I-Gerrymander imela olunye locelomngeni olubalulekileyo kumelo lwedemokhrasi eUnited States namhlanje. Olu qheliselo lokusebenzisa imida yesithili sokhetho ukuze kuxhaswe amaqela athile ezobupolitika okanye amaqela luguquke lusuka kubuchule obuphikisayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kumsebenzi ontsonkothileyo onokuguqula ulungelelwaniso lwamandla ezobupolitika. Ukuqonda indlela esebenzayo ngayo, iingcambu zayo zembali, neziphumo zayo ezifikelela kude ziyimfuneko kumntu ngamnye oxabisa umelo olulungileyo nemigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Yintoni iGerrymandering?

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezobupolitika yemida yesithili sonyulo ukuze kungenelwe iqela, iqela, okanye udidi lwentlalo-ntle kwintsebenziswano. Enyanzelweni yalo, lo mkhwa ubandakanya ukuzoba imigca yesithili ngeendlela ezinika abathathi-nxaxheba okanye amaqela ezobupolitika angenabulungisa, ngokufuthi okuphumela ekubeni izithili ezimile ngendlela engaqhelekanga ezingafani kakhulu nemida yendalo okanye ubuchule bokucinga kwendalo.

Unjingalwazi kwiMorgan State University uyichaza njengendlela abezobupolitika abakhetha abavoti babo endaweni yokuvota abavoti babo. Oku kuphenjelelwa kwemigaqo yedemokhrasi kutsho kuvutho lwezimvo zikarhulumente ongummeli, apho igunya lifanele liphumele kubantu lisiya kumagosa abo anyuliweyo, hayi kwenye indlela ejikelezayo. Xa abezobupolitika belawula inkqubo yokuzihlaziya, ngokunempumelelo bangakhetha abavoti babo kunokuba bavumele abameli babo bakhethe abameli babo ngonyulo olufanelekileyo.

Lo mkhwa ugqwetha inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokudala iimaphu ezicwangcisa iziphumo zonyulo phambi kokuba kuvotelwe inye. Izithili zingatsalelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqela elinye liphumelele ngemida ekhululekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi ngeli lixa abavoti bechasa benikelw' ingqalelo kwimimandla embalwa apho baphumelela ngokugqwesileyo kodwa bengenampembelelo kwenye indawo. Oku kuthoba umgaqo osisiseko wokumela okulingana kwaye kunokushiya izigidi zabavoti bevakalelwa kukuba amazwi abo awanamsebenzi kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Imvelaphi Yamachiza Embali

Ukuvela Kwegama Eli

Igama, ekuqaleni elibhalwe njenge "Gerry-mander," okokuqala lasetyenziswa ngoMatshi 26, 1812, kwiBoston Gazette ukuphendula kucwangciso oluphikisayo lokubomvu eMassachusetts. Ngo1812, eMassachusetts, iRhuluneli Elbridge Gerry yasayina isicwangciso sokubomvu isakhiwo seCata yeCandelo lesizwe ukuxhasa iDemocratic-Republicans phezu komkhosi wamaFederation.

Xa kwakuzotywa esinye sesithili esidityanisiweyo kummandla waseBoston kuthiwa sifana nesalamande yentsomi. Ukubonakala kwegama, kunye nokunceda ukunwenwa kwalo, yayingumfanekiso wezopolitiko obonisa isilwanyana esingaqhelekanga esinemisonto, amaphiko, nentloko efana nedrago efana nesithili esibunjwe ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Umzobo ozotyiweyo, oboniswe ngumzobi u-Elikana Tisdale, waguqula imaphu yesithili yaba sisidalwa esingaqhelekanga esathi sabamba ingcinga yoluntu saza sathi sathi sathi sathi sathi sathi sathi sathi sathi sathi saso sisenza isithethe.

Igama elithi "gerrymander" laqanjwa kwitheko lesidlo sangokuhlwa sase Boston elanikwa nguFederalst ngoMatshi 1812, ngokwenqaku lonyaka ka1892 nguJohn Ward Dean. Xa iindwendwe zesidlo sangokuhlwa zahlola imaphu entsha yesithili, omnye waphawula ukuba yayikhangeleka njengesalamander. Hayi, "Gerry-mander" enikwe imbongi uRichard Andrap, owayesoloko encedisana noTisdale. Izibuko elidibanisa iGaverand Gerry' igama elinoGeneral Geramander" elithenjiweyo, kwaye eli gama lasetyenziswa ukususela ekuchazeni ukusetyenziswa kwemida emhlophe.

IElbridge Gerry: IGama Elibangela Ingozi

I-Ebridge Gerry, irhuluneli eyatyobela lo mthetho wesithili se-massachusetts, yayinguBawo Osunguliweyo: Umtyikityi weSibhengezo senkululeko, umGaqo-siseko othanda ukumadolw ’ anzima, umqeshwa, umphathi-mikhosi, kunye nomphathi-ziphendu wesihlanu. Iminikelo yakhe kwinkululeko yaseMerika kunye nolawulo yayinamandla, ukanti igama lakhe liye lafana noqheliselo awathi wachasayo.

UGerry, owayengalufuni uqheliselo, watyobela uxwebhu olwalusithi iMassachusetts iphinde yabekwa phantsi ukuze kungenelwe iDemocratic-Republican Party. Ngokutsho konyana wakhe nombhali wembali, uGerry wafumana iprojekthi yokuhlaziya i-redishore ngokuchaseneyo nomthetho, ekwaba magdasetts ayemagnes engazange avume imithetho ngaphandle kokuba ayengenayo imigaqo yomthetho.

Ngokuhlekisayo, igerrymander ayizange isindise umsebenzi wezopolitiko kaGrery ngexesha elifutshane. Kunyulo lwe-1812, zombini iMassachusetts House kunye nomphathi womkhosi wephondo zazuzwa ngokunempumelelo ngamaqela alwayo, zaphulukana nomkhosi weGerry umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ijenali eguquliweyo yahlala iqinile kwizandla zeDemocratic-Republican. Nangona ilahlekelwe ngumphathi, uGerry waqhubeka ukukhonza njengoMongameli phantsi ko James Madison ukususela ngo1813 de wafa ngo1814.

Ukuhamba Ngemizimba Ngaphambi KweGerry

Umthetho wokulinganisa isantya asinto intsha. Isiganeko sokujika isantya savela kwiintsuku zokuqala zorhulumente wase-US, njengokuba umGaqo-siseko wawuvunywa. Lo mkhwa ungaphambili wombini eli gama kunye neMassachusetts edumileyo yemagdaches redicuring eyayinika igama.

