Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa Kwasemthethweni Kobunqolobi Obuchaseneyo

Iinkqubo zokulwa nobuphekula ziphakathi kwezona zixhobo zinamandla zisetyenziswayo ukukhusela, ukuphazamisa, nokusabela kwizenzo zogonyamelo lwezobupolitika. Kodwa le nkqubo ayikho kwikhamandela elingokwasemthethweni. Zikho kwisiseko esichaza oko kubugrogrisi, zinika amagunya ubukrelekrele kunye nolawulo lomthetho, kwaye zimisela imida ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla karhulumente. Ukuyila kwezi zixhobo kudinga ukulingana okucekelelekileyo: amanyathelo okhuseleko amele aqine ngokwaneleyo ukuze akhuseleke kwiingozi ezingoondilele, kodwa amele awahlonele amalungelo omntu ngamnye, athintele ukuxhatshazwa, aze athobele umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Kubahlohlisi, abafundi, nabasebenzi bemithetho ekhomba, kuyimfuneko ukuvavanyanisa enoba imigudu yokulwa kwe-Rogandagandagandasi iyasebenza, esemthethweni, kwaye esemthethweni.

Ilixa langoku lomthetho ochasene nobunqolobi laqala ngokunyanisekileyo emva kokuhlasela ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kodwa imvelaphi yalo ibuyela kwizivumelwano zangaphambili kunye nemithetho yesizwe ethetha ngokuphangwa kwenqwelo-moya, ukuthunjwa, nokuxhaswa kwemali kwamaqela ogonyamelo. Namhlanje, umgaqo-bume wasemthethweni ngumsebenzi osisigxina weendibano zezizwe ngezizwe, izigqibo zeBhunga loKhuseleko-khuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, izivumelwano zengingqi, kunye nemithetho ekhethekileyo yamakhaya. Umaleko ngamnye unxibelelana nabanye, udala ingxwabangxwaba kunye noxanduva. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukulawulwa kwemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe nezizwe elwa noomthetho elwayo, ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokulungelelanisa inkululeko yamakhaya, kunye nemibalwayo eza kuvelisa umthetho wexesha elizayo.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sasemthethweni Sehlabathi

Kumgangatho wehlabathi jikelele, umthetho wobunqolobi ulwenziwe ngokuyintloko ngezivumelwano ezininzi zezahlula-jiko kunye nomsebenzi weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. IBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo liye lamkela uthotho lwezigqibo ezizibopheleleyo phantsi kweSahluko VII seCharter yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, amazwe anyanzela ukuba anyanzelise izenzo zobugrogrisi, atyhalele amaqhinga, atyhafifini izinto ezirhaneyo, asebenzisane neengxengxeba. Isigqibo esimvote namfa emva ko-9/11, sifuna ukuba aphikise ukukhuseleka kwabo bacel, baceba, okanye baxhase izenzo zobugrogrisi. Izigqibo, njengo-2178 no 23966, sithetha ngesongelo sabanqolobi basemzini basemzini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegama lokuphatha abakhwela.

Ngapha koko iBhunga loKhuseleko, intlanganiso yeendibano zamacandelo ilwaphula umthetho: iNdibano yeHague yowe-1970 yokucinezelwa kweNgqungquthela Yokungabikho Komthetho Yolawulo, iNdibano yeZizwe Ngezizwe eChasana nokuthathwa Koomatshinga, iNdibano yezizwe ngezizwe yowama-1997 yokucinezelwa kweebhombu zobuGrogrisi, kunye neConvention yezizwe nge-1999 yokucinezelwa kokuBugqebhene. Zizonke, ezi zivumelwano zibumba ulawulo olubanzi olungomthetho oluthi lunyanzelela ukuchosa okanye ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile, ukumisela ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho olungaphezulu, kunye nolwabelana ubungqina kwimidangeno.

