Ukuxhasa Imfundo Ngorhulumente

Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo semali kunceda abazali babone ukuba kutheni izikolo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo zinokubonakala zahluke kangaka.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, iinkqubo ezifana neSihloko I soMthetho weElementary neSecondary Education Act zinika imali eyongezelelekileyo kwizikolo ezisebenza kwizixa eziphezulu zabafundi abafumana imali ephantsi. Olu ncedo lweerandi luhlawula abahlohli abangakumbi, ubugcisa, kunye nomgangatho oncitshisiweyo weklasi. Umzekelo, ngonyaka wama-2023, iSihlomelo Esongezelelekileyo, ndasabela amaphondo esikolo aqeshiweyo aqeqeshiweyo alahlekelwa yirhafu yerhafu ngenxa yelizwe lorhulumente (njengesiseko somkhosi okanye i-Invord America), siqinisekisa ukuba ezo zikolo zisenemali.

Uqingqo-mali lwezorhulumente lunegalelo elikhulu qhamshelwano----apha-kanjani phakathi kwama-40% nama-50% emali yesikolo iyonke. Iindlela zesikolo ziyahluka-hluka ngokubanzi; amanye amazwe asebenzisa indlela yesiseko esiqinisekisa ukuba kusekelwe imali esisiseko kumfundi ngamnye, ngeli xesha amanye asebenzisa imodeli esekelwe kwixabiso lobuncwane enikezela ngee-dola kubasebenzi abathile kunye nezinto ezithile. Le mali yeli lizwe isasazwa kwimimandla esekelwe kumanani abafundi, enobunzima obungakumbi kubafundi abahlwempuzekileyo, abafundi abangamaNgesi, okanye abo baneengxaki.

Iirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni zenza eziseleyo, apho kusoloko kuvela inkxaso-mali egqithisileyo. Isithili sesikolo esinobutyebi obunemiqathango ephezulu singanyusa ingeniso yasekuhlaleni eninzi kumfundi ngamnye kwisithili kwingingqi ephantsi kwemeko-ntle,(ndaweni). Lo msantsa ukhokelela ekususweni kwemiqathango kwizakhiwo, ubugcisa, kunye nokunikezelwa kwemiqathango engaphezulu kwemiqathango. Imithetho ehlala kumazwe anjengeKhalifoniya, New Jersey, kunye neTexas ithels yawacel ’ umngeni ezi zinto, nto leyo ikhokelela ekuhlazisweni kwemali yemali yesikolo kumazwe amalunga nesiqingatha se-1950.

Abazali bangahlola ukusetyenziswa kwemali yesithili ngasinye nge- Iziko lesizwe lemfundo amanani ukubona indlela intlawulo yemali yengingqi exhaswe ngokuchasene norhulumente kunye nomlinganiselo wesizwe. Ukuqonda la manani kunceda iintsapho zimele ukuxhasa ulwabiwo lwemali oluthe lwalunga.

Indlela Imali Yomanyano Efikelela Ngayo Kwigumbi Lokufundisa Lomntwana Wakho

I-R2 ye-FFLL isoloko iphuma ngemiqathango okanye ngokwezabelo zokhuphiswano. Umfundi Ngamnye Wezifundo Umthetho Ophumeleleyo (ESA) ufuna iimeko zokuchonga izikolo ngemisebenzi esezantsi eqhubekayo kwaye zikhokelele oovimba abongezelelweyo apho. [[[FLT:]] Abanemida abanokungagqibeleliyo kwimfundo [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FFF]] [FLT] [5] [FFF] [FF:]

Ukumisela Imilinganiselo Yemfundo

Imilinganiselo yemfundo ichaza oko abafundi bafanele bakwaziyo kwaye bakwazi ukukwenza kwibanga ngalinye. Le migaqo imiselwa ngoorhulumente belizwe, ngokufuthi ngokusebenzisana nabafundisi-mfundo, iingcali ezinika ingqwalasela, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Urhulumente wengingqi akanakugunyazisa ukuba kwenziwe uqeqesho lwesizwe, kodwa unika imigaqo engqongqo enxulumene neemeko zemali.

Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wakutshanje ngu Imigangatho ye-Common ye-Rhulumente, eyamkelwa ngamaphondo angama- 41 phakathi ko-2010 no-2012. Le milinganiselo ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abafundi abanqumla kumazwe bagcinwa kungxengelelo olufanayo kubugcisa bolwimi lwesiNgesi kunye nezibalo. Ngexesha eliqhelekileyo Core lidala iingxoxo zezopolitiko, ingcamango yalo engundoqo ``3], iinjongo zokufunda ezingaguqukiyo zihlala zinempembelelo. Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwazihlaziya okanye lwathatha indawo yemilinganiselo yawo, kodwa utshintsho olusezantsi kubuchule bokucinga obuphezulu.

Ukuvavanywa nokuphendula

Imigangatho idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo nohlolo. Phantsi kwe-ESSA, amatyala kufuneka avavanye abafundi rhoqo ngonyaka ekufundeni nakwezezibalo kwibanga lesithathu kunye nasemva kwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kwakunye nakwinzululwazi ngokwemigangatho emithathu. Iziphumo zikhutshwa ngokwamaqela, ingeniso, isiphene, kunye nomgangatho womfundi wesiNgesi, unika abazali iwindow kwindlela isikolo sabo esibanceda ngayo bonke abafundi. Ezi zihlolo zinika abafundi ulwazi ngemilinganiselo yokuphendula kwesikolo, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuba bangenele kwizikolo eziphantsi okanye ivuze abasebenzi abaphezulu.

Abahlalutyi bathi ukuvavanya ii-aspects eziphezulu kunciphisa ufundo kunye noxinezeleko. Abaxhasi bathelela ukuba ugcino-lwazi oluthe rhoqo lunceda ekuboneni izithuba kunye nezinto zokuxhoba. Abazali bangajonga iziphumo zovavanyo lwesikolo sabo kunye nemeko yokuphendula kwimibutho yemfundo karhulumente; umzekelo, iSebe lemfundo yase-U.S. lidibanisa kwikhadi ngalinye lengxelo yengxelo yeli khadi.

Umthetho Ochaphazela Imfundo

Ukwazi le mithetho kunceda abazali baqonde amalungelo abo nendlela abantwana abanokukhuseleka ngayo.

Wonk ’ Umfundi Uphumelela (ESSA)

Igqitha ngo-2015, iESSA yathatha indawo yeNo Child Shit Berind yaza yabuyela kumaphondo ekwawulawulayo, ngoxa igcina iimfuno zonyaka kunye neemfuno zokunika ingxelo. Amazwe ngoku aziyila iinkqubo zokuziphendulela, kuquka izalathisi ezifana nomlinganiselo wokuphumelela kwezidanga, ukurhoxa komsebenzi okungapheliyo, kunye nemozulu yesikolo. IESSA ikwafuna izikolo ziphumeze imigaqo esekelwe kubungqina 76 xa amaqela angaphantsi kwabafundi engaphantsi.

Abantu Abanengxaki yemfundo (IDEA)

I-IDEA iqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abakhubazekileyo bafumana i- Isikhululo esifanelekileyo semfundo kawonke-wonke (FAPE) kwimeko-bume engqongqo. Umthetho unika imiyalelo yeNkqubo yemfundo elungele ukubekwa kweliso] [ [IEP] [umfundi ngamnye ofanelekileyo, ophuhlisiweyo weqela eliquka abazali. Izikolo kufuneka zinikezele ngemfundo ekhethekileyo, iinkonzo ezinxulumene nayo (njengonyango lokuthetha), kunye nendawo yokuhlala. I-IEA ikwakhusela amalungelo abazali okuphikisana nokubekwa kwemicimbi okanye iinkonzo ngoncedo lolwazi okanye iinkqubo zokuva.

