Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini: Inzulu

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini lisiseko lenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States, ebekwe kuMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu kuMgaqo-siseko. Ukhusela abantu ukuba bangazanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa. Oku kuthintela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzisi ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ekubandezeleni nasekubulaleni ummangaleleni ngokuphinda-phinda-phindayo, ngaloo ndlela kulondolozwe isiphelo sesigwebo kunye nengqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini inemvelaphi yakudala, elandelwayo kumthetho wamaRoma kunye nomgaqo wesiGrike we nononon bis kwi-iEM ("kungekho kabini kwi-"LT"""). Kumthetho oqhelekileyo, yavela njengokhuselo kumatyala aphindaphindiweyo. Izicelo ze [FLT: 2] autisvolution[ [iiiiindlela] (engakhululekiyo) kunye [[FLT:]] netyala eligwetyelweyo eliphindwe kabini [[FLT:]] [iiiityala eliqhelekileyo] [ityala eligwetyiweyo]) zenza izizi siseko sokwamngcebiso. I-freyi, ukuqwala igono ye-eromss, ifuna ukukhusela kwe-BLLL: 4 [FLT]

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nobubanzi

UHlaliso lweNkundla yesihlanu luvakalisa oku: " Akukho mntu oya kubekwa phantsi ukuze kubekwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo kabini kwingozi yobomi okanye ilungu." Ekuqaleni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma ukuba eli lungiselelo lisebenza kuphela kumatyala karhulumente. Noko ke, [FLT] [[3] Benton v. Maryland] [1] [1969], iNkuqukumbelo ifake i- Jeophy Claus ephindwe kabini nxamnye nomthetho ngaphaya kwe-Geneth Desigraties'ss Clabel, iyenza isebenza jikelele ngaphaya kwenkqubo yokugweba ye-Melika.

Uqikelelo lomgaqo luncanyathiselwa kuzo zombini ii-felone kunye nezikhonkwane ezingalunganga, kwaye lusebenza kwityala elilandelelanayo lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye, kwakunye nesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho olubekwe kwityala elinye. I-Chucici yokuqonda ububanzi balo "izinto ezidibeneyo" uvavanyo [FLT] .[FLT][FLT][3] [1932]]: ukuba ilungiselelo ngalinye lifuna ubungqina besiqalelo esingenziwangavumelaniyo, zithathwa njengezigwebo ezohlukeneyo kunye nezigwebo ezidiweyo. Olu vavanyo luyaqhubeka ukwenza i-lig.

Amatyala Ayintloko Enkundla Ephakamileyo Ayayiphazamisa Imfundiso

Ngaphaya iBenton kunye nesigodo se-'FLT'r', izigqibo ezininzi zephawu lendalo zicombulule umthetho wengozi ephindwe kabini. [[[FLT]][FLT]] United States. U-Ursery[[FLT]] [196]] [19696]], iNkubonele ukuba iziphumo zoluntu azisoloko zisithi "Ingozi" kwiinjongo eziphindwe kabini, intsingiselo yento yokuba urhulumente uqhubekeko lwetyala kunye nempahla yemipul ekhoyo. Ngokukanje, urhulumente ngamnye uyakwazi ukunikezela ngokulungileyo, [[FLT] v.[FFFFFF] [10] [10] [20] urhulumente: "10] umgaqo- siseko semfundiso esiphinda-kabini somthetho somthetho-mthetho, urhulumente woburhulumente woburhulumente woburhulumente obuqhelekileyo, uyavumayohlukeneyo

Ezikhethekileyo nezikhewu

Ukhuseleko olubini lwengozi aluphelelanga. Umahluko owaziwayo ngu "umgwebi ogwebayo": ukuba ijaji ayinakusifikelela isigqibo, ummangalelwa angaphinde agwetywe ngenxa yokuba ingozi ingaze iphinde iphele kumgwebo wokugqibela. Ngokufanayo, iityala eziphosakeleyo zivakaliswe ngenxa yokubonakalisa ukunyanzeleka (umz., ijaji enxaxhileyo, ungxamiseko lwamayeza) ayifaki lityala lesibini. Enye i-flustrate ibandakanya umahluko omkhulu [[[FLT:]] okhankanywe ngasentla, othi abagxeki baphikisa injongo engundoqo ye-Grectory. Ngaphezu koko, i-rectory ayikuthinteli ukumangaliswa kwemizwa kwemibango yezomthetho, njengoko ukuqukiselwa komkelo olwahlukileyo kobugqeba.