Izixhobo ezingundoqo zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nempembelelo yazo

  • IIsigqibo seBhunga loKhuseleko (umz. 1373, 2178, 2396): Iimfanelo ezinyanzelisayo kumazwe onke angamalungu e-UN ukwamkela umthetho ochasene nobuphekula, ukunyusa ulawulo lwemida kunye nokulwa nogonyamelo olugqithiseleyo.
  • INdibano yezizwe ngezizwe yocinezelo lobuGrogrisi: Kufunwa ukuba kuphangwe ukuqokelelwa okanye ilungiselelo lemali ecetyiweyo ukwenzela izenzo zabagrogrisi, nokuthatha izinto ezinxulumene nemisebenzi enjalo.
  • Ityala kwityala kunye nezinye izenzo ezithenjiswe kwinqwelo moya yebhodi: imisela ulawulo kulwaphulo-mthetho olukhaphu-khaphu kwaye yenza kube lula ukuqulunqwa kwabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Global Honony-Trorrism Stratedy: Yamkelwa yiNgqungquthela-wonke yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo- 2006, olu xwebhu lungabopheleliyo luchaza indlela elungeleleneyo yokusingatha iimeko ezikhuthaza ubugrogrisi, imiqathango yokukhusela nokulwa, ukwakhiwa kwamandla, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu.

Phezu kwazo nje iinkoliso zezi zixhobo, ukuphunyezwa akukhange kuxelwe. Amazwe amaninzi akafuni zibonelelo ezisemthethweni okanye ezopolitiko ziza kutshintsha ngokupheleleyo izibophelelo zesivumelwano kumthetho wasekhaya. Ngaphezu koko, ingcaciso yobugrogrisi ngokwayo iyaphikiswa; ayikho ingcaciso esemthethweni eyamkelekileyo ekhoyo emhlabeni wonke, inika ulawulo olubanzi lokubala izenzo ezithile njengeephekula, ngokunqakraza abachasi bezobupolitika, intatheli, okanye abaxhasi bemiqathango phantsi kokuzibanga ubugrogriba obuchasene nomthetho. I-UN Speciocrave ibalase amalungelo abantu kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithi ezithi zibalasele zikho ngezizathu ezithe kratya ngokugqithisyo ezithi zibangela ukungavisisani okunoxolo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somthetho wengingqi

Imibutho yengingqi iye yavelisa izixhobo zayo ezichasene nobugrogrisi. IBhunga le-Europe leSivumelwano sokuthintela ubuGrogrisi (2005) lifuna ukuba amazwe angamalungu ahlasele ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze enze amaphekula, afumane imvume kunye noqeqesho. I-European Union yamkele imiyalelo emininzi enyanzelisayo kunye nemigaqo, kuquka i-2017Drective Directive ekulweni kobugrogrisi, nto leyo ephazamisa iinkcazelo nezigwebo kumazwe akwi-EUS kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezifana nokuhamba kwamanye amazwe ngeenjongo zabanqolobi. Ngoko ke, i-1999 ye-Union Union ilwa noMbutho woMkhosi wothintelo, odityaniswe yimithetho ye-mthetho yonyaka-2004, inikezela inkqubo yokulwa kookrwelo olusemthethweni, ukuxhasana, nokutshintshisana kobuGcineno. Ngokunjalo, i-Hlundlse kunye ne-Hongqungqubano lwe-ntle ye-ntle yezopolitiki yeNtshona-Melika i-Melika i-Afrika i-Afrika

Amakhonkco angaphandle: i-United Nations Ofesi ye-Treatskistism inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha kwizixhobo zomthetho zomhlaba wonke. Iphepha lePalamente yase-Europe elichaza ukulwa nobugrogrisi lichaza umthetho we-EU.

Imisebenzi yeFrames engokwasemthethweni kazwelonke

Ngoxa izixhobo zezizwe ngezizwe nezengingqi zimisela imilinganiselo, ukuphunyezwa kowona mthetho wokulwa nobunqolobi kwenzeka ngokuyintloko kumgangatho wesizwe. Lilonke ilizwe kufuneka liguqulele izibophelelo zesivumelwano kwimimiselo yasekhaya echaza izenzo zobugrogrisi, ukusungula amagunya aphengululi, ukumisela isohlwayo, nokunika imigaqo yemiqathango yesizwe. Le mithetho yesizwe yahluka kakhulu, ibonisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo, imimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko, iimeko zezobupolitika, kunye nezisongelo.

