umgca-veto uyaqhubeka ungafumaneki kumongameli, nangona izindululo zomthetho zolwandiso lwegunya lokuquluko olunyusiweyo.

Inkqubela ye Veto: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kwisixhobo esihambayo ukuya kwiveto enokwenzeka luquka umgaqo-siseko ocacileyo.

  1. Imithetho yeBhunga: Zombini iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela kufuneka zidlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo zomthetho.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] KUKUSELELA nokuHlela: Imali ibhalisiwe, ityikitywe ngabaphathi abaphetheyo bamagumbi omabini, kwaye inikezelwa kuMongameli.
  3. Isenzo esidityanisiweyo: UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezinqamlezayo) ukwenza. Iinketho zezi:
    • [[FLT]] Uphawu[[FLT:]] umqondiso umthetho.
    • [[UMTL: 0] IVETO kwaye ibuyiselwe kwi Congress ngokuphikisa.
    • Ungathathi nyathelo: Ukuba iBhunga liseqesheni, ityala liba ngumthetho emva kweentsuku ezilishumi ngaphandle kosayino lukaMongameli. Ukuba iBhunga lingquzulane lifa [ ngexesha losuku olulishumi, ipokotho yenzeka kwaye imali ife.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Uqwalaselo lobuhlanga:[[FT:1] Ukuba ikhutshiwe, ireyithi iyabuyela kwigumbi lokuyila. Umyalezo weveto uyafundwa, kwaye iBhunga lingacwangcisa ukuvota okugqithileyo. Iyunithi ezimbini-ntathu zabo bakhoyo kunye novoto (ubone ukuba i-quostom ikhona) iyafuneka kwigumbi ngalinye.
  5. [[NTL:0]] u-o ukushwabana okanye ukungaphumeleli: ukuba omabini amagumbi aphumeza intengiso efunekayo, ityala liba ngumthetho phezu kweveto kaMongameli. Ukuba nayiphina igumbi aliphumeleli, iveto ime kwaye isifa isibhambathiso.

Inkqubo yokuqukumbela inzima ngabom. Ukusukela ukusekwa, malunga kuphela yeeveto ezithe rhoqo azinakuchazwa, okubonisa amandla abalulekileyo iveto enika uMongameli.

Ukudityaniswa Kwamandla Eveto

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Iveto ligumbi lokwahlula amagunya. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye qha, ingakumbi ukwenziwa kwemithetho-ukungalawulwa. UMongameli angawuvala umthetho akholelwa ukuba awugunyazi, akalungelelani, okanye ungowomdla wesizwe. Kwangaxeshanye, igosa lenkqubo ligcina igunya elipheleleyo leBhunga, lidala uxinezeleko olunamandla olunyanzela ukuxoxisana nokulalanisa.

Icebo Lezobupolitika Nokuziqhatha

Ngaphezu kwendima yayo yomgaqo-siseko, iveto sisixhobo esinamandla sezobupolitika. kuphela ingabumba umthetho phambi kokuba ufike kwidesika likaMongameli. Oomongameli basebenzisa isisongelo seveto ukuphawula imigca yabo esezantsi, bakhuthaza iBhunga lemithetho yezorhwebo ezakutyikitywa kumthetho. Le "ukufaka isisongelo" yinxenye eqhelekileyo yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Obama, isisongelo se-veto kwiSixhobo seQhosha XPhosaklippine ukuba ifakele ulwimi kwilungu elikhulu lomthetho, kuphela ukuba uMongameli aphumele kulo (bona imizekelo engezantsi).

UVetoes uvumela oomongameli ukuba bakhuphe izikhundla ezicacileyo zenkqubo. Ingakumbi umyalezo weveto osasazwa ngokubanzi(ii-"i-asethi epapashwa ngokubanzi"i-account baxhasi, imigaqo ecacileyo, kwaye ichaze izinto eziphambili zolawulo. Ngokuchaseneyo, iveto ingaba yingozi kwezobupolitika ukuba ithe yabonwa njengesithinteli okanye ukuba ivingca umthetho othandwayo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwale Mihla Nemikhwa

