EUnited States, unyulo oluphambili lusebenza njengendlela apho amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha abaza kukhetha abatsha abaza kunyulwa ngokubanzi. Imithetho elawulayo enokuba nenxaxheba kula magumbi aphezulu ayahluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwisizwe ukuya kurhulumente, nemodeli ezimbini ezilawulayo: ukuvula amagumbi aphezulu kunye nokuvala i-primerimen. Inkqubo nganye ineziphumo ezicacileyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba, i-athomo, ingcamango yolwambutho, kunye nempilo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda oku akuyonkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; ineziphumo zokwenene zendlela yemibutho nendlela izinto ezikhethwayo eziguqulelwa kuyo. Oku kuhlalutya okunwe okuninzi kuvavanya iinzuzo nezithintelo ezivulekileyo nezivaliweyo, uphando lwezorhwebo kunye neenshopulvel, kunye nezo zezoshishino-off nganye eziqwayo.

Ukuqonda Iintlobo Zonyulo Eziphambili

Phambi kokuntywila kwixabiso elikhethekileyo kunye nocelomngeni lokungena nokuvala izithuba, kubalulekile ukucacisa iinkcazelo ezisisiseko kunye nendawo abasebenza kuyo. Unyulo oluphambili lukhuphiswano oluhamba phambili olugqiba ukuba ngowuphi umlandeli oza kumela iqela lezobupolitika kunyulo jikelele. Imithetho yokuthabatha inxaxheba ibekwe ngokuyintloko ngumthetho karhulumente, okuthetha ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu kulo lonke ilizwe.

Okuchazwa Kwizinto Ezininzi

Kwinkqubo evulekileyo, nabani na obhalisiweyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaphi na umbutho wezobupolitika, angavota nakweluphi na unyulo oluphambili lweqela. Abavoteli abanyanzelekanga ukuba bavakalise ukuba linxulumane neqela kwindawo yokuvota; bakhetha nje kuphela ibhaslathi yeqela elinye ngosuku lonyulo. Le ndlela ijoliselwa ukuba landiswe ngoku, nangona imithetho ecacileyo yahluka (ngoko umzekelo, amanye amazwe avumela bonke abavoti, kuquka abavoti, kuquka nabameleli bomnye amaqela, ukuba babe nelizwi elithe kratya ekukhetheni. Malunga noo14 ngoku basebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lweziququ zabo eziphambili zeqela, nangona imigaqo eyahlukileyo (ngoko, amanye amazwe avumela abavoti bokuguqula amahlelo ngosuku lonyulo, ngoxa abanye bengafuni ukuba babhaliswe kulo lonke iqela).

Ichaziwe Iziganeko Ezivaliweyo

Amaqumrhu avalelweyo athintela ukuba abavoti ababhaliswe ngeqela elithile lezobupolitika. Ngabo kuphela abavakalise ukuba bangenelela kwiqela labo kwangaphambili abanokuvota kwisiseko seqela. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngamalungu azinikeleyo kuphela aphembelela ukukhethwa kweqela. Iqikelelo kukuba abakhokeli-malungu kufuneka babonise amaxabiso nezinto ezithandwayo zeqela, kungekhona abantu bangaphandle abanokuba nezilangazelelo ezingqubanayo. Ngokutshona 15 lamazwe asebenza ngokuvala ii-prigrims zonke ze-oooooomatilitio, nabanye abaninzi abavaliweyo abasebenzisa ii-Primes kwiqela elinye elikhulu.

Iingenelo Zokuvula Irhafu

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezixhobo Zokuthutha Ioli

Eyona njongo ikhankanywe rhoqo ye-primmial iluncedo ekuvulweni kwemibutho evulekileyo kukukwazi kwabo ukwandisa umvoti. Ngokuvumela abazimeleyo . abazenzayo nabakhulayo abakhethi---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Banokukwazi Ukufumana Iingcungela Ezincinane

Ngenxa yokuba amagumbi avulekileyo afuna abangenisi ababhenela kungekuphela nje kwisiseko esithe tye seqela kodwa kwanakwiziko eziphakathi, kwaye kwanakwicandelo elinqamlezileyo, inkqubo ingazimisela iindawo ezigqithisileyo zembono. Umvote-ntelekiso omele awine umnqophiswano omkhulu phakathi kwentloko ukhutshelwa ekukhuthazeni inkqubo evakalayo ngemiqathango ebanzi yonyulo. Le mpembelelo inamandla inganciphisa impembelelo yentloko-mfomati yeqela kwaye ivelise abanyuli jikelele abakwizikhundla elingcono ekubheneleni kwivoti ye-medi. Ezinye izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziphikisa ukuba le mpembelelo ingumthetho evula isizathu esiphambili sibone ukhuphiswano-phambili nonyulo jikelele kunye nenxenye encinane kwimibutho yemibutho yemivhosholi.