I-USA PATRIOT

I-United States yasabela kuhlaselo olungu-9/11 u-PARIYOTT Act, eyandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla okuqwalasela ngaphantsi kobuNgqila beNgwevu iSurveillance Act (FISA), ivumele ukujikeleza kwemiqathango, ukugunyazisa ukuqokelelwa kweengxelo zeshishini, kwaye yawudambisa imiqathango yokwabelana ngobulumko phakathi komthetho kunye namaqumrhu aphezulu. Umthetho ``njengebuntlola kunye noMthetho wokuthintela wobuGqhinga (2004) kunye noMthetho we-FISA UDS-Mithelelaniso e-Mgaqo-mthetho (2008). USA USA USETTTY SE SETY REARD, uninzi lwangoku, kunye nomthetho obekwe kwi-USAUSBSBSCUARCTT (URC) ka-Act 2020, owabekwa kwimiqatha yemiqatha yeminye ingqokelela yeminye ingqokelela yeminye i-20, ekwabibi

Umthetho we-US ochasene ne-orethoric uquka ukugunyaziswa kokusetyenziswa komkhosi womkhosi odlule ngo-2001, onika uMongameli amandla okusebenzisa “wonke amandla afunekayo nafanelekileyo” kumazwe, imibutho, okanye abantu ababandakanyekileyo kuhlaselo olungu-9/11. I-AUMF iye yasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukuvalelwa kwemikhosi, ukubulala, kunye nemisebenzi kumazwe amaninzi, inyusa imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni namalungelo abantu. Iinkundla zemikhosi yesizwe ziye ziphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda imibango echaseneyo ne-RGrobithi, zikhupha imithetho engekho mthethweni, ukuvalelwa kotshaba olungenagunya, ukuvalelwa kotshaba, namalungelo abantu base-US.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: [[FLT: 0]US Isebe leJaji leCandelo loBunqolobi [[FLT: 1] lichaza amandla namatyala karhulumente.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Umthetho Wobunqolobi Wenze Utshintsho Lwama - 2000

Umthetho oyintloko we-UK ophikisana nobugrogrisi nguMthetho we-Trogrisism 2000, onika ingcaciso ebanzi yobugrogrisi obugqumathelisa izenzo “ezibangela urhulumente okanye umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe” okanye“ukuphelisa uluntu" ngenxa yezopolitiko, ubuhlanga, okanye iziphumo zengqondo. Umthetho ugunyazisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulungiselelo, kunye nokukhuthaza ubugrogrisi, kwaye uvumela amapolisa ukuba amise ukupheliswa, nokupheliswa, nokuvalelwa, nokuva, kunye nokuvalelwa kwemikhosi. Umthetho wamatyala.

I-UK iye yagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yobude bexesha lokuvalelwa kwangaphambi kwemali egciniweyo (iintsuku ezingama-28, kamva zancitshiswa ukuya kutsho kwi-14, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yolawulo (ngoku ethatyathelwe yi-TPIMs), kunye nokubekwa kweenkolelo zobugrogrisi ezinxulumene nentetho okanye imanyano. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu ilwe ngokuchasene namanyathelo amaninzi obugrogrisi, kuquka ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kweentlanga zangaphandle phantsi kwe-Anti-cricism, iCrime kunye noKhuselo loMthetho wamaBritane oMsebenzi iyaqhubeka inyusa izibophelelo ezinxulumene nemithetho yamaLungelo oluntu, nto leyo ebandakanya iNdiko yeYurophu emalunga namalungelo abantu kumthetho wasekhaya.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: uMthetho we-tripristalism 2000 (umbhalo opheleleyo) ungaphinda ujongwe kwi-website yomthetho ye-UK.