Ubuninzi be-vetoes buye bahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Oomongameli abasuka kuFranklin D. Roosevelt ukuya kuHarry Truman basebenzisa iveto ngamakhulukhulu amaxesha. Kutshanje, oomongameli baye basebenzisa iveto kancinane, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokudibanisa urhulumente kunye nokunyuka kwemiyalelo yegunya. Umzekelo, uMongameli Donald Trump vento wafaka iindleko ezilishumi kwixesha lakhe elinye; uMongameli Joe Biden, njengasekuqaleni kowama 2025, uye wasebenzisa imilinganiselo elishumi elinabile. Ukuncipha kwamanani amanani abonise ukuncipha kokubaluleka kwamandla, ngoko ke. UMongameli uDonalden Trump uhlala ethembekile isongelo esigunyaza, ingakumbi xa i-White Hongress Congresss elawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yemifuno Ephawulekayo

Ukuhlolisisa iiveto ezingqalileyo kucacisa indlela oomongameli abaye basebenzisa ngayo eli gunya ukubumba inkqubo kawonke wonke nokuchaza imikhosi yabo.

  • Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto (1832): Jackson waphinda wachaza umhla weBhanki yesibini yeUnited States, ephikisa ngobutyebi obupheleleyo kunye namandla phakathi kwabalawuli. Iveto yabangela ingxaki yesizwe yezobupolitika yaza yaba ngumba ophambili kunyulo luka-1832. Isenzo esigqibekileyo sikaJackson sandisa ingqiqo yegunya lomongameli.
  • uAbraham Lincoln's Pocket Veto kaWade-Davis Bill (1864): iLincoln ingxowa-ingxowa ye-lickson idluliswe ngu Rapard Republicans, owayefuna amagama angqongqo kakhulu kumazwe angaphambili. Indlela elula kakhulu ye-Lincoln' yalawula, ibalaselisa iveto njengesixhobo sokulawula ulawulo lwegunya kwimithetho yemfazwe.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt's Iprocessil New Deal Vetoes: FDR irhoxa ngaphezu kwama-600 ephepha, isoloko inqanda amatyala obuqu okanye ukukhusela iinkqubo zobuGcisa obutsha. I-Foffto yakhe yoMthetho we-Revenuce of 1943 (umthetho werhafu) yayino-343. Okunye kwezihlandlo ezimbalwa zeBhunga elingaphezulu kweyakhe i-veto ngexesha lobuProsili.
  • I-Vto ye-Keystone XL Pitline Revice Act (2015) i-Balck Oma yanika i-Applet i-XL's. IBHAYIBHILE I-PHONDO LENKCINT:[[FL] I-OTM] yakhupha isibhengezo esiza kuvumela umbhobho we-XL, icaphula inkxalabo yemekobume kunye negunya eliphetheyo phezu kwemvume yokunqamleza. I-ompatho ye-i-3 ezimbini zoninzi ezifunekayo ukuthotywa, ebonisa amandla e-veto'kumthetho wemeko-ntle.
  • I-Divoald Trump's Veto of National Emergency Resolution (209): Trump yakhupha isigqibo esidibeneyo esasifuna ukuphelisa ubhengezo lwakhe lobungozi besizwe kumda womzantsi. Iingqungquthela aziphumelelanga ukuyeka, ziphawula umzekelo obalulekileyo malunga namandla olawulo oluphezulu.
  • [[NTL:0] Joe Biden's Veto of Congregational Review Act (2023): wakhupha isigqibo esinokuthi sibhukuqe umthetho weSebe lemisebenzi ekutyalisweni kwe-ESG. Iveto yagcinwa, ibonisa ukuzimisela kolawulo kwinkcubeko yemozulu ejolisekileyo.

Veto Engajongiyo: Isiganeko se Rare

Ukumisa ngaphezulu umqobo ongaphezulu kwe-desidenti ye-veto kufuna umgangatho ongaqhelekanga wentsebenziswano ye-bipartisan. Ukususela ngo-1789, iKhomishini iye yafaka i-329 imibhobho engaphantsi kwe-120 ye-vetoes eqhelekileyo. Umnyango ozii-350 ongaphezulu kwe-1. Umphetho ongaphezulu komqobo ongaphezulu kowesibini wesithathu uphezulu kakhulu, ingakumbi xa iqela lomongameli lilawula ubuncinane ubuncinane begumbi elinye. Ukungachaphazekiyo kubandakanya uMthetho we-Chulumente ka-Andrence Johnson (kunye kwe-Andrenti), iSigqi Samandla semfazwe sika-1979 (o Richard Nixon's seveto), kunye nogwebo lwe-Jajisi-Advier Again Spors of Corristism Act of 2016 (overback Oveto). Ukuphakamisa ixesha ngalinye libonisa ulungelelaniso lwezopolitiko.