Isihloko IX

Nangona idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nemidlalo yasekholejini, iSihloko seSihlaziyo semfundo sangowe - 1972 silwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiintlawulo zesondo nakuyiphi na inkqubo yemfundo exhaswa ngurhulumente. Lo mthetho uquka yonke into ukususela kumathuba eklasi kunye nemigaqo yokukhathazwa ngokwesini kubafundi abakhulelweyo nabakhulisa abantwana. Izikolo kufuneka zichaze umququzeleli weSiHloko se-IX kwaye ziphendule ngokukhawuleza kwizikhalazo.

Eminye imithetho ephawulekayo

  • McKinney Ínto Homes Act : Iqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abangenamakhaya banokufumana ngokukhawuleza ungenelelo lwemfundo kawonke-wonke, ngezithuthi kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso.
  • Carl D. Perkins Care Coorry and Technical Education Act: Ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali yesebe ukwenzela umsebenzi-ngqalelo lweenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa ubuchule bemfundo nobugcisa.
  • Amalungelo oNtlalo-mfundo kunye noMthetho wezemfundo (FERPA): Ukhusela ubumfihlo beengxelo zemfundo yabafundi kwaye unika abazali ilungelo lokuhlola kunye nesicelo.

Indima Karhulumente Ekuqeqesheni Umfundisi Nakumaxwebhu

Amazwe amisela iimfuno zokuba ngumfundisi-mfundo wesikolo sikawonke-wonke. Ezi mfuneko ziquka iqondo eliphezulu, ukugqitywa kwenkqubo yoqeqesho olusemthethweni, nokudlula kwimiba ephantsi kwentloko kunye nepedagogy. Amanye amaphondo akwafuna ixesha lokuhlala okanye lokufumana isitsha phantsi komfundisi- ntsapho.

Iindlela ezikwanye ukuqinisekisa

Ukuthetha kumfundisi- ntsapho osweleyo . Ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kunye nemfundo ephezulu efuna izifundo ezifana nezibalo, inzululwazi, kunye nemfundo ekhethekileyo . Amazwe amaninzi anika ezinye iindlela zokufaka isatifiketi. Ezi nkqubo zivumela oogqirha abanomqathango weqonga kwibala (umz., injineli, ibhayoloji) ukuba baqale ukufundisa xa begqiba izifundo zomsebenzi kunye noqeqesho. Iinkqubo ezifana ukufundisa iMelika kunye ne-stadefix shortss imizekelo.

Uphuhliso looGcisa neNkxaso eBalekayo

Amanyathelo karhulumente axhasa uphuhliso lobugcisa ngesihloko II se-ESSA. Ama-odola kunye nezithili zisebenzisa ezi erandi ukwenzela ushishino, ukuqesha, kunye namaqondo aphezulu. Uphando olusuka kwiZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo lubonisa ukuba inkqubela yezobugcisa exhaphakileyo, esekelwe emsebenzini iphumelela ngakumbi kunemibutho yoshishino yeentsuku ezingama-360 ekuphuculeni uqeqesho lomfundisi kunye neziphumo zabafundi.

Abazali banokubuza esikolweni sabo ngeemfaneleko zomfundisi- ntsapho, ubungakanani beklasi, kunye noko bakufundisayo ngenkqubela. Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezinconywayo zidla ngokudwelisa enoba utitshala uphethe isiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo okanye esingxamisekileyo.

Impembelelo Kuphuhliso

Ngoxa uludwe lwezifundo lumiselwa kakhulu kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni we -⁠(* ngeebhodi zesikolo, iikomiti zesithili, nabafundisi- ntsapho) urhulumente unempembelelo enkulu ngemiqathango, izibonelelo nangemiyalelo.