IIndiya: Imisebenzi Engekho Mthethweni (Isenzo)

Umthetho ophambili we-Indiya ophikisana nobunqolobi ngumthetho oxhobisa urhulumente ophakathi ukuba avakalise imibutho yabanqolobi, amalungu amaqela anjalo, kwaye avumela ukuphangwa kwempahla enxulumene nezenzo zabanqolobi. I-2019 yandisa ingcaciso yobugrogrisi ngo-2004, 2008, 2013, nango-2019. I-UPAPA inika urhulumente ophakathi amandla okuvakalisa amaqumrhu njengeedibeneyo, amalungu amagrobi, amaqela anjalo, kwaye ivumela ukuphanganiswa kwempahla enxulumene nezenzo zobugrogrisi. Ingxubevavathezi yandisa inkcaza yokuzingela intlukwano, ingqibelelo, ukhuseleko, okanye ulawulo lwe-Indiya,” kwaye inika igunya lorhulumente lokubiza abantu njengabagrogrisi, hayi nje imibutho. Oku kubangele ukusetyenziswa kwemigrogrisi, ii-makhwe, abaxhasi bezobupolitika, abachasi, abachatshi.

IIndiya ikwagcina i-Arhente ye-National Investigation , ephengulula iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kwilizwe lonke. I-NINCE Act 2008 inika inkxaso kumaziko atshayelayo okubanjwa, ukuphendla, nokuxhwithwa. Ngokuqhubekayo, i-UPALA inesantya esiphantsi kakhulu sokufuna ukhuseleko, kwaye iimeko ezininzi zisahleli iminyaka. Ilungiselelo lomthetho elibanzi kunye neemfuno zebheyile ezimtya zikhokelele ukunyusa inkxalabo malunga nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaseIndiya ixhase ukugcinwa komgqeba kwe-UAA kumgangatho ophezulu we-omatilo.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Iwebhsayithi yeNational Investigation Agency inikezela ngezifundo zomzekelo kunye nohlaziyo olusemthethweni.

Ezinye Iindlela Eziphawulekayo Zokufikelela Kwesizwe

UMthetho weKhanada we-Antherorism [2001], ukulungiswa kwe- 2015) ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthabatha inxaxheba kumaqela abanqolobi kwaye luchaza “umsebenzi wobuphekula”. ISicatshulwa seCanadian se-Control Active and Freedoms sifuna ukuba onke amanyathelo achaseneyo afuneke kwaye alungeleleze, kwaye iinkundla zibethelele iinxenye zoMthetho, kuquka amalungiselelo okuvumela ukuva okufihlakeleyo. [[FLT:] Umthetho we-Australia [FLT] we-Old Legistrational Reconsole Revolution [[[FLT:] 2020] ukwazisa amanyathelo amatsha obugrogript nokwandisa amandla okhuseleko eOstretiventiase (IS) e-Ocester Ood) e-FURGenetic (201] emva kolawulo oluthenjiso lwemeko oluthenjiweyo, i-C.51]

Ngaphaya kwemizekelo, kuvela umxholo oqhelekileyo: imithetho yesizwe ephikisana nobuphekula idla ngokwandisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu, imiqobo esezantsi yokuqwalasela nokuvalelwa, kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zokulungiselela kunye nentetho enxulumeneyo. Ukuxinezeleka okubangelwa kukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko kunye neemfanelo zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kuyinxalenye echaza ibala.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Nenkululeko Yabemi

Ingxaki engundoqo yomthetho ochasene nobunqolobi yeyokulwa ngokunempumelelo noxolelwano olubulalayo, ngaphandle kokususa kwamaxabiso olawulo-mpumlo afuna ukhuseleko. Abahlalutyi bathi imithetho emininzi yasemva kokhuseleko lwe-9/11 exhatshazwayo, ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto echaphazela uluntu oluncinane, ukungavisisani okugqithisileyo kwezobupolitika, nokubangela ukuba ujongo olungenantsingiselo. Abaxhasi baphikisana ukuba ubugrogrisi bubangela ingozi ekhethekileyo efuna amanyathelo angaqhelekanga, kwaye isiseko somthetho siyilwe ngovavanyo olwakhiweyo.