Enye yemiboniso yokuqala engundoqo yokulawula i-gerrymander eUnited States yenzeka ngo1788 kwiphondo elitsha laseVirginia, apho owayesakuba yirhuluneli uPatrick Henry wazama ukusebenzisa uvuselelo lotshaba lwakhe uJames Madison. Eli linge langaphambili lokusebenzisa ubuchule bezobupolitika kwimida yesithili libonisa ukuba ukulingwa kokuxhobisa iimaphu ezinyuliweyo ukuze zifumane uncedo lwabanqolobi kuvele ukususela ekusungulweni kweli-riphabliki. Ngethamsanqa kwimbali yaseMelika, ukuzama kukaHenry uMadison kwangaphumeleli, kwaye uMadison waqhubeka waba nguMongameli wesine we-United States.

Indlela IGrerymandering Misebenzi: Ubugcisa Nobuchule

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zale mihla kusebenzisa ubuchule obuninzi obuntsonkothileyo ukuphembelela iziphumo zokuvota. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukuqaphela xa amandla abo okuvota exutywa okanye esetyenziswa kakubi.

Ukujija: Izixhobo Zokuphelisa Inkcaso

Ukwahlula amaqela abavoti abangavunyelwanga phakathi kwesithili esininzi. Kwizithili ezininzi, ukudibaniswa kubhekiselele kuqheliso lokuzoba imimandla ekhethayo eyahlula abemi boluntu okanye ucalulo kwimimandla emininzi. Ngokwenjenjalo, impembelelo yoluntu okanye ubuchule boluntu ingancitshiswa, ithintela iqela ekusunguleni isiqobo sokuvota phakathi kwesithili esinye esaneleyo ukunyula abathathi-nxaxheba abathandi beqela.

Khawube nomfanekiso wesixeko esinabantu abaninzi abavoti abaxhasa iQela A. Ukuba eso sixeko besigcinwe siqinile kwisithili esinye, abo bavoti bebengakhetha ummeli kwiQela A. Noko ke, ukuba iqela elilawula ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho efuna ukunciphisa impembelelo yeQela A, banga "crack" kwisixeko ngokwahlula phakathi kwesithili eziliqela. Icandelo ngalinye lesixeko ngoko lidityaniswe nemimandla engqonge iQela B, liqinisekisa ukuba iQela i-Avota liba lincinane kwisithili ngasinye ababekwe kuso.

Lo buchule buhlula uluntu lube zisithili ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba alunanto ibalulekileyo yokulawula ngomvoti. Kwimbali embi yohlanga yokuthamba, ukuqhekeza kwakusoloko kusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu base-Afrika-Melika abanakukhetha abezobupolitika base-America. Ngelixesha iVoting Rights Act inqandwe ukukrala ngokobuhlanga, ubuchule buyaqhubeka busetyenziswa kwiinjongo zobuhlanga.

Umzekelo wokwenene wehlabathi ubonisa amandla okuqhekeza. ITexas Republics, elawula zombini indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye neofisi yerhuluneli, ivunywa yiRiphabliki-Riphabliki i-redia contaration ebutsheni balo nyaka. Umzekelo okwinqanaba: u-Austin okhululekileyo, oceba ukuba ube yimimandla emithandathu ephumela ngaphandle ukuquka amakhulu eekhilomitha kummandla wedolophu nelasemaphandleni. Ngokufaka u-Austin's Democratic Recouncioties ngaphaya kwesithilithi ezintandathu, icebo lokulungisa i-redciotifici liqinisekisa ukuba i-Aus Redemocravies ayinakuphumelela naziphi na ezo zithuba.

Ukupakisha: Ukuphelisa Iindawana Zenkcaso

Ukupakisha kwenzeka xa abaxhasi abaninzi beqela elixhoba bexinene kwinani elincinane lesithili, bebanika umvuzo onamandla. Ukupakisha ii-cram ezininzi zohlobo olunye lomvoti kwisithili esinye ukuze bakwazi ukukhetha ummeli omnye, kunokuba bavumele ukuba baphembele iziphumo zokhetho kwisithili esithile.

Ngelixesha ukuqhekeza kusasaza inkcaso ibhityile, ukupakisha kwenza okuchaseneyo ngokuzibhekisa kwisithili esimbalwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Iqela elilawula ukurhoxa livuma ezi ndawo zizeleyo kwinkcaso, libavumela ukuba baphumelele ngemida emikhulu engama-70%, 80%, okanye kwanamashumi ama-90%. Noko ke, eli cebo lichitha iivoti ezichasayo. Ezovotelwe ngaphezulu lee zifunekayo ukuphumeza injongo engekho njongo, kwaye inkcaso sinabathano abambalwa abanokufumana abaxhasi abanokukhuphisana kwimimandla engqongileyo.

Ukupakishwa kwenzeka xa abenzi bamamaphu beqwalasela izihlalo zomxhasi omnye kwisithili esinye okanye ezimbalwa. Oku kwenza izithili zowiso-mthetho zibe nobuninzi obuninzi kakhulu babaxhasi bombutho omnye, kunciphisa amathuba elo qela lokuphumelela kwezinye isithili. Isiphumo kukuba iqela elipakishiweyo lifumana izihlalo ezimbalwa ngemida yelizwe elidibeneyo ngeli lilahlekelwa zizihlalo ezininzi ngemida emincinane, linika iqela elalizoba nemaphu luncedo olubalulekileyo kwizihlalo ezipheleleyo ezifunyenweyo nakuba lisenokuphulukana nevoti ethandwayo.

Ukudibana kokupakisha nokuqhekeza kudala isitshitshi esinamandla esibini. Le nkqubo iphunyezwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezincedisanayo: ukupakisha nokuqhekeka. Ngokupakisha abanye abavoti kwisithili ezimbalwa kwaye beqhekeza ezinye kwisithili ezininzi, abenzi bamamaphu banokubunciphisa ubuchule bokuphumelela izihlalo zobugxwayiba ngoxa besenza umelo lwabo lube lukhulu.

Ukuqweqwedisa: Abajongi

Ukuthumba kushukunyazisa idilesi yasekhaya ekwisithili esinye. Ukhetho lungaba nzima ngakumbi xa unyulo lungasahlali kwisithili okanye ebusweni kwisithili esitsha esinesiseko esitsha sovoti. Obu buchule bubodwa bujolise abalawuli abahleliyo ngokutsala imida yesithili ukuze bahlule kwisiseko sabo sezobupolitika.