Imigangatho yokuqulathiweyo kweRhulumente kunye neziQhubo zeFrames

Imo nganye ipapasha iinkqubo okanye imigangatho kwimixholo engundoqo. La maxwebhu achaza imixholo kunye nobuchule abafundi abafanele babufunde kwibanga ngalinye. Abavakalisi bencwadi balungisa izinto zabo kule migangatho karhulumente, emisela ngokunempumelelo oko kufunekayo ukuthengwa. Amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya ne Texas, asebenzisa iincwadi zokufunda kumgangatho wesizwe, kwaye ukhetho lwabo luphembelela intengiso yesizwe.

Imixholo ephambili: STEM, Covics kunye nokufundwa kwamaphepha-ndaba

Umanyano lwemali phantsi koMthetho wemfundo STEM kunye nomgangatho wesigqeba ukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwenzululwazi, ubugcisa, injineli, kunye nezibalo. Ngoku amazwana amaninzi afuna inani elithile lemali yetyala kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha ukuze aphumelele. Ngokufanayo, ukugxininiswa okukhulayo kwimfundo yezemfundo kukhokelele kwimithetho efuna abafundi baphumelele uvavanyo lobumi okanye iprojekthi epheleleyo.

[[FLT: 0] Isininzi sokufunda nokubhala sisona siphambili. Ngonyaka wama-2024, ngaphezu kweshumi elinesibini lamazwe adlulise umthetho ofuna izikolo ukufundisa abafundi indlela yokuvavanya imithombo, ukwamkela iimpazamo, nokuqonda ubumfihlo bamanani. [ IMediasmartts[ iziko lemibhoshongo] linika abazali nootitshala izinto ezintle.

Ulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni Nokuthamba

Nangona zinezi zifundo zisemgangathweni, izikolo zinokubhenela kwindlela ezifundisa ngayo. Isikolo sisenokuthatha imfundo esekelwe kwiprojekthi, imfundo esekelwe kwimfundo esisiseko, okanye ikhomishini yemfundo yakudala, logama nje imilinganiselo karhulumente iqukwa. Abazali banokusebenza kwiikomiti zocwangciso-hlolo okanye ukuya kwiintlanganiso zentlanganiso zeklasi ukuze ziphembelele izigqibo zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuxhasa Imfundo Ekhethekileyo

Imfundo ekhethekileyo yenye yezona ndawo zilawulwa kakhulu kwimfundo kawonke - wonke, ezinomthetho ocacileyo nemali epheleleyo.

Inkqubo ye IEP

Phantsi kwe-IDEA, umntwana ochazwa njengonesiphene esichaphazela ukufunda unelungelo lenkqubo yemfundo edityanisiweyo . I-IEP iveliswa liqela eliquka abazali, abafundisi-mashishini, umlawuli wesikolo, kwaye ngokufuthi umntwana. Ibeka usukelo lwaminyaka le, ikhankanya iinkonzo nendawo yokuhlala, kwaye iphinda iphinda-phindwe kanye ngonyaka. Izikolo kufuneka zinike iingxelo zenkqubela njengoko zinikela ingxelo kubafundi bemfundo jikelele.

Iinkonzo neeNkxaso eziXhaswe

Iinkonzo ezinxulumene nazo zingaquka unyango lokuthetha, unyango lwemisebenzi, unyango lokolula umzimba, unyango, kunye nezothutho. I-IDEA ikwafuna ukuba abafundi bafumane ezi nkonzo kwimeko-bume ye- ethintelayo .ngokuba kufuneka bafundiswe oontanga abangengomalungu 76 abakhubazekileyo ngokomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo. Abafundi abaninzi abaneziphene bachitha uninzi lwemini lwesikolo kwiklasi zemfundo jikelele ngokuxhaswa.

Amalungelo Neengcungela Zabazali

I-IDEA inika abazali ilungelo lokucela uvavanyo lwemfundo oluzimeleyo ngeendleko zikawonke-wonke ukuba abavumelani nohlolo lwesikolo. Bangacela uluvo okanye inkqubo efunekayo yokuva. Iintlangano ezifana zibekwa phantsi kwexabiso[ kunye ne [FLT] National Center for Learning Diseased [ inika izikhokelo zesisa nezixhobo.