Inkqubo yokuqukumbela ithwala iprocedtural revotes. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna kuphela iivoti ezimbini ezizii-3 zamalungu akhoyo, ukuba i-quorerum ikhona. Oku kuthetha ukuba amalungu angekhoyo angawuhlisa ngokunempumelelo umqobo. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingalimisela elinye ixesha ukuqwalasela umyalezo weveto ngokungenasiphelo, ngokunempumelelo lime ngaphandle kokuvota okusesikweni.

Ungquzulwano Nemilinganiselo

Ngaphandle kwembali yayo ende, amandla eveto awakhange angabi ngabagxeki. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi iveto inika umlawuli amandla amakhulu, inika umongameli amandla okuvala umthetho oxhaswe ngokuphandle kwimimandla emixinwa. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi yonke-okanye into ekhoyo yeveto inyanzelisa iKhomishini yofako ukudibanisa amalungiselelo angathandwayo ukuze afumane iindleko zokudlulisa iindleko, ukwazi uMongameli makaginye ipake yonke okanye abeke engozini i-veto. Ingxoxo yomgca-i-veto iyaqhubeka inyuka, ngokuphikisa kwayo izakunceda ukuphelisa ukuchitha ukuchitha uchitha imali, ngelixa abachasi beyilumkisa ukuba ityhethe amandla eBhungane.

Omnye umlinganiselo yi- impikiswano ye-veto. Ulwimi olungacacanga lomGaqo-siseko malunga nokuthunyelelwa luye lwakhokelela kwiimpikiswano phakathi komongameli kunye neBhunga. Uqheliselo lwangoku ludla ngokumisela ipokotho kwimiqathango yokugqibela, kodwa abanye oomongameli baye bazama ukuzisebenzisa ngexesha lesekomyutha. Iinkundla zisoloko ziwisa umthetho ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa okude.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Amagunya eVito Kwamanye Amazwe

Ngeli xesha umongameli wase-U.S. umgangatho ophezulu wahlula, iinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi ziquka uhlobo oluthile lwe-veto elawulayo. Kwinkqubo zepalamente (njenge-United Kingdom okanye iKhanada), intloko yephondo inqabile ukuqhelisela amandla; iqhelekile kakhulu. Kwisixokelelwano se-presidential frames njenge Fransi, umongameli angathumela umthetho emva ukwenzela ukuqwalasela kwakhona kodwa akanakuwuthintela ngokupheleleyo. Amazwe amaninzi ase-Latin America anika oomongameli belayini-veto igunya loqingqo-mali, kwaye abanye bavumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ilawuleke ngobuninzi obulula. .

Isiphelo

Amandla eveto ahlala ebalulekile, enamandla elungu lenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Asiloqhosha lokwaliwa kuphela kodwa sisixhobo esineentlobo ezininzi solawulo esinentsebenziswano enxulumene ne-branch, ukhusela igunya elinegunya, kwaye ubumba imimiselo yemithetho. Ukusuka kwibhanki ka-Andrew Jackson yendelek yendeleko yendeleko yeli xesha ukuya kumoyikisa ngoqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo yokusingqongileyo, iveto iqinisekise ukusebenza kwayo okuhlala kuhleli. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka luhamba ngezopolitiko ezisuntswana ezisuntswana ezisemgangathweni zomGaqo-siseko woMongameli, kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo i-onqanothi yengxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo lwamandla olawulo lwamasebe karhulumente.

Kubo bafuna ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho eWashington, ukufundisisa iveto kubalulekile. Yindawo apho umphathi aza kudibana nephulo lendlu yowiso-mthetho, nalapho umbono wabasebenzi besakhelo sovavanyo nolungelelwano uvavanywa khona kwimisebenzi yonke imihla.