Ukwazisa

Ulawulo lomthetho luyindawo ephambili yokulawula, eyenza ukuba iipalamente kunye neengqungquthela zihlole izenzo, iinkqubo, kunye neenkcitho zesebe eliphetheyo. Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko, isebenza njengenkqubo esebenzayo yokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla kawonke-wonke asetyenziswa ngokuvisisana nomthetho, ngokuphumelelayo, kwaye kumdla woluntu. Kule mihla yolawulo-melo, imisebenzi yokulawula iguqukile ukusuka kwiingxubusho zexesha elithile ukuya kuqhubekeka, uqikelelo olulungeleleneyo oludibanisa intlanganisela yenkqubo yesithethe kunye nezixhobo eziphuhlisiweyo zogcino-data eziphuhlisiwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa izixhobo ezingundoqo kunye neendlela zolawulo-mthetho, zihlolisisa iinkqubo zazo eziluncedo, kwaye lixubusha iingxaki kunye nobuchule obusebenzayo ezilawulayo kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Ulawulo olunempumelelo alufuni nje kuphela igunya elingokwasemthethweni kodwa lukwafuna ubuchule boburhulumente, ukuthanda, kunye nokuganana nebutho labemi. La macandelo alandelayo aphula iinjongo ezingundoqo, izixhobo, kunye namaqhinga abasebenzi bemithetho kunye nabasebenzi babo abanokuwasebenzisa ukuphumeza le ndima ibalulekileyo. Ukulungiselela okubhekele phaya kwimigangatho yomhlaba wonke, i- i-Inter-Parliamentation Union[ inikeza ukhokelo olubanzi kwiisiseko solawulo lwepalamente.

Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Ngomthetho

Ukulawula asikokuhlola nje urhulumente; sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokuphucula iziphumo zenkqubo nokuqinisekisa ukuba igunya ledemokhrasi lifanelekile. Ukubaluleka kwalo kunokuqondwa ngemisebenzi emininzi edityanisiweyo:

Ukuphendula nokukhangela kumandla olawulo

Kwinkqubo zamagunya ahlukeneyo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinika imigaqo echasene negunya elilawulayo. Ngokuva, uphando, kunye nokuhlola uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, iipalamente ziqinisekisa ukuba abalungiseleli kunye nabasebenzi basekuhlaleni bayazithethelela izigqibo zabo kwaye bajamelene neziphumo zokungaphathwa kakuhle okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi. Oku kuphendula ngokuthe ngqo nokuthe tyaba kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukubekwa kwegunya kunye nokukhuthuka kolawulo olungqongqo.

Intembelo ecacileyo neyoluntu

Xa iinkqubo zobuveleli ziqhutywa ekuhleni, ngokuchotshelwe kwengxelo, ngokupapashwa, nangokufumaneka kwengxelo ``ithethana noluntu] zibangela abantu bathembele kurhulumente. Inginginya iyakwazi ukubona ukuba abameli bayo bakujonga ngokunempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokuhlawula irhafu nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungahoyi kuphelisa ukuthembana nokukhuthaza ukunganyaniseki.

Ukusebenza Kakuhle Nokufunda

Amaqumrhu angaphezulu asoloko echaza izithuba phakathi kwenjongo yowiso-mthetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwegunya. Ngokuvavanya inkqubo yokwenza kunye neziphumo ezilawulayo[, iikomiti zingancomela ulungiso, imimiselo ephelelwe lixesha, okanye ukuyila umthetho ongcono. Le nkcazelo iguqula ukujonga inkqubo eqhubekekayo yokulawula.

Uqeqesho Loqingqo-mali Nokwanelisa Inkqubo

Ukuhlola ukwenziwa koqingqo-mali nokuqhuba iintlanganiso zophicotho-zincwadi kunceda izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zifumane inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye ne-intelligius. Umzekelo, i-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoLawulo ye-Akhawunti (GAO) ye-United States ikhupha rhoqo iziphumo ezisindisa amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngeenguqu ezinconyelweyo. Amaziko afana nawo afana namaziko aphezulu ophicotho-zincwadi asebenzisana neepalamente ukuqinisekisa ukuba noxanduva.