Inkoliso yezobupolitika inezikhundla zezwe; iindawo ezivela kwezobupolitika apho zinezixhasi, amahlakani ezobupolitika, abanikeli kunye namagama anconywayo. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba idilesi yabo yekhaya iphela kwisithili esahlukileyo kunesiseko sabo? Ukuthumba oku kuxhathisa ngokuzoba imigca emitsha yesithili ebeka ikhaya lengingqi elikwisithili esinye, ngoxa abaxhasi babo abaphambili bephelela kwesinye isithili ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuthumba kususa umvoti wengingqi wengingqi yezobupolitika ekwisinye isithili, kubashiya bevaleleke kwisithili esitsha bengenankxaso incinci. Abajoliswe kuso kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kokufuduka ukuze bahlale kwisiseko sabo, bebaleka kwisithili abangaqhelananga apho bengaqatshelwanga okanye baxhaswa, okanye banikezele kwezobupolitika ngokupheleleyo. Le ndlela isebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekupheliseni abachasi bezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokuboyisa kunyulo.

Ukuxilonga: Ukuxhobisa Abasebenzi

I-hijacking ibeka amaqela angoopolitiko azimele isithili esinye ukuze basebenze ngokuchasene. Obu buchule busoloko busetyenziswa xa urhulumente ephulukana nezihlalo zobungqungquthela emva kokuba abantu bebala kwaye kufuneka aqinise isithili, okanye xa iqela elilawula ukudityaniswa kwemimandla ebomvu lifuna ukuphelisa abantu abachasayo abakwiqela eliphikisanayo.

Ngokunyanzela amaqela amabini akhuphisanayo ukuze akhuphisane nesihlalo esinye, ukuqweqwedisa isiqinisekiso sokuba ubuncinane omnye ummisi-mthetho onolwazi uya kuphulukana nendawo yawo. Oku kusenokuba konakalisa kakhulu xa omabini amaqela eqela elinye, njengoko kunyanzela unyulo oluphambili olwahlulayo olunokwahlula abaxhasi beqela kunye nobuncwane bephulo elinokwahlula abaxhasi beqela kunye nobuncwane bephulo elinokwahlulwa ngokuchasene neqela eliphikisayo.

Iqela elilawula ukuhlahlela lisenokusebenzisa ukuphanga ngokufanelekileyo ukuphelisa abona batshaba babo basebenzayo okanye ukubohlwaya amalungu eqela labo anganyanisekanga ngokwaneleyo. Oku kwenza isiphumo esimanyumnyezi apho abalawuli bemithetho banokuziva benyanzelekile ukuba babambe intambo yeqela okanye babe sengozini yokubuyiselwa ngaphandle kwezihlalo zabo.

Ixesha Lanamhlanje Lokusetyenziswa Kwamachiza

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuzoba

Ukwanda kobugcisa obuhambe phambili kunye nonyuselo localulo kulo lonke ilizwe lwenze ukuba kube lula ngakumbi, ngabenzi bamamaphu bakwazi ukutsala ngokuchanekileyo ukuba bavote kwiblokwe yesixeko. Iggermander yanamhlanje ayifani nokutsalwa kwesithili kwangaphambili.

Inkqubela-phambili kubugcisa bokushicilela izibalo iyenze isebenza kakhulu kunangaphambili. "Baye beqhele ukuzoba izithili ngesandla besebenzisa umthetho weslide," uKousser uthi. "Ngoku ungatshitsha iiplani zesithili ezili-10 000 kwikhompyutha" i-software eculiweyo yemaphu echaza ugcino-lwazi malunga nefomati yokuvota, amanani, ubhaliso, kwanokuziphatha kwabathengi ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo indlela amaqela ahlukene ngayo.

I-data enkulu ikwenze kwalula kakhulu kwezobupolitika ukuba bajolise abavoti abafuna ukuba babe ngabo kwisithili, phantse kumgangatho wendlu. Oku kuthe ngqo kuvumela abenzi bamamaphu ukuba badwelise izithili ezijongeka kakuhle ngaphandle kodwa ezixhotyiswe ngobuchule ukuze zivelise iziphumo ezisele zigqitywe kwangaphambili. IGarrymanderer ekrele ingenza imimandla edibeneyo nepakiweyo ekhangeleka icocekileyo kwaye inesikwere kodwa noko ke ithanda kakhulu iqela elinye.

Isiphumo sisokuba ukuqhuba kwangoku kusenokuba luncedo kakhulu kwaye kucace kakhulu kunesithili esibunjwe ngesamarander ngo1812. Isithili singalandela imida ebonakala isengqiqweni ngexa sisenzelwe ukwandisa uncedo lwabathathi-nxaxheba. Oku kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kubemi ukuqaphela xa ukuqhuba imoto kusenzekile kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuvavanya iimaphu ezisetyenziswa enkundleni.

Inkundla Ephakamileyo Neyayiyilwa Ngetyala Elikhulu

Kwityala lonyaka ka-2018 iRucho v. IMbangi ePhakamileyo, iNkundla yagqiba kwisigqibo esahluliweyo sesihlanu-4 sokuba iinkundla zephondo azinalo igunya lokuthetha neengxelo zomququzeleli. Esi sigqibo siphawuli sayitshintsha ngokubhekiselele kwimo yokulungisa imimandla eMelika ngokususa iinkundla zesizwe ekujongeni i-gerrymaniling.

Uninzi lwagqiba kwelokuba nangona ukubotshwa kwemithetho yedemokhrasi kuhambelana nemigaqo yedemokhrasi . .. ingcebiso eliququzelelayo linikela imibuzo yezopolitiko ngaphandle kokufikelela kweenkundla zephondo. Isigqibo savala ngokunempumelelo ucango kwiingxelo ze-gerrymaninder kwinkundla zephondo kanye kwaye konke, sishiya unyango lwalo mngeni ungaziwa.

Umjikelo wokuzinzisa emva kobalo lwama-2020 yayingowokuqala ukususela ekugqibeni kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2019 ukuba iimaphu ezixhotyisiweyo azinakubekelwa ityala lephondo. Ukususela ngoko, amaMelika aye abona ukuhla kwesantya esiphezulu kumgangatho ongenakuthelekiswa nanto kwiindawo ezininzi — kwaye eyona imbi kakhulu isenokwenzeka. Ngaphandle kokuvelela kwenkundla ephakamileyo, ekuphela kwemiqathango yequmrhu elawulayo ngoku ilele kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, imigaqo-mthetho, okanye inkqubo yezopolitiko ngokwayo.

Nangona i-gerrymandering ekhethayo ingenakucelw'eculw'ityala likarhulumente, i-gerrymanindering yobuhlanga ihlala iphantsi kohlolo lwezomthetho lwesizwe. I-parisan gerrymandering ayinakubethwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kodwa i-gerrymaning yobuhlanga inokubekwa imbambano. Lo mahluko udala ummandla ontsonkothileyo osemthethweni apho imaphu enye yesithili isenokungathintelwa ekucelweni ucelomngeni njengo-racter gerrymanling kodwa inokuba sengozini yokuvavanywa ukuba iboniswe ikhethelwa ngokwekhethe elisekelwe kuhlanga.