Ukuqonda UHabeas Corpus: Ubunzulu Obunzulu

UHabeas corpus, ukusuka kwintsingiselo yesiLatini "uza kuba nesidumbu," sisicombululo esisemthethweni esivumela abantu ukuba bacel ’ umngeni ukufaneleka komthetho kokuvalelwa kwabo okanye ukuvalelwa kwabo entolongweni. Kukuvavanywa okubalulekileyo kwamandla aphezulu kunye nendlela yokunyanzelisa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokungabanjwa ngaphandle kwegunya elingokwasemthethweni.

Imvelaphi Yembali

I-habeas corpus ilandelela umnombo wayo emva kweManglash Carta (1215), eyalela ukuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwiinkulungwane, iinkundla zamaNgesi zavelisa i-grain njengesixhobo sokulwa nokuvalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. ISiphetho se-Habeas Corpus soMthetho we 1679 wokukhusela, iqinisekisa ukuba amabanjwa angacela ijaji ukuba akhululwe aze afune urhulumente athethelele ukuvalelwa kwawo. Amaqela amarhamncwa aseMelika afake lo mgaqo kwiinkqubo zawo ezingokwasemthethweni, awujonge njengongundoqo. U.S. umgaqo-Supenion Claus (I Article I, icandelo 9) uvakalisa ukuba [FLD: 0] iPribudoodo ye-Wrias Corpides aya kungayirhoxisa ngaphandle kokuba i-Genegas, i-Genegarn, i-Fogneontion.[1]

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko kunye nesakhelo somgaqo-siseko

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa i-writ ngokugqibeleleyo, umsebenzi wawo wangoku ulawulwa yimithetho karhulumente. Kumabanjwa aseburhulumenteni, isithuthi esiphambili singu [FLT] [[1] 28.[FLT] .[254], esiwavumela ukuba acel ’ umngeni ukhuseleko lwawo kumhlaba awuphulayo umGaqo-siseko, imithetho, okanye izivumelwano ze-United States. [[FLT:][5].C.C.[555] [[FLT] [FLT] [FL:]][FLT]] [127] unyango olufanayo.

Amatyala Ayintloko ENkundla Ephakamileyo EHabeas Corpus

Inkundla ikhuphe izigqibo ezingundoqo zombini zokufumaneka kunye nobungakanani besixhobo sokulawula. [FLT][1] Ex quire Quire[[FLT]] [122] [iii]) ezithenjiwe kwimida yotshaba, kodwa ezithi kamva zincitshitshiswe yimeko yelizwe [Fenter:[12] ityala le-FOLT] [12] isenokuthi inqanyulwe i-'estikithe izicwangciso ze- mvume ze-bugroffat'.[12] [iiiiiiityala elino , ityala elikhoyo, i-FFUT] isenokuthiwe yimeko--oglone ye-oglone, i-'edentifulse "[10] ityala elininzi, i-ase-aft , i-evomsvomstion:[10] i-ethe , i-ethentians/

Imisebenzi Yangoku kunye Nemilinganiselo

UHabeas corpus usebenza njengendlela yokuqala yokuphakamisa iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko, njengoncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko, ukugxelel-ehawushelwa, okanye ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa bokungabi natyala. Noko ke, ukungaphumeleli kokuzibopheleleka kwetyala kwinkundla yesizwe. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] olungenatyala, olumiswe [[FLT]] schlob v. [[FLT:][4][FLT][5] [195], luvumela isicelo sokuphelisa imiqobo elungileyo ngokubonisa ubumsulwa obuyinyani, kodwa lo mgangatho ophezulu, ukwandisa ukuvalelwa kwetyala, ukuvalela i-RGPGPGPG.

Ukudibana Kwemitha Ephindwe Kabini Nehabeas Corpus

Nangona ezi ntaba zibini zisebenza kwiingqukuva ezingafaniyo, zidibana ngeendlela eziliqela eziqatha, ingakumbi xa ukonakalisa okuphindwe kabini kuphumela ekuvalweni okungekho mthethweni.

Xa UHabeas Ihlasela Ukwaphulwa Kweengozi Kabini

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo uvela xa ummangalelwa ekhululwe kulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa urhulumente uyaqhubeka ebambelele kulowo mntu kwityala elifanayo. Kwimeko enjalo, ummangalelwa ubopha ityala lesibini. Ungenza isiqinisekiso se-habeas corpus esiqinisekisa ukuba ukuvalelwa kwabo okuqhubekayo akuvumelekanga kuba kuyekelela kuba isophula umgaqo-siseko wesihlanu. Inkundla yecala kufuneka igqibe ukuba inyanise ityala eliphindiweyo ngenene kwaye ukuba umcebisi ubambeke ngokuchasene na elo lungelo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ummangalelwa uvalelwe ityala eligwetyiweyo kwaye kamva ufumaniswe ukuba ityala lesibini lenzeka ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphindiweyo, i-habeaspus isenokusetyenziswa ukurhoxa i-enyo olunyuliweyo nokukhululwa. Inkundla ephakamileyo iyayivuma le ngxaki [FFFF:][1][3]

Izithintelo Ezibukhali Phantsi kwe-AEDPA kunye neeNgxelo eziphindwe kabini ze-Jeopardy

Ngoxa izibhengezo zengozi eziphindiweyo zinokuqondwa kwinhlolo ye-habeas, abaceli bajongana nemiqobo efanayo ye-AEDPA njengayo nayiphi na enye ingcamango yomgaqo-siseko. Ibanjwa lesizwe kufuneka liqale likhuphe zonke iingcaciso zezombuso ezikhoyo, kuquka nayiphi na inkundla yombuso ye-habeas okanye yasemva kokuququzelelwa. Ummiselo weminyaka enye wezithintelo zezicelo zikarhulumente (ukubaleka ukusuka kwisiphelo setyala) ungenza kube nzima ukuphumelela ekunikezeleni ukhuthuzo oluphindiweyo, ingakumbi ukuba imposiso ephindwe kabini ayinyuswanga ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba inkundla yesizwe imele igqibe ekubeni ibone ukuba ingumsebenzi ongekho ngqiqweqwenileyo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Oku kubangela ukuba kube nzima ukuphumelela kwingozi ephinda-phinda-phinda-phindene.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kunye nemizekelo yeHypothetic

Qwalasela ityala apho ummangalelwa emangalelwa ngokubulala enkundleni yephondo aze angabi natyala. Urhulumente wesizwe ngoko umangalela ummangalelwa omnye ngokubulala okufanayo phantsi kwemfundiso yolawulo olubini. Ummangalelwa akanako ukuphakamisa ityala eliphindwe kabini ngenxa yokuba imfundiso ivumela ukutshutshiswa kwesibini. Noko ke, ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akanaso isiseko solawulo oluzimeleyo (umz., ulwaphulo-mthetho alukhange lwenzeke kwilizwe likarhulumente okanye lubandakanye abaphathi-mthetho-mthetho), ummangalelwa unokuba unokuba umphetho wesibini utshonisa ityala eliphindiweyo ngenxa yokuba abaphathi ababini abahlukene ngokwenene. , iNkundla iqinisekisa imfundiso, kodwa ukuba iimeko zexesha elizayo zibandakanya, inqwelo - pheaspus zinokuba ngumbangiselelo oqhutyelenezo ezo zinokuba yimoto.

Esinye isimo: ummangalelwa ugwetywa ngokuphanga kwaye ugwetyelwe iminyaka eli-10. Emva kokusebenza iminyaka emihlanu, ufumanisa ukuba ukuphanga kwakulityala lakhe lesibini lolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo. Ityala lokuqala laphela ngokugxothwa nokuba, phantsi komthetho karhulumente, lathetha ukuba umvandedwa. Ufaka isicelo setyala esithi ukuqhubeka kwakhe evalelwe kusekwe ityala liza kuphumela kwingozi ephindwe kabini. Inkundla kufuneka ihlole ingxelo yenkundla yenkundla ukuze ifumanise ukuba ngaba ityala lokuqala liphelile ngokwenene liphele ekuvalweni nasekuthini ityala lesibini livalelwe. Ukuba kunjalo, inkundla iya kuyala ukuba ukukhululwa kwakhe.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Nokuwa

Injongo kunye Nobubanzi

Injongo yokuqala yomngcipheko ophindwe kabini kukukhusela iimvavanyo ezininzi kunye nesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Igxininisa kwisiphelo setyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ikhusela ummangalelwa kwisiphatho sikarhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, likhaphelo lokuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni jikelele. Ingathetha nakuphi na ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho womthetho akuyongozi ephindwe kabini kuphela, kodwa kwakhona inkqubo efanelekileyo, ikhuselwa ngokulinganayo, uncedo olungaphumeleliyo, kunye neziphene ze-empepho. Ingozi eziphinda kabini yi-phakathano ye- ekwilungelo elikwindawo elungileyo; i-habeaspus yinkqubo ephindwe kabini

Ucwangciso Lwesicelo

Ukhuseleko olubini lwengozi luyabheniswa okanye phambi kwetyala. Ummangalelwa angafaka inyathelo lokukhupha ugwebo kwimiqathango yengozi ephindwe kabini phambi kokuba ityala lesibini liqalise. Ukuba intshukumo iyakhanyelwa, isenokubhenwa ngoko nangoko phantsi kwemfundiso yomyalelo wolawulo. I-Habeas corpus, nokokuba, ingu- unyango lwe-vict-confiction [[. Ikhona kuphela emva kokuqiniseka nokuncitshiswa kwezicelo ezithe ngqo (kungekho nto ingaqhelekanga). Ingozi ephinda-phinde i-phinde inyuswe kuthethwa ukuba ivela ngexesha lokuvavanywa akunyuswa ngayo nge-habeaspus; inyuswe kwisibheno esithe ngqo okanye kwisixhobo sokubheno-'''''i-'i-PLTCTY'.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Kwintshukumo yengozi ephindwe kabini, ummangalelwa unomthwalo wokungqina ukuba ityala lesibini lisityala elifanayo nelokuqala, kwaye ingozi idibene (umz., ityala lokuqala laphela ngokugwetywa okanye ngokuqinisekiswa). Urhulumente ngoko kufuneka abonise ukuba ityala elichaseneyo liyasebenza (umz., ulawulo olubini, ukungaphumeleli kwemfuneko ecacileyo). Kwityala lesibini i-corpus eliqhubeka livalelwa ngokucelw'ityala ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini, umcebisi kufuneka angqine nobungqina obubonisa ukuba ukuvalelwa komGaqo-siseko. Apho inkundla yelizwe sele iwuchasile umngeni ophindiweyo, umcebisi wesicelo kufuneka abonise nokuba isigqibo senkundla sasingenangqiqo phantsi kweAEDPA.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokukhusela Neeattorney

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukuqonda igalelo phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabini kunye ne-habeas corpus kubalulekile. Kufuneka baphaphele ekunyuseni izibheno eziphindiweyo kwinqanaba lokuqala elinokwenzeka ukuze baphephe ukungagqibeki kwe-processial. Ukuba ingtshutshiso yesibini iyaqhubeka nangona isithi ingunotshengo elungileyo, isibheno esingqalileyo sesona siphambili soncedo; i-habeas corpus isebenza njengomnatha wokhuseleko ukuba isibheno sokhuselo siyaphumelela okanye ukuba ubungqina obutsha bokwaphulwa kwengozi ephindwe kabini buvela.

Amabanjwa amele i-athorney karhulumente amele amabanjwa kufuneka aqonde ukuba imiqathango ye-AEDPA iza kusebenza ukuba kamva afuna isiqabu sikarhulumente. Kufuneka abhale zonke iingxelo zengozi eziphindwe kabini kwingxelo karhulumente. Kwimeko zesohlwayo sokufa, izibonda zingaphezulu kakhulu: ukwaphulwa kwengozi okuphindwe kabini kungavala ukuqulukwa kwanokuba ummangalelwa kamva ufunyaniswe emsulwa, kwaye ihabeas corpus uhlala engomnye wezixhobo ezimbalwa zokulungisa iimpazamo ezinjalo.

Kwangaxeshanye abatshutshisi, kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko ukuba ityala lesibini livunyelwe phantsi kwemfundiso ephindiweyo yolawulo okanye ezinye iindidi. Ukujonga ngaphezulu ibhatyi yengozi ephindiweyo kungakhokelela kwixabiso elininzi letyala kwaye ekugqibeleni kuguqulwe kwingxubusho yehabeas.

Isiphelo

Ingozi ephindwe kabini kunye ne-habeas izezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo zokukhusela urhulumente ekuphathweni kwenkqubo yobulungisa baseMerika. Ngoxa iingozi eziphindwe kabini zithintela urhulumente ekubekeni umntu etyalani eliphindaphindiweyo, i-habeas corpus inikela inkqubo yokuvavanya naluphi na ugcino-mthetho olungekho mthethweni. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhubeka icoca imida yemigaqo yemigaqo efana nolonke [FLT:] [FF:1] kunye ne-havBB B B B B B B B] isebenza njengesicouciso sokugcina isiqinisekiso sokunyanzelisa uHlunyuko lwesihlanu. Njengoko nabani na othe kratya nabani na, nabani na oyena negunya lokuzigwebayo.