Izixhobo ezingundoqo zolawulo lomthetho

Imithetho inesixhobo esenziwe ngezixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokujongana nobuso. Ukukhethwa kwesixhobo kuxhomekeke kumbandela, kumlinganiselo wongxamiseko, kunye nomongo wezobupolitika. Ezona zixhobo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ziquka:

Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala Kwabantu Bonke Nobungqina Bamangqina

Ukuva kusesona sixhobo sibonakalayo. IiKomiti zimema abalungiseleli, abalawuli abaphezulu, iingcali, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo ukuba banikele ubungqina obungafihliweyo. Le ntlanganiso ingaphengulula ngokuchanaba/ukungagqibeki okukhethekileyo, ukuqokelela ubungqina bemithetho yexesha elizayo. Ukusebenza, iindlebe kufuneka zilungiswe kakuhle, ngemincili ecacileyo kunye nemigca ecacileyo yokubuza. Amandla esubpoena ukunyanzela ubungqina ukuba bungangqinwa.

Imibuzo Nexesha LePalamente

Kwinkqubo ze-Westminster landiso, imibuzo ebhaliweyo nedluliselwa ngomlomo ivumela abamisi-mthetho ngabanye ukuba bagcine abalungiseleli benoxanduva kwimibandela ethile. “Ixesha lokucazulula” linika ifolo-profile esoloko iphezulu, ephezulu ukuze kuqwalaselwe ngokukhawuleza. Le misebenzi ibangela ingxelo kawonke-wonke kwaye idla ngokunyanzelisa umphathi ukuba acacise iindawo okanye avume ukubambezeleka. Ngoku iipalamente ezininzi zipapasha iinkcazelo zombuzo ukuze zandise ukubane.

Imibuzo ebuzwayo kunye nophando olukhethekileyo

Iikomiti ezimileyo okanye ezizi-advoc zingaqhuba ngophando olunzulu kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo enjengeentsomi zenkohlakalo, iimpendulo zentlekele yemvelo, okanye ukungaphumeleli kakhulu kweprojekthi. Uphando lubandakanya izicelo zoxwebhu, ukutyelela kwezinxulumani, kunye nokubuzana kweengcali. Iingxelo ezilandelayo zisoloko zinezincomo eziphakamisa ubukhulu bezobupolitika kwaye zikhokelele kwienguqu okanye ukutshutshiswa kwemithetho.

Ulawulo lwemali

Imiqathango ixhomekeke kumaqumrhu ophicotho-zincwadi azimeleyo − afana Intlangano yezizwe ngezizwe yeZiko loPhicotho-zincwadi oluPhakamileyo (INTP)] .ukuvavanya ii-akhawunti zikarhulumente kunye nomsebenzi wodweliso lwenkqubo. Izinto ezifunyaniswe nguProfethi zinikezelwa kwiKomiti ye-akhawunti kaRhulumente (okanye into elingana nayo), eza kuvavanya amagosa ajongene nayo. Lo mjikelo wophicotho, uhlolo, uhlolo, kunye noncomelo yinkqubo eqeqeshelweyo yokuqinisekisa ukuphendula ityala.

I-Voto yoMgaqo kunye namaGunya okuQinisekisa

Kumazwe amaninzi, iipalamente kufuneka zivume ukumiswa koomatiloshe, izivumelwano, okanye imimiselo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ivumela iikomiti ukuba zifake izithuba kwaye zifune izibophelelo ezifuna ukuba zibonakale. Ngokufanayo, imigaqo yowiso-mthetho engaphezulu kwemiyalelo yegunya okanye imithetho yemibutho inika uvavanyo olungqalileyo kwisenzo esingajongwanga kwicala eliqhelekileyo.

Umatshini Onzima Nommi Okhalazela Ubuchule Bokusebenzisa Izixhobo

Oku kuzalisekisa ulawulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho ngokucombulula izikhalazo zomntu ngamnye ezingenakuvela ngezinye izixhobo. Iingxelo zendlu yolawulo zisoloko zibangela utshintsho nokuphucula umsebenzi.