Umjikelo wokongeza wakutshanje

Emva kobalo lwama-2020, amaRiphabliki ayilawula inkqubo yokulungisa imimandla kumazwe amaninzi kune-Democrates, kwaye asebenzisa olu ncedo ngonyamezelo. Uqikelelo olulandelayo kubalo lwamanani lwama-2020 lwabonisa indlela enamandla ngayo ulawulo lwenkqubo yokwenza iimaphu ekuboneni iziphumo zonyulo.

Imaphu yangoku yengqungquthela yaseMntla Carolina ingumzekelo okhoyo. Nangona imigca yesithili ingabonakala iqhelekile, bahlela abavoti ngentembeko elumkileyo kangangokuba iRiphabliki ziqinisekile ngokuphumelela ishumi leshumi lemida ye-14 ye-operalialiance kwaye zingaphumelela kangango11 — iziphumo ezithe ngqo zemfazwe yemfazwe nganye imodecrats rhoqo ukuya kulawula iiofisi ngokubanzi. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela iGarrymandering engenza ngayo ukurhoxa okubalulekileyo phakathi kwemikla-omatili yevolothi yelizwe kunye nomelo lwe-collegatorial.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba asizizo zonke izithili ezijongeka ngokungaqhelekanga. Isithili esijongeka mnqakathi singenziwa nje ngenxa yokuba silandela uphawu lwezwe elinjengomlambo okanye imida yesixeko okanye kuba zigcina kunye iindawo ezineemfuno ezifanayo okanye ezibalulekileyo zomelo. Imo yesithili sodwa ayingqinisi gerrymanning; isitshixo sinokuba imida itsalelwe ukutshintsha iziphumo zonyuso okanye ukukhonza iinjongo ezifanelekileyo zokuyila.

Impembelelo Yokulawula Ulawulo - melo

Urhulumente Ongaphantsi Kommeli

Unyulo lufanele luvelise iziphumo ezibonakalisa ukhetho lwabavoti. Kodwa xa iimaphu zikhohliswa, abezobupolitika kunye nabavoti abanamandla abakhetha abavoti endaweni yokukhetha abavoti bezobupolitika. Oku kutshintshwa kwemigaqo yedemokhrasi kuchaphazela intliziyo yorhulumente ongummeli kwaye kunokwenza abemi bazive bengenamandla yaye bedidekile.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kungenza iimeko apho iqela lizuza khona izihlalo ezininzi zowiso-mthetho phezu kwako nje ukwamkela iincutshe zezivoti jikelele. Oku kuqhawulwa kombutho phakathi kwenkxaso ethandwayo namandla ezobupolitika kunciphisa ilungelo lamagosa anyuliweyo kwaye kungakhokelela kwimigaqo engabonisi kuthanda kwenkoliso yabemi. Xa abavoti bevakalelwa kukuba unyulo lumiselwe kwangaphambili kwaye amavoti abo angenamsebenzi, kuphelisa ukholo kumaqumrhu edemokhrasi.

Ukukhotyokiswa ngokugqithiseleyo kungabangela unyulo kunye nokumelwe. Ukujijwa kungabangela umdla, namanye amazwe ajonga abathunywa abaququzelelayo abangafaniyo nokona kukhethwa kwezobupolitika zabemi babo. Oku kwenza uhlobo lwerhafu ngaphandle kokumela, apho abemi balawulwa ngamagosa angamelani nezilangazelelo okanye namaxabiso abo.

Ukunciphisa Ukhuphiswano Oluyigqwesileyo

Enye yezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zokukhuphisana kukuncitshiswa konyulo. Ukupakisha nokuqhekeza kwenza "amavoti" kwaye kunciphise inani lesithili sokhuphiswano; ngo-2025 ingxelo, abahlalutyi bafumana intwana encinane yengingqi ekhuphisana ngokwenene, ebangela ukuba abantu abaninzi abakwizikhuseli kunye nomngcipheko kwizihlalo ezimbalwa ezishiyekileyo.

Xa izithili zitsalwa ukuze zikhuseleke kwelinye iqela okanye elinye, unyulo lokwenene luba lolona luphambili kunokuba lube lunyulo jikelele. Oku kutshintsha amandla kwabavoti abaninzi abathatha inxaxheba kwi-primpoint, ngokufuthi kukhokelela ekukhutshweni konyulweni kwababheno abagqithisileyo ababhenela kwisiseko seqela kunokuba abathathi-nxaxheba abalungele ukumela isithili esithe bhetele. Isiphumo sinyuswa ukuhla kwemimandla engaphandle kwaye sihla ngokuvuma ukulala.

Izithili ezikhuselekileyo zikwanciphisa ukuthathelwa ityala. Xa abasebenzi bazi ukuba baqinisekiswe ngokuqinisekisiweyo ngokhetho lokwenza kwakhona kungakhathaliseki ukuba benza ntoni, abanazintshukumisa zincinane zokuba baphendule kwizinto ezidibeneyo okanye basebenze ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela ukusombulula iingxaki. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiqhina lemithetho elilawulayo nokujolise ingqalelo ekuthumeleni imiyalezo ngokuneencwadi kunokuba kwenziwe inkqubo engaphantsi kwemithetho elawulayo.

Ukujolisa abantu abancinane

Ukujolisa kumandla ezobupolitika oluntu oluncinane kudla ngokuba sisixhobo esingundoqo sokulawula izalathiso eziphethu abanqolobi. Ukuqhubeka kuhlalwa ngokwemiba ehlala abantu kunye neendlela zokuvota ezicalukileyo zobuhlanga, ingakumbi kumazwe asemazantsi, kuthetha ukuba ukuqhekeza okanye ukupakisha imibala yabantu kusenokuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo ukuba singenathemba ekudaleni inzuzo yeqela ekulawuleni usibalo lwemaphu.

Ukudibana kohlanga kunye nokuququzelela kudala iimeko ezikhathazayo. Ngenxa yokuba iipateni zokuvota zisoloko zidibana nohlanga, ukurhoxa komkhethe kungenza isiphumo sokuncitshiswa kwamandla okuvota amancinane naxa leyo ingeyonjongo echaziweyo. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni nengokokuziphatha malunga nalapho imigca ifanele itsalwe phakathi koncedo oluvumelekileyo nocalucalulo lobuhlanga olungamkelekanga.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane okuvota nokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwezizwe. Imigudu yokukhusela i-gerrymander ngokwemida yobuhlanga kule mihla, ngokungekho mthethweni. Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi kocalucalulo nomkhosi wobuhlanga luhlala lunempikiswano, nengxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nemimandla yemininzi ekhetha amabhinqa nendlela engcono yokuqinisekisa umelo olulungileyo kumaqela oluntu olunombala.