Ukudityaniswa koMbutho oPhakamileyo nokuQinisekiswa

Ukuvula amashishini kungakhuthaza ingqiqo yombutho wezopolitiko phakathi kwabavoti abanokuziva bekhutshiwe. Ngokuvumela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimibutho emininzi ephambili ekuhambeni kwexesha, abavoti banokuba nenxaxheba kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika kwaye bagcine amaqela ephendulayo kubavoti. Oku kunganciphisa ukungakhathaleli nokunyusa umthi oqwalaselwayo kwinkqubo yonyulo. Ngaphezu koko, amagumbi avulekileyo anika abavoti ubuchule bokuxhasa ibhaptizi elinamandla kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi icala kunyulo oluthile, olunokuba lunomtsalane ngakumbi kwimimandla elawulwa liqela elinye.

Iingxaki Zeebhanile Ezivulekileyo

Umngcipheko wobugcisa okanye

Ukugxekwa okubalulekileyo kweminye imibutho kunokwenzeka kokuvota okuqhelekileyo, okubizwa ngokuba "kuyi-"dinduva". Oku kwenzeka xa amalungu elinye iqela enqumla ukuze avote kwelinye icala, mhlawumbi ukukhetha umchasi obuthathaka ngakumbi womnye umbutho okanye ukukhetha ngabom iziphumo zomnye umbutho ngendlela enceda iqela lawo kunyulwa iqela labo kunyulo jikelele. Ngelinye ixesha ubungqina obuyimpompozagogogogogo yokuhlasela buxubene/ukuthi qhaqhaqhaqhaqha, ukukhethela umxhasi weqela lomnye umntu kwiimfuno zalo okanye ukubeka inkxalabo yeqela lomnye umntu ncam yakhe yeqela, nto leyo enokuba isenokusoloko isoyilwa ngeenqobo zeqela lamaqela lawo. Amalingengo aninzi angenayo amava aphezulu apho atyholwayo.

Ukuzibandakanya Nolawulo Lombutho Obuthathaka

Amaqela ezobupolitika eUnited States ngamalungu azimeleyo, kwaye amaqumrhu avulekileyo angaphazamisa amandla awo okuchaza amalungu nokulawula amaqhina awo. Ngokuvumela nabani na ukuba avote kungakhathaliseki ukuba angamalungu, avule amagumbi aphambili avuliweyo ahlambulula amandla abaxhasi beqela kunye nabaxhasi abasebenzisa ixesha kunye nezibonelelo ekwakheni elo qela. Oku kunokukhokelela kubantu abajongene neqonga elisemgangathweni okanye abangenamaqhina aqinileyo kwisixhobo seqela. Ekude kuqashelwe ixesha, amaqumrhu avule asenokuphelisa ukuchasana kweqela kwaye kunciphe ukuphathana kweqela njengemibutho elawula imibutho.

Udideko Nobuntsonkothileyo Bomthetho

Imithetho yeqela elivulekileyo ingadida abavoti, ingakumbi kumaphondo apho imimiselo yahluka-hlukeneyo ngohlobo lonyulo (umz., abanye banezakhelo ezivulekileyo zesizwe kodwa ezingezizo ii-ofisi zikarhulumente). Abavoter basenokungaqondi ngokupheleleyo ukuba ngokuvota kwiqela elithile elivulekileyo, bangazenza bangakufanelekeli ukuvota kwimidlelwano yamva yeqela (ukuba imiqathango enjalo ikho). Oku kuntsonkothe ukukhokelela kwiimpazamo zobhaliso kunye nokufikelela okuphosakeleyo phakathi kwenjongo yovoti kunye nokungena kwenyani. Amanye amathe oku athe athe athe athe qhela ngokuqhutyelwa kwemfundo, kodwa ukudideka kuhlala kungumbandela oqhubekayo.