Ulawulo Olusemthethweni Nobuchule Bokuphendula

Ukuze kugadwa ukuxhatshazwa, inkoliso yolawulo - melo iquka ulawulo oluninzi lwezonyango kwiinkqubo zayo zobuphekula:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwe-judicial: Iinkundla eziluvo oluchaphazelekayo ukuqwalasela, ukuvalelwa, nokutshutshiswa. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US kwi- Rasul v. Bush[[FLT]] [2004] zawisa umthetho wokuba ababambeli bamazwe angaphandle eGuantamo Bay banokuvavanya ukuvalelwa kwabo kwiinkundla zolawulo. Kwi-UK, i-Piagiotication Powers Tribunal uva izikhalo nxamnye nabameli bobunt.
  • Iikomiti zolawulo lobungangamsha: amaBhodi anjengeS Caten Intluphene Committee neUK Intrial kunye neKomiti yoKhuseleko yezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, ngokufuthi ngokufikelela kwizinto ezahlulweyo.
  • Abahloli abazimeleyo jikelele: Izindululo ezifana neSebe leSebe leJaji le-US loMphathi-mikhosi ne-Ofisi ye-UK yeNxwawaniso yoNxibelelwano kuziphatha kophicotho lwangaphakathi kunye nophengululo.
  • Amaziko amalungelo abantu esizwe: Iikhomishini kumazwe anjenge-Indiya ne-South Africa zihlola ifuthe lemithetho elwa nobunqolobi kumalungelo asisiseko.
  • Amaqumrhu abantu akwizizwe ngezizwe amalungelo [: IKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, kunye neKhomishoni yeInter-American engokwamalungelo abantu ingakhupha isigwebo esibotshelelwe okanye incomelo xa amazwe evukela izivumelwano.

Amanyathelo Aphikisanayo Neengxaki Zawo Ezisemthethweni

Imigaqo emininzi ephikisana nezenzo zobugrogrisi iye yabangela amadabi asemthethweni akudala. Ngokungapheliyo ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa eGuantánamo Bay, egunyaziswe phantsi kwe US AUMF, yavavanywa kumatyala amaninzi eNkundla Ephakamileyo, ekhokelela kumalungelo e-habeas corpus athenwayo eevalekileyo kodwa aqhubekeka ukuxhomekeka kwinkonzo yemikhosi ephikisana nobume obusemthethweni. [[FLT] [FLT]] imiyalelo ye-ULT eUK] engazange ibekwe ityala likhulu, engenakubekwa tyala, yafunyanwa ukuvukela IGagi (kunene) kunye neCandelo olude lweNdluvolulo oluphantsi koncedo lweNdluevini lweNt [F] [F], i-UF] oluphantsi koncedo lweNtejinga], i-U.[200] Igalelo-A.[200] lwamagrouni, i

EIndiya, isiqumla sengubo yabantu njengabagrogrisi phantsi konyaka wama-2019 UAPA ukulungiswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwacetyiswa kwizizathu zokuba iphula iGatya 21 (ilungelo lobomi nenkululeko yobuqu) neGatya 14 (ukungalingani phambi komthetho). INkundla ikhuphe imiyalelo edityanisiweyo efuna urhulumente ukuba anike izizathu zokumiswa kwemimiselo nokuvumela ukuhlolisiswa kwetyala, kodwa imithetho yokugqibela iyaqhubeka.