Ukwanda Kwengcamango Yezobupolitika

Isenokuvelisa ingqumbo phakathi kwengingqi namaqela ezobupolitika asenokuphazamisana nokuqonda kwawo kwaye iphazamisane nentsebenziswano efunekayo ukwenzela izilangazelelo ezingcono ze-United States. IGrymandering inegalelo kwingxaki ebanzi yokwahlula-hlula ngokwezobupolitika ngokudala imimandla ekhuselekileyo apho abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babhenele kwisiseko seqela labo kuphela kunokuba baqinise iminqophiso ebanzi.

Xa izithili zitsalwa ukuba zibe yiDemocratic okanye iRiphabliki, isiseko esikhuthaza abezobupolitika sitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Endaweni yokufuna umgaqo kunye nokulalanisa, abamisi-mthetho abasuka kwisithili esikhuselekileyo bangaziva benyanzelekile ukuba baphephe iindawo eziziintloko zokuzikhusela kwimingeni ephambili kwiphiko leqela labo. Oku kuba negalelo elinamandla kwintlupheko ye-grid kunye nokungalungelelani nto leyo amaMerika amaninzi akufumanisa kudimaza ngezobupolitika zale mihla.

Ukunqongophala konyulo ngokubanzi olukhuphiswano kukwathetha ukuba abavoti abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba akunto ibalulekileyo. Xa iziphumo zimiselwe kwangaphambili, umvoti angachaphazeleka, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abanokuthabatha inxaxheba abaphakathi kodwa bavakalelwe kukuba abavoti babo abanakwenza mahluko. Oku kwenza umjikelo wokuzibuyisela ngokwabo umjikelo apho unyuko olusezantsi kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo luqhubekeke lulawulo lwe-crevenves.

Ukufumana nokulinganisa i-Gerrymander

Uvavanyo olungokwengqokelela yeemeko

Abaphandi nabaxhasi baye bavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa ukufumanisa nokulinganisela. Ezi zixhobo zinceda ekuboneni xa iimaphu zesithili zisetyenziswa ukuncedisa abaququzeleli, naxa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kungabonakali ngokujonga ukumila kwesithili kuphela.

Isithuba sempumelelo ngumlinganiselo olula onokubonisa iziphumo zokubolekisa. Imilinganiselo iphosa ivoti kwiqela ngalinye: isixa sovoti abaphoswe ekulahlekeni kwesithili (izilotho ezibangelwa kukwaphuka) kunye nevoti ezigqithisileyo eziphoswe ekuwiseni kwengingqi (izijungqu eziza kuqokelelwa). Umahluko kwezivoti zilahlwayo wahlulwe ngokuvota okupheleleyo, kwaye isiphumo sesiphumo sisithuba esilungileyo.

Isithuba sokusebenza kakuhle sinika inani elinye elinokubonisa ukuba iqela elinye lingenelwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kusini na. Isithuba esikhulu sokusebenza kakuhle sibonisa ukuba elinye iqela lidlala kakhulu ngokuphawulekayo iivoti kunenye, esiphawu lokuzikisa. Noko ke, iinkundla bezimathidala ukuthatha naliphi na i-metric enye njengovavanyo oluqinisekileyo lokungalingani kwe-geromander.

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwento ethethwayo nesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi awuqheleki ukuvela ngethuba, kwaye ngoko ungabonisa umahluko okwi-gerrymander. Umahluko othe ngqo ophakathi womahluko uhlola ukuba ivoti ephakathi yahlukile kuthelekiso lwevoti, enokutyhila ukupakishwa okanye ukuqhekeka kwabavoti.

Ezinye iindlela zezibalo ziquka imilinganiselo emibini ye-t-selphere kunye nemfaniso zeMonte Carlo. Kwimo ejongene ne-gerrymander, ngokwahlukileyo, iqela lexhoba linempumelelo enamandla (kwimimandla yalo epakishweyo) kunye neqela elihambayo kakhulu linendlela encinane kodwa ekhuselekileyo. I-t-se-eving ingahlola le milinganiselo eyahlukileyo yeziphumo, kwaye ingakhangela ukuba umlinganiselo onjalo usenokuba uvele ngethuba. Ukuba isiphumo besingalindelwanga ukuba senzeke ngethuba linye kuphela, oko kunokubonisa ukuba imeko iphethwe ngumqhubi .

Uhlalutyo lwentelekelelo kunye nokumila kwesithili

Ngeli xesha uvavanyo lwezibalo lunika uhlalutyo olungqongqo, ngamanye amaxesha ukujija kuyabonakala kwiliso lenyama. Iziqingatha ezibunjwe ngendlela entle ezibunjwa yinyoka kwingingqi, zidibanisa iindawo ezikude ngeepaseji ezimxinwa, okanye zivelise imimandla ethile ekwimo encinci ekwimo ebanzi enokuthi ibonise iimpawu zokusebenzisa kakubi. Noko ke, ukumila kukodwa akusoloko kuyisibonisi esithembekileyo, njengokuba uqikelelo olufanelekileyo lunokuvelisa iingingqi ezingaqhelekanga ezijongwayo.

Eminye yemizekelo entle yokusetyenziswa kwenqanawa ejikelezayo ivelise isithili ezineziteketiso ezingenakulibaleka ezisekelwe kwindlela ezimi ngayo. Ezi ziquka "IGoofy Kicking Donald Duck" yesithili neOhio's "Lake Erie Monsster" ezi ndawo zidityanisiweyo ziyenza icace into yokuba enye into ngaphandle kwemida yendalo okanye iimpawu zelizwe iqhube inkqubo yokwenza imaphu.

Noko ke, ukuqokelela kwale mihla kuye kwabanobuntlola obukhulu. Abenzi bamamaphu baye bafunda ukuba ngokucacileyo ukumila okungaqhelekanga kutsalela ingqalelo kunye nocelomngeni lomthetho, ngoko ke ngoku badala izithili ezikhangeleka ziqhelekile ngexa zisafumana iinjongo ezifanayo ngokhetho locoselelo. Oku kwenza uhlalutyo lweliso lube luncinane kunolwakuqala, ukwandisa ukubaluleka kweendlela zobucukubhede-thengi.