Iingenelo Zokuhlala Uhleli Netyala

Ukuhlala Unyanisekile Nokunganyaniseki Kweqela

Amagumbi angaphantsi aqinisekisa ukuba ngamalungu abhalisiweyo kuphela agqiba ukuba ngubani omele elo qela, ukukhulisa unxulumano phakathi kwamaqela kunye nee-mineine zawo. Eli lungiselelo lomeleza ukunyaniseka kweqela kwaye likhuthaza abo bavoti ukuba bathabathe ulawulo lweqela. Amagumbi asondeleleneyo akwenza kube lula ukuba amalungu agcine ukungaguquguquki kwengqiqo nokuphuhlisa amaqonga, ekubeni abafuni besicelo kufuneka baphendule kwisiseko esineedemon ngokunempumelelo ukudibana neqela. Kumaqela amaninzi axhasayo, le yinxalenye engundoqo yentlangano yezobupolitika.

Izinto ezikhethekayo Zokucoca Nokwenyani

Ngenxa yokuba unyulo oluvaliweyo kwintloko evaliweyo luyilwe ngabalawuli ababotshelelweyo, iziphumo zibonakala kakhulu ukuba zikho iinketho zokwenyaniso zobulungu beqela. Abathathi-nxaxheba bagcinwa benobutyala obuthe ngqo kubantu abaza kubumba abaxhasi babo abasemgangathweni kunyulo jikelele. Oku kucacisa kunganciphisa ingxolo eyaziswa ngabavoti-mvumeli abanqamlezi kunye nokusebenzisa icebo elicwangcisiweyo, ukuvelisa iziphumo eziphambili ezithe zangummeli onyanisekileyo weqela. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvala iprojectraterysss belitiki: abathathi banokuqwalasela kwimibandela exhomekeke kwisiseko sabo ngaphandle kokufuna ukulinganisela umyalezo wabo ukuze batsale abangengomalungu.

Ukuba Mhle Kakhulu Kokuzifihla

Ukuvalwa kwezindlu eziphezulu ngokwemvelo kukhusela ezona ntlobo zilungileyo zokuvota kuba ngamalungu eqela abhalisiweyo kuphela afumana ibhola yokuvota. Oku kuphelisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba iqela elilungelelanisiweyo elisuka kwiqela eliphikisanayo linokubhalisa okwethutyana njengamalungu ukuze liphembele iziphumo eziphambili.

Imiqobo Yeebhanile Ezivaliweyo

Ukupheliswa kweMidlalo ezimeleyo neNqanawa engangqubananga

Owona mvulo uphambili wokugxekwa kwe-primpmments ophambili kukuba basusa eyona nkqubo iphambili nekhula ngokukhawulezayo yevoti: abavoti abazimeleyo. Ngokutsho kwe Iziko lophando lwePewuthisi [, phantse ama-40% amaMelika achaza njengeenkululeko. Kwinkqubo evaliweyo ephambili, abavoti bavalwa kwinkqubo yokukhetha abatshati- mvume ngaphandle kokuba babhalise neqela (*) into ethile abangafuni ukuyenza. Oku kungakhokelela ekuthobeni isibambiso sovoti sisonke kunye nokuqonda ukuba inkqubo ibekwe ngokuchasene nabo bachasa iirelayinti. Abagxeki abachazi ukuba abavayo bathenti beqela kwinkcithotho ye-demo-democrac.

Umahluko Okhoyo Ekuphenjelelwa Kwezobupolitika

Ngenxa yokuba abanyanzeli abavaliweyo abanyanzeli abanyanzelisa ukuba babhenele kwimiba enikezelwe kakhulu, kwaye ngokufuthi kakhulu kwimiqathango, abaxhasi, bangaqinisa ukuhlaliswa ngokweembono zomntu. Abazinzileyo kwisiseko esiphambili bangamkela iindawo ezikude kuvoti-medi, bekwenza kube nzima ukuzuza unyulo jikelele kwaye balawule ngokunempumelelo. Oku "luvo" lubhalwe kakuhle: uphando lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika olunje iBrennan Center yeJaji yeJaji [ idibanise i-pritan's ezivaliweyo kwiingxelo ezigqithisileyo zomthetho zokuvota kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-bitarianshini. Isiphumo sinokuba yi-ediptancestiki ephambili apho amaqela athengwa ngokuqhubekayo, amaqela athe nangakumbi amaqela aqhutye.

Isiphumo Somjikelo Osezantsi

Ngelixesha amaprimishini avaliweyo eqinisekisa ukuba iqela labaxhasi bokunyaniseka ngabenzi besigqibo, kwakhona batyekele ekuvezeni icebo elisezantsi elingundoqo elikhoyo lithelekiswa neenkqubo ezivulekileyo. Abavoti abazimeleyo nabangenazifili-mfono-mfono, abanokuthatha inxaxheba, abasuswe. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuvala okuphambili phakathi kwabaxhasi ababhalisiweyo kukwasezantsi ngenxa yokuba iqumrhu labavoti lixinene kwaye intlangakhuphisani kakhulu. Igalelo elisezantsi lingathetha ukuba iqhekeza elincinane elithelekisa amalungu eqela, ngokufunyanisiweyo kunye namalungu eeprojectivess , elinokuphembeleka impembelelo kukhetho olungenamdlalo.

Uhlalutyo lothelekiso kunye noxanduva lwehlabathi lokwenene

Ubandakanyeko lwevoter nogcino-lwazi olujikelezayo

Ubungqina obukwindawo evulekileyo bomahluko phakathi kovulekayo novaliweyo bucacile. Ufundo lwama-2020 olukwi- Fairvote umbutho wafumanisa ukuba uthelekisa nge-primetics ezivulekileyo ezingundoqo zinomlinganiselo ophezulu weqondo elimalunga nesithathu-5% yeepesenti kunezo zinezivaliyo xa zilawula ukhuphiswano. Noko ke, isiphumo asikho iyunithi: intlalo yokhuphiswano oluphezulu lungabhenela kuzo zombini, ngelixa izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zisenza inxaxheba naluphi uhlobo oluphambili. Okucacileyo kukuba iiprosta ezivulekileyo zandisa izibambo eziphezulu kuneedityani ezifunekayo, ngoxa zivaliwe ii-prigoriot xa zithatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ezenzekileyo.

Impembelelo kwinzululwazi ngeengcamango zeCandida kunye nokhetho oluqhelekileyo

Amagumbi okuvula asoloko ekhuthazwa njengolungiso olukwindawo engaphandle evaliweyo enokukhuthazwa. Ngokunyanzela abatshayeli ukuba babhenele kwi-oprate, ama-primmering angavelisa oomatshini abancinane abanokuphumelela kakhulu kwaye bakwazi ukuphumelela ngokulinganayo. Ngokuchaseneyo, amagumbi aphezulu anokukhokelela kwimida egqithileyo engqubanayo engqubanayo nengquzukisayo elwano jikelele kodwa inandiphe inkxaso enamandla. Noko ke, isiphumo soqobo sixhomekeke kubuchule bengqiqo bombutho wesizwe nokhuphiswano lonyulo oluqhelekileyo. Kwamanye amazwe, ii-Prigractations azinakuba ngabathanga bangeneli abaninzi ngenxa yokuba abavoti-phambili basoloko betsalwe kakhulu kwiqela elinye.

Uqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo: ubuninzi neziphumo

Inkxalabo ngokhetho oluqulunqweyo (ukuvota) isoloko iphakanyiswa kodwa inqabile ukuqinisekiswa kwisikali. Uphando olukwizipringi ezivulekileyo lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwabavoti abanqumlayo lunyanisekile kukhetho lwabo lomnye umvoti; ababandakanyeki ekuncipheni kwemiba. Noko ke, kukho iimeko ezibhalwe kakuhle apho ukuhlasela okucwangcisiweyo kuye kwenzeka, njengakwiRiphabliki yama-20000 apho iDemocratic Republic Public incedise ukukhetha utshaba olubuthathaka ngakumbi lweqela labo. Iziganeko ezinjalo azifani, kodwa zibangela impikiswano eyaneleyo yokugcina impikiswano iphila. I-Progrationss zibuyile obunye ubungozi kodwa ngexabiso lokurhoxa be-odwa.

Ukungabandakanyeki noMthetho weDemocratic

Kwingcamango yedemokhrasi, amaprimi avulekileyo alungelelaniswa ngokusondele ngakumbi nembono yonyulo njengenkqubo yokukhetha abami, ngoxa ama-primmary avaliweyo egxininisa kwimimandla yeqela lomntu ozimeleyo. Kumazwe anabemi abaninzi abazimeleyo, ama-primenti anokuyila ityala, njengoko abemi abaninzi bengenalo gama lokuba babonakale kukhetho lwabo ngokubanzi. Oku kuxakekile ngokukodwa kumaphondo aphezulu apho unyulo jikelele lungakhuphili, ithetha ukuba unyulo lungagqibi ngokuphumelelayo ummeli. Kulo "ukhuseleko" olunjalo, ukususwa kwezihlalo ezizimeleyo ukusuka kwintloko kufana nokuphuma kwabo ekumelweni.