Indima Yomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe unika inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuvavanya imiqathango echasene nobunqolobi. Izivumelwano ze-Core .(isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe saMali kuMalungelo aBangameleyo kunye ne-ICCPR), iConvention Against Trirty (CAT), kunye neNkomfa yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu), ukuvalelwa ngokweengcathu, ukuthuthunjiswa, nokucalulwa, kwaye ifuna ukuba amazwe aqinisekise amalungelo okusesikweni, inkululeko yokuzichaza, kunye nelungelo lokuzifihla. Ngexesha lamazwe angakhulula kwiimfuno ezithile ngexesha likawonke (AKH. 4, ICICPR), ezo zimele zibe zezo zokwexeshana, zokulungelelanisa, kunye nokungabi nako-lucalucalucalucalucalu. IKomiti yamaLungelo e-Ntlanga ivakalisa inkcawawawa ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda inkcelele inkcawa ngokusebenzisa amazwe athetha ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yamalungelo athel-oqhutye eelwayo ngenxa yemi.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, ummiselo wasemthethweni usoloko ukhusela amalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, uMthetho we-UK Terrorism 2000 uquka “umlinganiselo osengqiqweni wokukrokra” kuqwalaselo lokumisa nokuhlola, ngelixa iNkundla yoBuntlola ObungengabobuGqibanga kufuneka ivumele imiyalelo emininzi yokuhlola. Kodwa ubuchule bezi ntambo buxhomekeke ekuzimeleni ngokusemthethweni, ekuxeleni ngokucaceyo, nasekunikeleni ingxelo yengingqi yengini. Xa amaziko ajongelene noogxaso abuthathaka okanye ephaphaphile, umngcipheko wokuphulwa ngamalungelo onyuke kakhulu.

Ukuqukumbela Iimbambano Kumthetho Ochasene Neenkqubo Zobunqolobi

Imimandla emine eqalisayo ifana neyobugrogrisi, ubugrogrisi obusetyenziswa kwiikhompyutha, ubukrelekrele obungebobobukho bamazwe, ukubuya kwabanqolobi besuka kwiindawo ezilwayo, nokungabi nangqondo phakathi kwabanqolobi nezinye iintlobo zolwaphulo - mthetho olunzulu.

Ubugrogrisi Besibhedlele Nokumiselwa Kwamanani

Izenzo zobugrogrisi ezenziwa ngamanani asetyenziswayo yindlela enzima. Ngokufana nokuqhekeza izibonelelo ezichuliweyo, ukusasaza iingcamango zobugqwirha, okanye ukuhlasela ngezimali ngemibuzo engekhoyo engokwasemthethweni. Imithetho ekhoyo isenokungagqubutheli ngokucacileyo uhlaselo lwekhompyutha olubangela umonakalo emzimbeni okanye umonakalo osasazekileyo wezoqoqosho, kunye nokumisela igunya xa abaphuli-mthetho bebekwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo bantsokothile. Ingqungquthela yeBhunga le-Budapest kuCybercrime edibanisa ii-interalms, kodwa ibandakanya amalungiselelo ama-empepho akhuthaza ingxwaba, kodwa ayithethi ngqo ngobugrogrisi. Amanye amazwe aye athintela ubugrobhabhabha obunga bobucala obungala, ngoxa amanye amagxande-omatila exhomekeke kwimigxa-khompyutha. Ingqungqu yamazwe i-UN iqhuba intlanganiso entsha ye-compu.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobuchule Bokuxela Ikamva

Oorhulumente baya basebenzisa iinkqubo ze-Al ezilwa noluvo loyikiso, njengohlalutyo oluzenzekelayo lwemibutho yezobuzwe, ividiyo, kunye neendlela zokuhamba. Ezi zixhobo ziphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nocalucalulo lwe-algorith, ukungabina kukhanya, kunye nokukhuthuka kobucala. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al “kuchophela ulawulo lwamapolisa” kwi-orthobi icetrupt iye yabekluselwa kwizizinziso zokuba ilwa nomgangatho ophezulu wesizwe kunye noweqela elincinane lonqulo. I-European Union ecetyikiswe yi-ADriat Activeism isebenzisa i-robian, ifuna ukuhlolwa nokunganyanyelwa kwabantu. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi ase-Asia naseAfrika ayamkela izixhobo ze-AIA ngokulinganayo. Iinkqubo zomthetho ziya kufuna ukulungele ukukhusele okunokwenzeka okuchasene namalungelo obuqu obungundoqo, neenkqubo ezingagosagosa-dimiki, kunye nenkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Abanqolobi Bakwamanye Amazwe Bayalwa Yaye Bayawabuyisela Amazwe Abo