Ubuchule Bokulawula

Ukuba nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo akwanelanga; abamisi-mthetho kufuneka bazisebenzise ngeendlela ezicwangcisiweyo. Ukujonga okunempumelelo kuxhomekeke kumxube woyilo lweziko, ubuchule, kunye nokuganana kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ulwahlulo Ngapha nangapha kwamasebe kunye noluntu

[[NKQUBO:0] Intsebenziswano ye-Inter-institutional inyusa uphatho olufunekayo. Imithetho egcina ulwalamano oluphezulu lokusebenza namaqumrhu aphezulu ophicotho-zincwadi, iikomiti ezilwa noqhaqho-khabhayo, kunye neekomiti zejaji zingabelana ngolwazi kwaye ziphephe ukwenziwa. Imibutho yabemi kunye namajelo eendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokunika uphando oluzimeleyo, ukubhenca imigaqo ephantsi yempatho, kunye nokwandisa izinto ezifunyenwe ngabaveleli. Iplatforms ezifana i-Opendious Partersssion Office []

Ubuchule bokulawula ugcino-lwazi kunye nezixhobo zamanani

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zanamhlanje zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo ii-data ezingezizo ezokuqwalasela ukusebenza kolawulo lukarhulumente. Iibhodi ezichaphazelekayo ezilandelela ukwenziwa koqingqo-mali, izibonisi zokunikezelwa kweenkonzo, kunye neesivumelwano zokufumana inkxaso zivumela iikomiti ukuba zibone iikomiti ngexesha lokwenene. Ezinye iipalamente zimisele uphando olunikezelweyo kunye neeyunithi zogcino-lwazi ezisebenzisa umatshini ofunda ukuhlalutya imiqulu emikhulu yentengiso yemali okanye intsebenziswano. Iindawo ezivulekileyo zogcino-data zinika abemi bamente ithuba lokuthabatha inxaxheba ekuvelela, uqheliselo olwaziwayo “kwezobugcisa be-cbiccoptinic”.

Uqeqesho nobuchule bokwakha abasebenzi

Ukulawula kunamandla kuphela njengabantu abakuxhasayo. Uphuhliso lobugcisa lwababhali beekomiti, ababhekisi-mthetho, kunye nabaphandi lubalulekile. Iinkqubo ezinikelwa yimibutho efana ne-National Democratic Institute [ lugxininiso ekuxhobiseni abasebenzi ngobuchule kwi-oficilling, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo esekelwe kwi-trim. Abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo banceda abaququzeleli ukuba baqwalasele ngokunzulu kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizizo 2016/17

Ubuthathaka obuqhelekileyo bokuphatha bukungabikho kokulandela imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ekunconyeni. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisebenzayo zifuna iinkonzo ukuba zibuye zinikele ingxelo ngendlela eziye zaphendula ngayo izinto ezifunyenwe yikomiti. Ezinye iipalamente zisebenzisa “amakhadi okukhupha iziphumo” alandelela ulwamkelo lophicotho-zincwadi. Ukuba inkqubela ayilunganga, iikomiti zingakhula ngokuqhutywa kwemiqathango okanye ngokulungiswa kwemithetho.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - Wonke Nokuvula Indlebe

Ukuvulwa kwamatyala okuhlala kusasazwa kusasazo nokukhuthaza ungenelelo lukawonke-wonke kwiqonga lolawulo lwezibonelelo. Kumazwe anjengeKenya noMzantsi Afrika, iikomiti zepalamente zisoloko zibamba amatyala kubantu abachaphazelekayo, zivumela abemi ukuba banikele ubungqina obungqalileyo. Oku akuzalisi nje kuphela ukwandisa ubungqina kodwa kukwaqinisa indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho njengenkuselo yabantu.

Iingxaki Zolawulo Olusemthethweni

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, ukuvelela kujongene nemiqobo engapheliyo enokuthi inciphise ukusebenza kwayo. Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kuyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olunamandla.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nengxabano

Xa uphatho lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuphoxa abachasi bezobupolitika kunokuba bafumane inyaniso, lungaphelelwa kukuthembeka. Iimeko-bume ze-Hyperāpitastan zinokukhokelela kwiikomiti ezibotshelelwe ngokutsha, zigobe intsebenziswano, kunye neendlebe ezenzelwe ukubukelwa kwemiboniso ye-media kunokuba zihlolwe ngokunyanisekileyo. Imilinganiselo yeBpartis kunye nemithetho yekomiti ecacileyo zizinto eziyimfuneko.

Izixokelelwano zecebo nolungelelwano lolwazi

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, zisebenza nabasebenzi abancinane kunye nobuchule obulinganiselweyo bophando. Isebe eliphetheyo lisoloko linezinto ezininzi, lidala ulwazi oluthintela ukuncinwa kombuzo osebenzayo. Ukuveliswa kwemibutho ezimeleyo yokuxhasa imithetho-siseko (njengeKhomishini yeNkqutyana yeNkonzo yoPhondo e-U.S.-8) encedayo kumgangatho wokudlala.

Ukuchaswa kweZimo zeQumrhu elilawulayo

Ingxamiseko isenokulibazisela ukuphendula, ukucalucalula amaxwebhu njengemfihlelo, okanye ukunikela iinkcukacha ezingaphelelanga ukuze ziphephe ukuxilongwa. Abanye abalawuli baxhathisa ulawulo ngokucela ilungelo eliphezulu okanye ngokungahoyi izindululo zekomiti. Iinkqubo ezingqongqo ezisemthethweni ezinyanzela intsebenziswano nemvume yokungahambelani, kodwa ezopolitiko zibalulekile ngokufanayo ukunyanzelisa.

Ulwazi Oluninzi Neemephu Ezineengcamango

Kwanaxa ugcino-lwazi lukho, abamisi-mthetho banokudideka ngenxa yobuninzi nokuntsonkotha kwayo. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo nenkxaso efanelekileyo yezobugcisa, ukujonga kuba yinto ekha phezulu. Iipalamente zifuna iinkqubo zolawulo logcino-lwazi lobuhlobo obungumsebenzisi ongagqibelelanga kunye nobuchule bobungcali bokwenza izinto ezinokusetyenziswa kwii-injini zoqingqo-mali nogcino-mali lwenkqubo yenkqubo.

Ukulandela Okungenakwanelayo ▫ Inkumbulo yeziko

Iingxelo ezininzi zobuveleli ziqokelela uthuli kwiishelufu. Xa amalungu ekomiti etshintsha emva konyulo, iingcebiso zexesha elidlulileyo zisoloko zilityalwa. Ukuququzelela inkqubo yokufumana i-elektroniki kunye nokufuna inkqubela-phambili ethe rhoqo evela kumphathi-mikhosi olawulayo kunokuyinciphisa le nto. Amanye amazwe aye asungula “iindlela zokuyila i-arhente-ntellion” ezivumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba imise iimali de iphucule uthotho lwemithetho.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Lokulawula Okuphumelelayo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenyaniso 2016 kubonisa indlela ukuvelela okunokuyitshintsha ngayo indlela yokulawula. La manqaku alandelayo abalaselisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiphumo yazo.

IWatergate Scandal (United States, 1972-1974)

Iindlebe zeBhunga leNdlu eKhokelelwe yiKomiti yeNdlu yaManzi ePhakamileyo yatyhila ukubandakanywa kwamagosa omgangatho ophezulu kwisahlulo jiko kunye nomgangatho olandelayo. Iindlebe, usasazo, uluvo lukawonke-wonke oluvunyiweyo kwaye ekugqibeleni lwanyanzelisa uMongameli Nixon ukuba arhoxe. Inkqubo yokuvelela yakhokelela kwiinguqu ezinkulu kwimali yephulo, ukukhuselwa kwempempe, kunye nemithetho ecacileyo karhulumente enjenge-Freedom of Information Act indendments.

Ingxaki yezemali yowama-2008 noMthetho we-Dodd 76Flack (United States)

Emva kokuwa kwamaziko amakhulu ezemali, iiKomiti zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu zabethwa ngokucombulula amatyala. Olu hlolisiso lwatyhila ukusilela kwenkqubo ekulawuleni, ukuboleka imicimbi yokungakhathali, kunye neengquzulwano ezinika umdla. Ubungqina baqokelelwa babumba iDoddphlain Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho wokuKhuselwa kwezezimali kunye nemithetho eqinileyo kwiimfuno zekomkhulu.

I-COVID 16) Impendulo ye-pandemic engaphaya kobundlobongela (Global)

Ngexesha lesifo, iipalamente ehlabathini lonke zasebenzisa amagunya ocwangciso longxamiseko ukuhlolisisa iindleko zikarhulumente zemali yoncedo. IKomiti yeBoundag yezonyango ibekwa ityala leveki nganye nomlungiseleli wezonyango, ngelixa iKomiti yePalamente yaseKenya yee-Phondo ithelekelela amawaka ezigidi ze-shillings eCOVID 9319. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuvelela kwanceda ekuboneni ukukhutshwa kwexabiso, ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango, ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango, kunye nokungalungisiswa kwenkqubo yempilo kawonke wonke, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufumaneni iziphumo zoncedo eziphakathi kwe-1962209.