Enye indlela yokusebenza kunye nendlela yokufumana incindi

Ngapha koko, iingxelo ezininzi ziye zasebenzisa iindlela ezidityanisiweyo ezizama ukudibanisa amandla azo zombini ezimodeli.

Semi- Ivula Ii-Pribiers

Kwisicilo esivulekileyo, abavoti bangakhetha ngomhla wonyulo apho iqela liqala khona ukuvota, kodwa kufuneka bavakalise ekuhleni ukhetho lwabo kwindawo yokuvota. Unxulumano olukhethwayo ngoko lubhaliwe kwaye lungachaphazela imithetho yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwixesha elizayo. Le nkqubo inika ujijiko olufanayo nokuvula amaprimrim kodwa igcina ezinye ii-arhente zeqela. Isetyenziswa kumazwe ambalwa nakumlinganiselo ohlukeneyo kunye nomlinganiselo wobutyala beqela.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

Abavoti abavalelweyo bavumela ukuba bangenelele kwiqela eliphambili okanye elingenamiqobo, nokuba ababhaliswanga ngelo qela, kodwa abafaki babhalise elinye iqela. Oku kubanika ilizwi elizimeleyo ngexa bethintela ukuvota kwiqela eliphikisanayo. Malunga namaphondo ali-15 asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesiqalo esivaliweyo. Le nkqubo isoloko ibonwa njengenkqubo ehamba phambili elalanisa ingqibelelo yeqela loxa lisandisa inxaxheba kukhetho oluzimelayo oluzimelayo.

Ii-Printarian ezikwiNqanawa ePhezulu- 2

Ezinye zazo. Ngokukhethekileyo iKhalifoniya, iWashington, neAlaska . kwaye zamkele iinkqubo eziphambili eziphezulu-zibini apho bonke abatshakazi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba beqela, bevela kwiqela eliphambili elinye, kunye nevoti ezimbini eziphezulu zivela phambili kunyulo oluqhelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba lunxulumene namaqela. Le nkqubo iphumeza ngokunempumelelo i-plustrations ngokupheleleyo kwaye iphakanyiswe njengendlela yokunciphisa ukhupho lwencam yomhlaba ngokukhuthaza abavoti ukuba baxhase imigca yeqela. Ikwayakwanyusa ukhetho lwe-pritans, njengoko abavoti-ota kufuneka babhele kubo bonke abanyuli kunokuba nje bakhethe iqela. Uphando olusuka ku [[FLT:] Clambriot University [[FLT]

Isiphelo

Ingxoxo phakathi kwe-amprimp evulekileyo nevaliweyo yingxoxo esisiseko malunga nenjongo yonyulo oluphambili ngokwalo. Ukuvula amagumbi aphezulu kubeka indawo yokuqala ekutyeni, ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ebanzi, kunye nokunokwenzeka kokungalingani. I-primendrim igxininisa ingqibelelo yeqela, i-conuty, kunye namalungelo amaqela alungelelanisiweyo ukumisela umelo lwawo. Akukho nkqubo ingenaziphazamiso; nganye ithwala urhwebo oluchaphazela umelo, ukwenziwa kwe-demokhrasi, ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi.

Abafundisi nabafundi abahlalutya ezi nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele umongo wezopolitiko , ubungakanani bonyulo oluzimeleyo, amandla emibutho yeqela, kunye neqondo lokubekwa kwemimandla engaphandle (ukusebenza kweprimivary.) Utyekelo kwiminyaka yakutshanje belubhekisa kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo, kunye namaphondo afana noColorado kunye no-Utah asuka ekuvaleni ukuya ekuvulweni okanye ekuvulweni kwezakhiwo ezifihlakeleyo. Ngeli xesha linye, amanye amazwe aye atshintsha, aqinisa iimfuno zobhaliso lweqela lokukhusela idipotili. Ukuqonda ubungqina obucacileyo kunye neengxoxo eziqhelekileyo emva kwendawo nganye kubalulekile kuye kumntu ofuna ukuqonda indlela abakhetha ngayo abalawuli bawo okanye abavuleli-propati belizwe.

Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho lwenkqubo esisiseko asingolwazi lobugcisa nje kuphela kodwa lubonisa amaxabiso agcinwe ngokunzulu malunga nedemokhrasi, umelo, nendima yamaqela ezobupolitika. Njengoko umnyuli eqhubeka eguquka, ingxoxo phakathi kokuvula nokuvalwa kwezakhiwo eziphezulu iza kuhlala iyinxalenye engundoqo yeengxubusho zotshintsho lwamaMerika.