Ukuwa kommandla welizwe wamaSilamsi wobuSulumane kwashiya amashumi amawaka esizwe samanye amazwe kunye namalungu entsapho yaso evalelwe kwiinkampu zasemntla-mpuma ye-Siriya. Amazwe ajongene nengxaki yokubuyisela ulawulo kubemi bawo ngenxa yokutshutshiswa okanye ukubuyiselwa kwemeko ngokuchasene nokuwashiya evalelwe ngokungenasiphelo okanye ezama ukuphelisa ubuhlanga. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka i-ICCPR kunye neConvention of Recuction of State, imiqathango yamazwe azimeleyo ukukwazi ukunikezela abantu abangenamali. Amazwe amaninzi, kuquka iUnited States, iUnited States, i-Union, neFransi, aye ajongana nezigqibo ezigqibo zokuphelisa ubumi bobundlo. IBhunga loKhuselelo lwe-R. 209667 libiza amatyala athetha ngokuva okanye ukubuyisa imvume yokubuyisa imikhosi yabantu, kodwa ahlukene.

Iintambo ezifipheleyo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhekekileyo

Amaqela amaphekula athe abandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo bezizwe ngezizwe, ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, ukuqweqwedisa, ukurhwebelana ngemiqathango kunye nezinto zendalo. Oku kudityaniswa kuvavanya ukudideka okusemthethweni kwemibutho yabanqolobi: ukuba ingeniso yeziyobisi ifanele ibekwe kwiqela labanqolobi phantsi komthetho ochasene nobuphekula, ulwaphulo-mthetho olungelelanisiweyo, okanye omabini lamazwe aye amkela “imithetho exhasayo" ukuba nayiphi na imali okanye uncedo lwezomthetho luyenzele ngokwayo lungasetyenziswayo, kwanokuba uncedo lwawo alukho lunogonyamelo. Abagxeki abagxeki bephikisa ukuba iminikelo enjalo idla ngokugqithisileyo, okanye iinkquluko ezisemthethweni. Iinkundla zezomthetho ziye zaqalisa ukulwa nezi ngxaki, ngokukodwa kwiimeko zemali ezibandakanya namaqela afana nooGebanbon.

Isiphumo: Ukulungelelanisa Okuqhubekayo Okusemthethweni

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokulwa nobuphekula ayimi ndawonye; iyaguquka iphendule kwizisongelo ezintsha, imigaqo engobulungisa, iingcinezelo zobupolitika, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke oluguquguqukayo. Iinkqubo zomthetho ezilawula le nkqubo zinika igunya lokusebenza kunye nemida ekumele kwenzeke kuyo. Ukuqonda le ndima idibeneyo (njengoko kunceda kunye nokunyanzela ) kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuvavanya enoba imigudu yokulwa nobuphekula isemthethweni, ifanelekile, kwaye iyasebenza.

Urhulumente wamazwe ngamazwe uye waphumelela ekumiseni izibophelelo ezisisiseko kunye nokusebenzisana ngokuphangaleleyo, kodwa uhlala uqhekekile kwaye ungenamsebenzi. Imithetho yesizwe ibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa inxulumene notyekelo oluqhelekileyo lokwandisa igunya lolawulo, ngokufuthi ngokulahlekelwa ngamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ezona zisemgangathweni zinamandla zezithi zinyanzeleke ngamandla, ukujongana namalungelo abantu, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu ukususela ekuqaleni/ekugqibeleni, kunokuba kuvele ukuxhatshazwa. Njengoko izisongelo zimele zenze okungaphezulu kunokwenza; kufuneka zilindele imingeni yexesha elizayo kwaye zifake iziviso ezimiselwe umthetho. Ukulungele ukumanyana phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko akuze kuhlaselwe ngokusisigxina, kodwa kunokwenziwa ngokucaceyo, ngokunetyala, nangoko kunokwenziwa ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni.