Ukwazisa Ngokwenziwa KukaClaus

Ukumiswa koMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States kusisiqinisekiso senkululeko yonqulo lwaseMerika. Kuyalelwa ukuba "IKonrat ayiyi kwenza mthetho mayela nokusekwa konqulo," ulwalelo oluye lwachazwa ukuba lusebenze kuwo onke amacandelo karhulumente ngoMphengululo weshumi elinesine. Le ngxelo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala engoondilele kwimicimbi yokholo, ungavumeli okanye ubeke ityala nayiphi na inkolelo ethile yonqulo. Ukuqonda ukumiswa kukaClausle kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni ukulungelelanisa ulwalamano olunenkathalo phakathi konqulo norhulumente eUnited States, umlinganiselo oye wavavanywa nowonyulwayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zenkcazelo engokwasemthethweni nempucuko. Ingxelo ayingomthetho nje ongokwembali kodwa ayingomgaqo ophilayo oqhubeka nobume bemfundo, nobomi boluntu, bobabini boorhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente bobumatika.

Ibinzana elithi "ukumiswa konqulo" linemvelaphi enzulu kwimbali yesiNgesi, apho iCawa yaseNgilani yavunywa ngokusemthethweni kwaye ixhaswa ngumphezulu. Abaseki baseMerika, abaninzi ababebone okanye ababenamava enkcaso yonqulo eYurophu, bafuna ukuseka urhulumente oya kuphepha ukuthandeka okunjalo. Ukumiselwa kuka-Claus kusebenza kwi-tanidem nemvelaphi yembali, imizekeliso engundoqo, kwanakuMphetho wokuqala, okhusela ilungelo lokuqhelisela ukholo lukabani ngaphandle kokungenelwa ngurhulumente. Ezi zizigwebo zakha isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko senkululeko yonqulo eMelika, isakhelo siqinile nesomeleleyo. Kweli nqaku, sihlolisisa imbali, imizekeliso engundoqo, kunye nocelomngeni lwexesha elingoku kusungulwa kobu Clascas, ukulungiselela ukuqwala kwabafundi, nabani nabani nabani onomdla kubomi bobucala.

Imbali Ethetha Ngokusungulwa KukaClaus

Ukumiselwa kweBhunga likaClaus kwavunywa ngo-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, kodwa imvelaphi yalo yobukrelekrele neyobupolitika iphinde iqhubeke. Ixesha langaphambili labonakala ngeendawo ezininzi zonqulo, ezinamaqela amaninzi aneecawa ezisemthethweni ezixhaswa yirhafu. Umzekelo, iCawa yeCongregational yasekwa eMassachusetts, eConnecticut, neNew Hampshire, ngoxa iCawa yaseNgilani yasekwa eVirginia, eMaryland, namanye amathangalane asezantsi. AmaBhaptizi, njengamaBhaptizi kunye namaQuaker, ngokufuthi ayejongenelwa ikhethelo, inte, iinte, kwanokwanokuvalelwa entolongweni ngenxa yokwayayayayayaya ixhasa icawa yaseburhulumenteni. Elifa leCawa lomkhosini lokuxhasa urhulumente lakhahlela ingquzulelo lwezo lonqulo lwamadulo lwamadulo lwaselu lwaseludala unqulo.

Iphulo lokurhoxiswa kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho lafunyanwa emva kweMvukelo yaseMerika. Ngowe-1786, iVirginia yadlulisela iSigqeba seMithetho Yokuqala neSivumo sonqulo, eqeshwe nguThomas Jefferson kwaye waxhaswa nguJames Madison. Lo mthetho wengqalelo wasusa iCawa yaseNgilani eVirginia yaza yavakalisa ukuba "akukho mntu oya kunyanzeleka ukuba aphinde okanye axhase unqulo, indawo, okanye ubulungiseleli." Lo mthetho walungiselela umzekelo weSindululo Sokuqala soMphengululo neMimiselo yokuQokelela iNtsenxwa, ukuba unqulo lungumbandela wesazela umntu ngamnye, ungabi yingcinezelo karhulumente, njengoko usungulweyo kwiSihlalo Sokuqala, ucebisiwe urhulumente omtsha ekuthinteleni imicimbini kwemicimbi yonqulo okanye ekudaleni iCawa yesizwe, ngoxa ushiya amazwe awo ukuba agcine ulawulo lwawo ngokukhululekileyo de ade adityalwe ngokuthe ngokuthe ngcelele kwinkulungwane ye-19.

Impembelelo Yabacingisisi Bokukhanya

Iingcinga ezikhanyiselweyo zaba nempembelelo enkulu kwiimbono zabalawuli ngokuphathelele unqulo norhulumente. Iincwadi ze- uJohn Locke, ingakumbi "IiNkqutyana," zathi urhulumente akanagunya phezu kwenkxalabo yemiphefumlo kwaye iinkolelo zonqulo zifanele zibe ngumbandela wangasese. Ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu phakathi korhulumente nabemi igxininise ukuba igunya lamakhaya limele lipheleliselwe ekukhuseleni ubomi, inkululeko, nempahla, lishiyele abantu ngabanye izinto zokomoya. [[FLT.V.2]] [FLT.[FLD:3]] ngokufanayo imele ukunyamezelana konqulo nokugxeka ukusungula ingcamango yecawa. EFransi, ikhuthaza iminqweno yalehlabathi yokulawula lelizwe. Imbono esetyenziswayo iMelikanner, esetyenziswa ngurhulumenteni esetyenziswa ngurhulumenteni "ogromesting" urhulumente odumile phakathi kwecawasestiki, uthintela ulawulo lwecawaseluvo lwecawamu, uGeneancil, uG.

Ezinye iinkcuba - buchopho zokukhanyiselwa, ezifana ne- uBaron de Montesquieu kunye no-Joan-Jacques Rousseau[, nazo zaphembelela ingcamango yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Ingcamango yokwahlulwa kwamagunya yaqinisa ingcamango yokuba akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente elimele lilawule, kuquka igunya lokomoya. URousseau usebenza kuluntu jikelele nonqulo lwamakhaya, ngelinye impikiswano, igxininisa uxinzelo phakathi kokulawula kweqela kunye nenkolelo nganye. Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sasingahlanganyelwanga ngokulinganayo; abaninzi babenolwazi olunzulu lonqulo olufana noJohnspoon, umfundisi wase-Rhansbe owatyiselaneyo kwiSivumeko. Noko ke, abamele bavumene omnye urhulumente, ngaphandle komnye wonqulo, urhulumente obengezelele omnye.

Ukucaciswa Kwangaphambili Nemfundiso Yokungavumelani

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yeRiphabliki, i-Umiselo Lolawulo luka-Classias lwachazwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Ekuqaleni, kwaqondwa ukuba kusetyenziswe kuphela kurhulumente worhulumente, kushiye amaphondo ekhululekile ukugcina izakhiwo zawo zonqulo. Le mbono yayivisisana nesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko sorhulumente. Noko ke, ukumiswa kweSigqibo seshumi elinesine soMphetho kaCelas, esiquka i-STED Programme Refect Claus, ewuvule umnyango wokubandakanya uVikelo lwamalungelo amazwe. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaqala yasebenzisa i-Istament Claus emosmasment noooooooooooooo rhulumente kwityala yesizwe . Ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo (1947,1). Umthetho oMnyama wabhalela uninzi lwemithetho e-Clauscassisside, ngoku, ingumthetho wesizwe owenziwe ngomthetho wesizwe, ngokufanelekileyo, i-equacrediod.

Ukuqukunjelwa kwasekuqaleni kweSindululo sikaClaus akuzange kungabi nampikiswano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi abaququzeleli boMphetho weshumi elinesine babengazimiselanga ukuquka zonke iilungiselelo zeBhili yamaLungelo. Noko ke, iNkundla ngokuthe ngcembe yasebenzisa uGaqo-nkqubo lokuHlaziya kokuqala kumaphondo, inkqubo eyaziwayo njengenkhetha. Isigqibo eKerman sasibalulekile kungekuphela nje ngokubamba kwayo kodwa kwanolwimi lwayo. IJaji eBlack Black yachaza imbono ebanzi yokumiselwa kuka-Clausleasce, isithi "udonga phakathi kwecawal norhulumente kufuneka igcinwe iphezulu kwaye ingena kungena kumda." Le ndlela yokumela iNkumiswa kweNkuhlela u-jurispridefic, nangona iye yatshintshwa kwiimeko zayo. Ukuxoxana kwe-Genelvel-evo iyaqhubeka, ukuphikisana konqulo phakathi korhulumente ne-Melikan.

Amatyala Ayintloko Enkundla Ephakamileyo Aphazamisa Ukusekwa KukaClaus

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakhupha uthotho lwezigwebo eziphawuliweyo eziye zachaza ububanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa koMmiselo ka-Claus. La matyala abonisa ukuqondwa okutshintsha okukhoyo kolwalamano phakathi konqulo norhulumente, ngokufuthi ebonisa ukutshintshana okugqithisileyo kwezithethe nezobupolitika. INkundla ixakene nemimandla emithathu engundoqo: umthandazo wesikolo kunye nemisebenzi yonqulo kwimfundo kawonke wonke, ukuxhasa kwemali yemibutho yonqulo, kunye nokuboniswa kooobumba bonqulo. Ngaphantsi kokunye kwemicingela u-mthetho ka-Claus.

Umthandazo Wesikolo Nemisebenzi Yonqulo Kwizikolo Zasekuhlaleni

Imbambano yomthandazo wesikolo iye yaba yenye yezona ndawo zithandabuzayo zokumiswa kwesikolo saseNew York. Engel v. Vitale (1962), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba umthandazo wokuzithandela, ongeyoyahlelo lwamalungu ecawa uqukunjelwa ekuqaleni kosuku ngalunye lwesikolo saseNew York. INkundla yakholelwa ukuba kwanomthandazo wokuzithandela owenziwe ngamagosa karhulumente ogunyazisa urhulumente, owawungamkelekiyo. UJajiki zincwadi lweNkubhala ukuba "ayiyo inxalenye yeshishini likarhulumente ukuba agunyazise ukuqululela naliphi na iqela labantu baseMelika ukuba licengcelele ngenxalenye yenkqubo yonqulo."Endla lomthetho lwaseluchukuchatha uninzi lweNkuthethwa lucalulo lweNkulwano loMthethweno loMgaqo-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke. Ngoko kumthetho, iNkuxhasa izikolo zezo zezo zezo zonqulo, inkundla azisayilelo zoluntu, azinazo zinjalo.

Amatyala alandelayo abethelela lo mgaqo. kwiSithili seSikolo seSithili se-Azimun v. Schempp (1963), iNkundla yePennsylvania yachitha umthetho ofuna ukufundwa kweendinyana zeBhayibhile kunye nokucaciswa kweNkundla yeNkosi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba imidlalo yayingonqulo endaloni yaye ayinakuthethelelwa njengemisebenzi yemfundo yehlabathi. [[FLT:] Wallace v. Jafref (85)[FLT] [FLT:], iNkuqulu yawisa umthetho wama-A66 ogunyaza kumthetho ogunyazisa ukuzonwa kwe-Ama kwe-Indla, i-Bhost - Rhover, ithe yaphinda yawa phantsi kwemiqatha i-194] xa kungene iSikolo sephondo, isithili se-F4, ithelela iinstton, iin, iinst yooff4, ithe yale, ithe yaphuma iin

Ukuxhasa Imicimbi Yonqulo Ngorhulumente

Umbuzo woxa imali karhulumente inokuthi iqhubekele kwizikolo zonqulo ezintsonkothileyo uvelise iqumrhu lomthetho elintsonkothileyo. kwiNkundla yemfundo (1947), iNkundla yaxhasa umthetho waseNew Jersey owahlawula abazali ngexabiso lezothutho zebhasi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezizimeleyo, kuquka izikolo zonqulo, phantsi kwemfundiso "yomntwana": uncedo olungenelwe umntwana, alungenelwanga sisikolo. Kodwa, iNkuveza ngokucacileyo olo ncedo lwemali kwizikolo zonqulo lwalungahlawulwanga. [[FLT.2] [LT.] Kumav. emveni koko kuthenjiwe . "FLT.Ntman...[FLT.[FLT][FLY:3], iNkuphesa imond, imodeli, imodeli ephambili kumgangatho wonqulo ngenxa yoothothozo lwezikolo ngenxa yootho.

v. Simmons-Harris (2002), iNkundla yaxhasa inkqubo yokuqinisekisa isikolo saseOhio eyavumela abafundi eCleveland ukuba basebenzise imali kawonke-wonke ukuba bafunde kwizikolo zabucala, kuquka nezikolo zonqulo. Inkqubo yathathwa njengeyobundindili kuba yanika amaLuthere, awayenokukhetha nasiphi na isikolo esithabatha inxaxheba. [FTLT:3] Inkundla yasebenzisa umgaqo wokukhetha "odwa, ibambe ukuba ukuhambelana kwemali ezikolweni zonqulo ngemimiselo yabazali abangazange baphule umgaqo wokumisela uClaus. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.2]] [iKrothe i-Lutherinst of Columbia. "20] [20] [FLT] i-FT.FM.Nt.Ucwangciso oluthelelwano oluthe kratyayokunye lwenkqubo zecawalungela inkqubo yonqulo oluthelelayo]

Ukuboniswa Kuwonke - wonke Kwemifuziselo Yonqulo

Iinketho zonqulo zibangele umboniso we Krismesi kwimimandla kawonke-wonke. [IiNtlanga yeNtlanganiso yeBHT:] kwiqela lelizwe , iNkundla yaxhasa ukufakwa kwesiqalo seKrismesi kwisixeko, iNkundla yeSiqithi, iRhode, isithi incopho yexesha elimisiweyo nembali yelizwe. [[FLT] [1998] kwilizwe loluntu, iNtloko- Apple, iNtloko inguqule yelizwe, icandelo leNtloko inguqule yelizwe elikhoyo. [iiiiiiiiiiiiimeko zelizwe elikhesakhesa, ingxuwa, ingxuluwa yemeko eninzi yelizwe, nengalo ncam yelizwe, icandelo elingaphandle kwexesha eliqhelekileyo leholide. [kuninzi kweminye i-FENtoliki yelizwe, umqulu] [iNt.[19] Icandelo longwengwengwengwe yeNt.[200] Iin, iNtleeakeyin

Uvavanyo Lwelimon Neendlela Ezinokusetyenziswa Ngazo

Uvavanyo lweLemon, olumiselwe ku--Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), luyisakhiwo esineenkqubo ezintathu ezisetyenziswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukumisela enoba umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente sichasene nokumiselwa kuka-Claus. Uvavanyo lufuna ukuba isenzo: (1) sibe nenjongo yezomthetho wesizwe; (2) sibe nesiphumo esiphambili esingaqhubekiyo okanye sithintele unqulo; kwaye (3) singami urhulumente orhanelwe kakhulu lunqulo. Kwiminyaka emininzi, uvavanyo lweLemon lwalungumgangatho ophambili wokuvavanya u-Clauscausle. Salungiselela isixhobo esibonakala sichaziwe, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo kusoloko kuvelisa iziphumo ezingqubanayo, ezikhokelela kwiziphumo ezisasaze zookko zooklu bulungisa kunye nezobulungisa. Umthetho ofana no-Scline, u-Scles noluthe , kunye nonqulo olunenkan, lwazichaza ukuba luthi rhadiyo.

Ekuqheliseni, uvavanyo lweLemon lulungisiwe kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kusenokuthatyathelwa indawo zindlela ezithile. Uvavanyo loMqathango , lwaveliswa yiJaji Sandra Day O'Connor ekuhlanganeni kweembono, lubuza ukuba umqwalaseli osengqiqweni uya kuqonda ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente siyindlela yokuxhasa unqulo. Olu vavanyo lubhekisele kumyalezo odluliselwa kuwonke-wonke. [Umzekelo, [[FLT:]] kuvavanyo lwe-[FLT:] v.[FLT] v. uDonlyly, uthelela ngqo kwimisebenzi esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, okanye uvavanyo oluthe ngqo. [uhlelo olukhoyo lweNtoliki yeNkukhangela iNtlanga, iNtlanga, iNtovulo, uluvo oluthi oluthi lwalo oluthi lwaseluqulu, [FFoce:] [Fans] oluthi oluthe kwiNqulu, uGquluvo lwaselu.] [ekhohlo, uGe

Iimbambano Nempikiswano

Ukusekwa kukaClaus kuhlala kusesona siseko seminye yezona mbambano zahlukanisayo kwibutho lamaMelika. Njengoko unqulo luba nomahluko othe chatha kwaye ukungazikhathaleli izinto kukhula, iingxoxo ngendima efanelekileyo yonqulo kubomi babantu ngokubanzi ziyakhula. Amacandelwana alandelayo ahlolisisa iindawo ezingundoqo zemfazwe yanamhlanje, kuquka umthandazo, imiboniso yonqulo, inkxaso karhulumente, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo kunye nemicimbi yolawulo. Le ngxoxo ayiyomfundo nje kuphela; achaphazela amava emihla ngemihla ezigidi zamaMelika, ukusuka kubafundi ezikolweni zikawonke ukuya kumsebenzi waseziofisini zikarhulumente.

Umthandazo Wesikolo Nezinto Zonqulo

Ingxoxo engomthandazo wesikolo iyaqhubeka, njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasoloko iwisa umthetho ngokuchasene nonyanzelekileyo, inkundla elawula umthandazo wesiBhodi esisemthethweni kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ukunyuka kweeklabhu zonqulo zokuzithandela kunye noMthetho Womgangatho Wolawulo Wolawulo olinganayo wonyaka wama-1901 kuye kwavumela abafundi ukuba badibane kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, ukuba bafumane ulwamkelo olufanayo. Umahluko phakathi kwesenzo sombuso kunye nentetho yangasese uhlala ukhuphikiswa. [[FL.0] [[FL.201] [25] Isikolo seSithili seSikolo soburhulumente soburhulumente, [[FLT.1], inkundla yezokolo ilawula ukuba izikolo zingakwazi ukubohlwaya abafundi ngenxa yenkululeko eninzi, kuquka nokuthetha konqulo ezimisweni zobuqu, kodwa kuthandabuza umthandazo obonakala ngathi ngooootitshala abagqaliseyo okanye abalawuli beB. Imfundo eMgalelo loburhulumente lonqulo oluthelela phambili kukhuthathwini lwezikolo luye luye luye

Imiqondiso neMifuziselo yoLuntu

Ukubonakaliswa konqulo kwimpahla kawonke wonke kuyaqhubeka kusenza iimfazwe ezisemthethweni kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuboniswa kwemiboniso yokuzalwa kwemihla yeKrismesi, ukubekwa kweMithetho Elishumi phambi kwezakhiwo zikarhulumente, nokuhanjwa kweflegi yamaKristu kwiholo yesixeko kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngendima karhulumente ekuvumiseni unqulo. Iinkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi ziye zasebenzisa uvavanyo olubonisa ukubetha kwentliziyo kumacala elishumi, ukuqwalasela izinto ezifana nendawo, imbali, kunye nokulandela izibonelelo zelizwe. .[American Ligion Union v. American Humanist Association[FLT] [12:1], iinkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi ziye zamkela ukusondela okude kakhulu kwizakhiwo ezingcwele, kwanokuba zikwimeko zonqulo, zinokusebenza ngokweenjongo yembali okanye yenkcubeko yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, imbonakalo entsha, ngokukodwa nemiyalezo yonqulo engqongqo, i-Americ, kwiimeko zenkundla zelizwe eliseburhulumente eliseburhulumenteni, ezithe zisuka kwimiqatha leNkusetyenziswa kwiMithe yeNkulelo yeNkutho-ndelelo yakutshanje

Ukuxhasa Iintlangano Zonqulo

Imbambano yemali karhulumente yeentlangano zonqulo iye yantsonkotha ngokuya isanda ukulandela izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yobuLutherane, Espinoza[, [[FLT]], [[FLT]]] kunye [[FOLT]] Carson v. Makin [202222] [iiii-Fox]) [iiiiiindawo yobuLungu]. ECarson, iNkundleko yawisa umthetho wokuba iMaine ayinakususa izikolo zonqulo kwimiqathangonyaka yemibutho yeentsapho yasemaphandleni ngaphandle kwezikolo zikawonke, inika ingcelo yemfundo yoluntu, isenokuqwalalw'ulukukunga uluvo oluninzi lwenkcelo lwemfundo yonqulo olukhoyo, njengoko ithenjiswa ngokungekho mdlalelo lwetyala, njengoko ithelela ithe yoonke, injalo ithe ithe yoncedo olukhoyo, ithelela i

Inkululeko Yonqulo Ichasene Nokumiselwa

Uxinzeleleko phakathi koMmiselo ka-Claus noMsebenzi ozinzileyo udla ngokuya phambili kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukukhulula kwimithetho eqhelekileyo esebenzayo. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Verss (2014], iNkundla yalawula ukuba amaqumrhu axhathiswe ngokusondeleyo anokuthi avume ukunikezela ngentetho ethile yokuthintela ukuthintela ukuthintela phantsi kweSixeko esikhoyo esisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiNkuhlela yeNkundla yenkululeko yonqulo (RFRA). Isigqibo sabalase ukunqanda umbalo lokulungelelanisa imfutho lwezi mvumelo karhulumente ekunikeleni amalungelo empilweni. [[FFLT] [evosekungavulekiyobucala, kodwa akuzange kuvulekelele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-mphulophulophulophu kwimeko yoburhulumente obungekho mthethweni.[20]