IKomiti yee-akhawunti zikaRhulumente wase-UK (emanyeneyo)

I-Ofisi yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeSizwe yaziwa ngokuba yenye yeequmrhu ezisebenzayo zooveleli emhlabeni wonke, iKomiti ye-UK ye-Akhawunti ye-IP (PAC) isebenza ngokusondeleyo ne-ofisi yoPhicotho-zincwadi yesizwe. Ukuva kwayo kwaziwa ngokuvavanya ii-PC ezingqongqo. Impembelelo yeyokuba inqabile ukuba inconyelwe. Umzekelo, iingxelo zayo ngemisebenzi emikhulu i-IT zakhokelela ekuphuculeni imithetho yokufumana imali efunyenweyo kwaye yasindisa amakhulu ezigidi zeeponti.

Ulawulo lwangoku: Utshintsho lwamanani nogcino-lwazi oluvuliweyo

Ithuba lobugcisa linika amathuba angazange abonwe okuqinisa ulawulo lowiso-mthetho.

  • okwenene .Iibhodi zexesha ezithe nkqo: Ezinye izindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezinjengezo zaseBrazil nasePhilippines, zivelise amazibuko kawonke-wonke abonisa ugcino-lwazi olusetyenziswa ngurhulumente ngexesha elikufutshane nelamawaka anamashumi amathathu. Iikomiti zisebenzisa ezi bhodi zokunqamleza ixesha ukugwebela uthengiso olungaqhelekanga phambi kokuba zinyuse ii-mahjoka.
  • AII-Assisted Document Review: Imiqulu emikhulu yezivumelwano zozaliso okanye izicelo ezincinci inokuvavanywa ngemodeli yokufunda umatshini ukufumanisa iipakethi zobuqhetseba okanye ukungqubana. Ulwando lwePalamente yaseFransi luphengulula izixhobo ezinjalo.
  • I-E_petition kunye noMbutho okhutshiweyo Scrutiny: Ivumela abemi ukuba bakhuphe izibongozo ezixhobisayo ezibonisa ukujongwa kwekomiti (njenge-UK ne-Scotland) ukuthoba ulawulo. Iiqonga ezixhobisayo zikwanceda abemi ukuba bancede ukuqwalasela umthetho okanye ukungaphumeleli kokuhambisa iinkonzo.
  • Isigodo sokubonisa ngaphaya: Ezinye iprojekthi zomqhubi zisebenzisa izithintelo zokubhala uphicotho-zincwadi lwezigqibo zikarhulumente kunye nezivoti zowiso-mthetho, zenza kube nzima ukuguqula iirekhodi emva kwemeko.

Noko ke, izixhobo zamanani kufuneka zidityaniswe nokufunda ngamanani phakathi kwabenzi bemithetho kunye nabasebenzi, kwakunye namanyathelo amakhulu okungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha. ECD inika imizekelo yendlela oorhulumente abadibanisa ngayo iinguqu zamanani kwiinkqubo zobuveleli.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lomthetho luhlala lungenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza kakuhle. Ukusuka ekuphulaphuleni nasekuphicotheni ukuya kugcino-lwazi lwe-alytic kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kobumi, ibhokisi yezixhobo ezikhoyo kwiipalamente ihlukene kwaye iyajikeleza. Kodwa izixhobo zodwa azinakuqinisekisa ukuba oogqhinga, uzimele-zwelonke, nokuzimela kwezopolitiko, kunye nempucuko enika ubungqina obusemgangathweni ngaphezu kolawulo loluntu. Njengoko idemo-demokhrasi ijongenekiso olutsha kunciphiso lolawulo-populisl ukuya kubunzima bolawulo lweziko-zazulu, /stanglingtingingingstingstings assembnation necrogenss zingxamisekile kunanini ngaphambili. Ngokufaka imali kumsebenzi, ukuphatha, ukuthatha impatho, nokuphatha abahlali, nokukhuthaza abemi, iikomiti zemithetho zolawulo abahlala belungele ukubonakala nokusebenza.