Izicombululo Notshintsho

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Enye yezona ndlela zithembisayo zokulwa ukupheliswa kwe-gerrymander kukususa inkqubo yokuzidibanisela kwizandla zabamisi-mthetho abarhoxi bomthetho nokuyibeka ngeenkomfa ezizimeleyo. UGrerymander osetyenziswa ukuba abe ngophambili kwezobupolitika zaseKhanada, kodwa akasasetyenziswa, emva komqathango wokwabela okuzimeleyo womda wokhetho wamiselwa kuwo onke amaphondo. Amava ase Canada abonisa ukuba abathunywa abazimeleyo banganciphisa ngokunempumelelo ulawulo lwemida yesithili.

Amazwe aliqela ase-U.S. amisele iikhomishini zokuzoba iimaphu zesithili okanye eziziko lobuhlanga. Olu thumo luquka amalungu amaqela amakhulu, kunye namalungu azimeleyo, kwaye lusebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyenzelwe ukukhuthaza okusesikweni nokukhusela ulawulo olugqwethiweyo. Ezinye ii-ofisi zigunyazisa, zinika iingcebiso kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngoxa ezinye zinegunya elipheleleyo lokusebenzisa iimaphu zokugqibela.

Ukusebenza kwenkomfa yohlaziyo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwisakhiwo nemithetho yayo. Uthumelo oluzimelayo olunemilinganiselo ecacileyo yokulunga kwesithili kunye neemfuno zokubona ngaphaya kolawulo olulungeleleneyo olulawulwa ngabaqulunqwe bezobupolitika okanye abangenayo imigangatho ecacileyo. Amazwe aqwalasela ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisekelwe kwikomishini kufuneka afunde imodeli enempumelelo kwaye aquke ezona ndlela zingcono zokwandisa ubuchule.

Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Ekubeni iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba iinkundla zephondo azinakuthetha ngezimvo zocalucalulo, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe neenkundla zikarhulumente ziye zaba yinkqubo ephambili esemthethweni yokuvavanya iimaphu ezisetyenziswayo. Amanye amaphondo anemimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko ekwalela ngokucacileyo ukupheliswa kwemiqathango egqwethekileyo okanye ukuseka imiqathango yokugweba isithili enokuthi iinkundla zikarhulumente zinyanzelise.

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe kumaphondo amaninzi ziye zawisa iimaphu njengenkxwaleko yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente aqinisekisa unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo. Olu mgangatho womthetho unzima ungowona ubalulekileyo kumhlaba wasemva kweRucho, njengoko zimela enye yeengxilo ezimbalwa eziseleyo kwimiqathango eseleyo yezomthetho kwigerrymaning egqithisileyo.

Abemi abakumazwe ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo anamandla achasene nomthetho-siseko banokusebenza ukulungisa umgaqo-siseko wabo ngobuchule bokuthatha inyathelo lokugada okanye ngesenzo somthetho. Amazwe amaninzi aphumelele ekudluliseleni utshintsho oluzimeleyo lweziko lomgaqo-siseko okanye avelise imilinganiselo enyanzelekileyo yokulawula isithili sobulungisa ngamaphulo akhawulezileyo.

Indlela Yokwamkelwa Kwemithetho Yomthetho Nezibalo

Abanye abaguquli baye bacebisa ukusebenzisa i-algorithm yezibalo ukuzoba imida yesithili ngeendlela ezinciphisa ucalucalulo localulo. Iziko loRheange Voting licebise indlela yokuzoba iziqithi ngemithetho elula. I-algorithm isebenzisa kuphela ubume bezwe, inani le-N yesithili ezifunwayo, nolwabeko lwabemi njengedipozithi. I-algorithm (ngelula) yi: Qalisa ngombanomda wemeko.

Iindlela zemithetho yokuziphatha ziluncedo lokubonisa ngokuphandle nokungaguquguqukiyo. Nabani na angaqinisekisa ukuba i-algorithm isetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye amagalelo afanayo azakusoloko evelisa iziphumo ezifanayo. Oku kuphelisa ukunokwenzeka kokusebenzisa i-croffal kunye nokwandisa ukuthemba uluntu kwiimaphu ezithe ngqo zesithili.

Ngoko ke, iindlela ze-algorithm zikwanomiqathango. Njengoko ungenelelo lomntu lusevumelekile, imiba yokuxhotyiswa nokuqhekezwa kwemithetho ingaqhubeka, kumlinganiselo omncinci. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho-algorith ingaba tyala elibalulekileyo njengokugcina uluntu lunomdla kunye okanye ukuhambisana neemfuno ze-arhente yamaLungelo omelo oluncinane.

Ezona ndlela zithembisayo zingadibanisa iindlela ze-algorithiki kunye nolawulo lomntu, zisebenzisa iikhompyutha ukuvelisa iimaphu ezininzi ezinokufikelela kwimilinganiselo esisiseko yokusesikweni, ngoko zikhonjiswe ngokwazo phakathi kwezo ndlela zisekelwe kwizinto ezijongwa kuzo njengendlela yogcino loluntu kunye nomelo lwabambalwa.

Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ozoba iimaphu zesithili, ukuvela ngaphaya kwinkqubo yokulungisa kuyimfuneko ekuthinteleni nasekufumaneni i-gerrymanider. Xa kuvela iingcango ezivaliweyo ngaphandle kolwazi oluncinane lukawonke-wonke okanye ulawulo, amathuba okusebenzisa iinguqu aphinda-phindiwe. Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo ezivumela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, zinika ukufumaneka kogcino-lwazi nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iimaphu, kwaye zifuna inkcazelo ecacileyo kwizigqibo zesithili zingenza okusesikweni.

Ubugcisa bale mihla benza kube lula kubemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngqo ekudibaniseni imimandla. Izixhobo zekhompyutha zivumela nabani na ukuba adwelise iimaphu zesithili sakhe aze abone indlela uqwalaselo olwahlukileyo oluya kuchaphazela ngayo iziphumo zonyulo. Oku kubekwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi ekwenzeni amamaphu kunceda ukufundisa uluntu malunga nokuhlaziya nokunika ezinye iindlela zokuzoba iimaphu ezizotywa ngabalawuli bemithetho.

Ukuva nokuphendula kukawonke-wonke kwamathuba okunika abemi ithuba lokubona iingxaki kwiimaphu ezicetyiweyo, ezifana neendawo eziye zahlulwa okanye isithili esibonakala sitsalelwa inzuzo yabathathi-nxaxheba. Xa amagunya alawulayo kufuneka aphendule kumagqabaza kawonke-wonke kwaye athethelele izigqibo zawo, oko kubangela ukuba kungabi natyala nto leyo enokuthi idimaze ezona ndlela zichuliweyo zegerrymaning.

Umthetho womanyano

Nangona iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye zarhoxa ekulawuleni amapolisa, iKhomishini igcina igunya elisemthethweni lokulawula unyulo lwequmrhu. Umthetho woManyano-ntle ungayimisela imilinganiselo yelizwe lonke yokuqulunqa i-commentation contatalication, ifuna ukuba amazwe asebenzise iikhomishini ezizimeleyo, okanye abangele ezinye iindlela zokuthintela ukulawulwa kwemida yengingqi yengingqi.

Iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa uhlaziyo lwamaqumrhu ziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga, nangona kungekho nanye eye yamiselwa emthethweni. Ezi zindululo ziquka iimfuno zolawulo oluzimeleyo, iingqiniwa zobulungisa, kunye namalungiselelo okubonisa imbonakalo. Ucelomngeni lukwakha inkxaso eyaneleyo yezopolitiko ukwenzela utshintsho olunokuthi lunciphise amandla equmrhu elilawula iBhunga ukuze lingenelwe kwi-gerrymaning.

Umthetho womanyano ujongene nemiqobo yezopolitiko neyezomthetho. Ngokwezobupolitika, amalungu eBhunga angenelweyo kulawulo lwezindululo asenokuba mathidala ukuxhasa utshintsho olunokuba lusongela izihlalo zabo. Ngokomthetho, kukho imibuzo emalunga nobungakanana begunya leBhunga lokulawula ukuguqulwa kwemithetho-mthetho, ngokuchasene nokubekwa kwemiqathango yequmrhu. Nangona kusekho imingeni, umthetho wesizwe uyaqhubeka uyindlela yokuthetha nomphathi-gerrymander ngomlinganiselo wesizwe.

Oko Abemi Banokukwenza

Hlala Unolwazi Uze Ube Nesabelo

Inyathelo lokuqala lokulwa noqikelelo lukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo nokuqonda xa isenzeka. Abami kufuneka bazifundise ngendlela yokuyilungisa kwimeko yabo, kuquka ozoba iimaphu, ukuba zeziphi iindidi abamele bazilandele, naxa ubalo olulandelayo luzakwenzeka. Ukuqonda ixesha lomgca kubaluleke, njengokuba ubalo lwexesha lusenzeka kanye emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kobalo, ukwenza iifestile ezimxinwa zethuba lotshintsho.

Nikela ingqalelo kwiimaphu zesithili ezicetyiweyo kwaye uhlalutye ukuba zibonakala zitsalwa ngokuchanekileyo okanye zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Jonga iimpawu zokwaphuka nokupakisha, ezifana noluntu oluye lwahlulwa phakathi kwesithili okanye isithili esidityaniswe iindawo ezihlukeneyo ngaphandle konxibelelwano olungqinelanayo. Uhlalutyo lwengqokelela yeemaphu kunye nengcaciso yengcali lunganceda ekuboneni igerrymander engabonakaliyo kwimbonakalo kuphela.

Landela iindaba ezihlaziyayo kunye nophuhliso kumbuso wakho kunye nohlanga. Iintlangano ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center yeJaji kunye Isizathu seCommon [ inika ubuncwane kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemiba yokulungisa kunye ne-germander. Ukuqonda umongo obanzi kunceda abemi baqaphele imo kwaye baxhase ngokuphumelela ngakumbi ekuguquleni.

Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yokuhlaziya

Xa kusenziwa uqikelelo, amaphondo amaninzi anokuchophela amatyala kawonke-wonke apho abemi banokugqabaza ngeemaphu ezicetyiweyo. Ukuya kwezi ndlebe nokunikela ubungqina ngendlela izithili ezicetyiweyo eziya kuchaphazela ngayo uluntu lwakho zinokuphembelela iimaphu zokugqibela. Kwanokuba amagqabaza akho akawutshintshi umphumo, uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lungawenza umahluko.

Xela amagqabaza abhaliweyo ukuba awukwazi ukuya kwimvo yomntu. Amagosa amaninzi afuna ukuphinda-phinda amkele ubungqina obubhaliweyo kwaye kufuneka aqwalasele igalelo loluntu. Thetha ngeengxaki ozibona ngeemaphu ezicetyiweyo, ezifana noluntu olwahlulelweyo okanye isithili esibonakala sitsalelwa inzuzo yabaququzeleli kunokuba sikhonze usukelo olusemthethweni lokuhlaziya.

Amanye amazwe avumela abemi ukuba banikezele iimaphu zabo ezicetyiweyo ukuze ziqwalaselwe. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zekhompyutha zokulungisa ezinye iimaphu kungayibonisa ukuba iindlela ezifanelekileyo zikhona kwaye kubeke uxinzelelo kubenzi beemaphu abasemthethweni ukuthethelela ukhetho lwabo. Nokuba iimaphu ezitsalwa ngabemi azisetyenziswa, zingasebenza njengemiboniso yebhedi yokuvavanya izicelo ezisemthethweni.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Ixhaswa

Ngenela okanye uxhase imibutho esebenzela ukulwa nokukhuthaza ukuthatyathwa komgaqo-siseko ofanelekileyo. La maqela abandakanyeka ekucekiseni iimaphu ezibekwe phantsi, amele umthetho woguqulo olulandelayo, afundise uluntu malunga nokuqhuba, kwaye akhuthaze abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokulungisa. Amalungu akho, iminikelo, okanye ixesha lokuzithandela linganceda le migudu iphumelele.

Amanyathelo okuxhasa amaqumrhu eencwadi kunye nomthetho wokumisela iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuhlaziya imimandla okanye ukwenza imilinganiselo enyanzelekileyo yokulungiselela isithili esifanelekileyo. Kumaphondo akwinkqubo yolwamkelo lobumi, abameli botshintsho bangadlula kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimelanayo ngokuthabatha izicelo ngqo kubavoti. La maphulo afuna amatsha - ntliziyo ukuqokelela utyikityo, ukuvota, nokufumana ivoti.

Qhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho besizwe sakho uze ubazise ukuba uxhasa utshintsho olucacileyo. Ngelixesha abamisi-mthetho abangenelwayo kubuchule bokulawula benqanawa besenokuba mathidala ukutshintsha inkqubo, uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lungenza umahluko, ingakumbi xa abaququzeleli bekwenza kucace ukuba ukuthamba okufanelekileyo ngumbandela ophambili oza kuphembelela amavoti abo.

Lumkela Kukhetho Lonke

Enye yenjongo yokuphembelela kukudimaza abavoti ngokwenza bavakalelwe ukuba amavoti abo akakhathali. Impendulo engcono kukuvota nokodwa, kunyulo ngalunye. Ngelixesha ukunyulwa kunokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kubathandi bakho ukuba baphumelele, akukwenzi kube yinto engenakwenzeka. Ukujika okuphezulu kunakho ukoyisa kwanezithintelo zesakhiwo ezibalulekileyo.