Indima Yonqulo Kubomi Boluntu Ngaphezu Kokumiselwa KukaClaus

Phezu kwako nje ukungqongqo kweSimiselo sikaClaus, unqulo luyaqhubeka lunendima ephambili kubomi babantu baseMerika. Iinkokeli zezobupolitika zisoloko zibiza imixholo yonqulo kwiintetho zazo, kwaye iintlangano zonqulo zibandakanyeke ngokunzulu kwimicimbi yoluntu, kuthabathela kumalungelo asekuhlaleni ukuya kubulungisa bezoqoqosho. UGunyaziso alulunyanzelisi urhulumente ukuba alwane nonqulo; kunoko, lufuna ukuba urhulumente angabi nanxaxheba kwaye athintele urhulumente ekunyanzeleni abantu kwimicimbi yokholo. Lo mgaqo uvumela unqulo ukuba luchume kwimimandla yangasese nangamalungu okuzithandela, ngoxa uqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu onyanzelekangaluxhasa unqulo olungalukholelwayo. Ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kukusebenzisa obu kungabikho kokungathabath ’ icala kwimidalingophi nakunye phakathi kobungcwele boluntu apho imidangaphindiselwayo kunye nobungcwele.

Uqheliselo lomthandazo wowiso-mthetho luyindawo ekhethekileyo. Inkundla ephambili yephondo (2014], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa uqheliselo lwedolophu lokuvula iintlanganiso zayo ngomthandazo owenziwa ngumfundisi, nokokuba imithandazo yayisoloko ithetha ngokomthetho wobuKristu. INkundla yagxininisa imbali ende yomthandazo wemithetho, ukubuyela emva kwiNgqungquthela Yokuqala, yaza yaphakamisa ukuba imithandazo enjalo ayizange inyanzele uwonke-wonke okanye ityala elithile ngendlela echasene nokumiswa kuka-Clauslaus. Kodwa, isigqibo saye savula amathuba okuba eminye imithandazo, ukuba ide ide ivulekele ukuvusel ’ izigwebo nezinye iinkonzo zonqulo, sisenokube sisenokubethwa. Kwinkundla yenkundla yombuthotho yezomthetho woburhulumente i-Cequageokieant, ingxolo yetyala lomthetho woburhulumente eqeshwayo, isoloko isithika kuvunwe nakuswe izigwebo zezo zezo ezingekho mvume zoburhulumente.

Inkululeko Yonqulo iyasiphazamisa. Ukumiselwa: Ukulungelelana Okungacocekanga

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nokumiselwa kuka-Claus luyinto entle. Kwesinye isandla, i-Free Expression Claus ikhusela amalungelo abantu okubambelela nokuqhelisela iinkolelo zabo zonqulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba urhulumente akakholiswa yiyo. Kwesinye, ukumiswa kuka-Cela u-Claus kuthintela urhulumente ekulawuleni okanye ekukhuthazeni unqulo ngendlela enokuthi ibangele abemi bathathi-nxaxheba okanye abanyanzele ukuba bangenele. Olu nxunguphane kakhulu kwiimeko ezibandakanya isikolo sikawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ukuphikisana ngemfundiso yendaleko kunye nendlela yobuchule kusoloko kufikelela kwiinkundla, kunye neNkundla ePhakade i-Cewe [FT:0] kunye nee-edrast . UAillards (19877) ukhuphisa i-mthetho okhuthaza ukufundiswa kwenzululwazi yendaleko ngenxa yenjongo yonqulo ngenxa yenjongo ephambili, i-LTQult) neziNto ezininzi zezikhulu zikarhulumente ezininzi ezifuna ukuvumistred (194) ukuba azimele zingasebenzi ngokutsho imbono ukuba avume ngoku

Isiphelo

Ukumiswa kukaClaus kuhlala kuyinto ebalulekileyo neyilungu elijikelezayo lomthetho-siseko waseMelika. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ekukhanyiselweni ukuya kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zamva, ibinzana liye laguqula ulwalamano phakathi konqulo norhulumente ngendlela enzulu. Likhusela inkululeko yesazela kubo bonke abantu baseMerika, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye onyanzelwayo ukuxhasa okanye ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yonqulo echasene nokuthanda kwabo. Ngeli xesha linye, ivumela unqulo luqhubeke kwisangqa sabucala sonqulo kwaye luvumele umgangatho obanzi wonqulo ebomini basekuhlaleni, logama nje ingabandakanye ukunyanzeli okanye ukuvukelwa kwemithetho eUnited States. [[5] ukuchazwa kobuGenesahlulo loburhulumente kuyaqhubeka ukuvela kocelomngeni, ukusuka ekukhuleni kwehlabathi lobuhlanga. Ukuqonda lomgaqo wokufundisa, uluntu, kunye nolwambutho wonqulo olulungele ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe.[3][3][3][3]