Nika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kunyulo lomthetho, njengoko abamisi-mthetho besizwe beyilawula ngokusesikweni inkqubo yokulungisa. Iqela elilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho yombuso ngexesha lonyaka wokuhlaziya liya kusoloko lilawula inkqubo yokwenza amamaphu, lenze olu nyulo lube lubalulekileyo ukugqiba enoba umjikelo olandelayo wokuthamba uza kuba ngolungileyo okanye uya kuba ngowobulungisa.

Musa ukunikezela kwisithili esibonakala sikhuselekile siphenjelelwa elinye iqela. Iimeko zepolitiki zingatshintsha, kwaye isithili esitsalelwa ekukhuselekeni singakhuphisana ukuba kukho utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimvakalelo yovoti okanye ukurhoxa. Uvotelo lwakho lunegalelo ekwakheni uqhubeko lotshintsho, nokuba akwenzeki ngokukhawuleza ukungquzula isithili.

Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa

Umlo nxamnye ne-gerrymander uyaqhubeka uguquka njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, ukutshintshwa kobume belizwe, kunye nokuqondwa koluntu kuyakhula. Umjikelo woqikelelo lwama-2030 uya kuba ngowona ubalulekileyo, njengoko uza kuba ngumjikelo wesibini ukususela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo iRucho ukusuka kwisigqibo sephondo ukushenxiswa kweenkundla zikarhulumente ekujongeni kwe-gerrymaning. Iimaphu ezidweliswe emva kokubalwa kwabantu ngo-2030 ziza kubumba i-Melika eMerika ngeminyaka elishumi elandelayo.

Imigudu yotshintsho iya ihambela phambili kumazwe amaninzi, ekubeni abemi beya bekuqonda ngokukhulayo ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi njengesongelo kwidemokhrasi engaphaya kwezobupolitika. Ngoxa elinye iqela lingangenelwa ngokulawula kwiphondo elithile okanye kumjikelo wonyulo, ekugqibeleni eli khondo linciphisa ukufaneleka kwedemokhrasi nokukholosa kukarhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela elisebenzisa irekhodi yemaphu.

Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa inqumla zombini iindlela kwingxoxo enika ingxubusho. Ngelixesha i-software entsonkothileyo yokuzoba yenza kube lula ukuqhuba igerrymander ngokuchanekileyo, obu bugcisa bunye bukwenza kube lula ukufumanisa ukusebenzisa kunye nokwenza ezinye iimaphu ezibonisa ulungiso olukhoyo. Ukubonakala ngaphaya kokukhanya kunye nokufumaneka kogcino-lwazi okunamandla kwabemi kunye namaqela ajongileyo ukuqwalasela ukuncitshiswa kwemilitha ngendlela ebekungenzeki kunokwenzeka kumaxesha angaphambili.

Uphando olukhulayo ngeziphumo zegerrymandering lunika abaxhasi botshintsho iimbumbulu. Uphando oluchaza indlela igerrymander enegalelo ngayo ekudibaneni, inciphisa ukhuphiswano lokhetho, kwaye igqwetha umelo lunceda ukwakha imeko yotshintsho. Njengoko amaMelika amaninzi eqonda izikhongozelo, uxinzelelo lotshintsho lunganyuka.

Ekugqibeleni, ikamva lokulungisa liya kumiselwa ngabemi abafuna iimaphu ezifanelekileyo nabafuna ukuba amagosa abo anyuliweyo aphendulwe. I-Gerrymander iyazingisa kuba inceda abo banegunya, kodwa ingayoyiswa xa abantu banele bayiqonda njengengxaki kwaye besebenzelana ukuze bafumane izisombululo. Izixhobo nolwazi lokulwa ne-gergermandering zikhona; into efunekayo kukusetyenziswa kwabo bezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

I-Gerrymander imela olunye locelomngeni olubalulekileyo kulawulo-mpukane lwaseMelika kwinkulungwane yama-21. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ngo1812 yamaMassachusetts ukuya kubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bekhompyutha banamhlanje, ukuqhelisa ukuzoba imida yesithili yoncedo lwabathathi-nxaxheba kuqalisile kwaye kuqikelele. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa ubuchule obufana nokukrakra, ukupakisha, ukuqweqwedisa, nokuqweqwedisa, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela xa kusenzeka nokukhuthaza ezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo.

Iziphumo zokubotshwa kwemibutho zidlulela kude ngaphaya kweziphumo zonyulo. Kunciphisa ukhuphiswano lonyulo, kwandisa ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle, kuthoba ulawulo longameli, kwaye kusenokuphelisa amandla okuvota abantu abambalwa. Xa abezobupolitika bekhetha abavoti babo endaweni yokuvota bekhetha abezobupolitika babo, isithembiso esisisiseko sedemokhrasi siyaphulwa.

Zikhona izicombululo, ukusuka kwikhomishini ezimeleyo yokuziphindela ukuya kumgangatho wemithetho-siseko onamandla ombuso. Ucelomngeni lokwakha ulawulo lwezopolitiko luza kuzalisekisa olu tshintsho ukumelana nokuchasana kwabo bangenelwa kwinkqubo ekhoyo. Abami banendima ebalulekileyo yokudlala ngokuhlala benolwazi, benenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuhlaziya, bexhasa imigudu yotshintsho, kunye nokuvota kunyulo ngalunye.

Umlo nxamnye nokulwa nokulwa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente ufanele, abe ngokarhulumente, kunye nabantu. Wonke ummi okhathalele ukuma kobulungisa nokuphendula ngedemokhrasi ubophelelekile ubopheleleko lokuqinisekisa ukuba iimaphu zesithili zitsalwa ngokufanelekileyo kunokuba zisetyenziswe ukuze kungenelwe abalawuli. Ngokuqonda ukulwa nokusebenza kunye ukulwa nawo, amaMerika anganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti yawo ibaluleke ngokwenene kwaye amagosa awo anyuliweyo amela ngokunyanisekileyo iminqweno namaxabiso awo.

Njengoko sisondela kwimijikelo yexesha elizayo yokulungisa, izifundo zembali kunye nezixhobo zohlalutyo zale mihla zinika zombini izilumkiso nethemba. I-Gerrymandering ayingondlela ingenakuphepheka, kwaye ingayeyiswa ngokudityaniswa kommi onolwazi, utshintsho lokwakha, kunye nokuzibophelela kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi. Isithili esifana nesamarander esibunjwe ngedemokhrasi esinika igama laso igama laso linokuba lineenkulungwane ezimbini ubudala, kodwa ukulwela ukumela okulungileyo kuselulo oluyimfuneko nolungxamisekileyo kunanini nanini nanini na ngaphambili.