Ukubandakanyeka Kubazali Nokungalawuleki

Inkqubo karhulumente ngokukhutheleyo ikhuthaza ukubandakanyeka kwabazali, iqonda ukuba iintsapho zinika inzala ephunyezweyo, ezikhoyo, kunye nehambo. Umanyano loMfundisi woMzali wesizwe [ [PTA]) inikezela imilinganiselo yonxulumano lwentsapho ye-66, ekwakuthethwa ngayo ngabaninzi lubandakanya iinjongo zabo zokuziphendulela.

Ulawulo lwesikolo Nesigqibo Xana

Abazali bangasebenza kumaBhunga eSiphakamiso se- anezicwangciso zeSikolo (SSC) okanye Iibhodi zeSikolo zase-Adelawo[. Ii-SSC, eziqhelekileyo eKhalifoniya nakwamanye amazwe, zinegunya kulungiso lwezikolo kunye nenxalenye yoqingqo-mali. Iibhodi zesikolo zimisela iinkqubo zoludwe lwenkqubo, ukuqesha, kunye nezixhobo. Ukuqhuba ibhodi yesikolo okanye ukuya nje kwiintlanganiso kunika abazali ilizwi elingqalileyo.

Amajelo Amatsha - ntliziyo Nawamatsha - ntliziyo

IiNgqungquthela ezininzi zoMphathiswa, Iintlanganiso zentsapho, kunye neengingqi zomsebenzi. Umthetho woManyano ufuna ukuba izikolo ezineSihloko Inze umgaqo-nkqubo [[FLT: 0] Womzali kunye noluNxulumaniso lwentsapho [ kwaye zibandakanya abazali ekucwangciseni indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ezo mali. Izixhobo zamanani ezifana abazali ba-'are' okanye [[FLT: 4.] Classjo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukwenzela unxibelelwano, kwaye abazali bamele bacele ukwenziwa uhlazingiso ngendlela yabo ethandwayo.

Impembelelo Yamagosa Karhulumente Ekungalinganini Kwemfundo

Ukulingana kuselucelomngeni olungundoqo kwimfundo yaseMerika. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zizama ukucutha ibala lokudlala, kodwa ukwahluka kusaqhubeka.

Ukuxhasa Imigudu Yokungalingani

Utshintsho lwemali yesikolo kumaphondo anjenge New York, New Jersey, kunye neMassachusetts luye lwandisa uncedo lwelizwe kwisithili esisezantsi. Noko ke, 2022 esuka kuTshenxiso lwezemali [[FLT: 0] lufumene ukuba imimandla ephezulu ye-"%oversity isafumana malunga ne-$200,000 (R1,000) kumfundi ngamnye osezantsi kwisithili-manyeneyo, ngokomlinganiselo. iinkqubo zeFederal njenge-I I yenzelwe ukuvala lo msantsa, kodwa ifumana kuphela ukutshintsha okungalinganiyo kwengingqi ekwindawo ekungangeni.

Iibhampu eziphunyeziweyo kunye neenkqubo ezijoliswe kuzo

Iimephu kwizibalo kunye nokufunda umlinganiselo phakathi kwabafundi abamhlophe kunye nabaMnyama okanye abasuka eSpeyin ziye zancinana kancinane kangangamashumi amabini eminyaka kodwa zihlala ziqinile. Amazwe aye aqalisa inyathelo elifana nokuqeqesha ukufunda nokubhala kwizikolo ezisezantsi, ukwandisa ixesha, kunye nemfundo yabantwana baselula. Uphando oluvela kwiSiko Lesizwe seChild Health and Human Development lubonisa ukuba amanani aphezulu amalunga nekhulu amalunga nekhulu prebreplak, ingakumbi abo basebenza phantsi kwemfundo yabantwana abafumana abantwana, luvelise ingeniso ende kwisikolo kunye nengeniso yabantu abadala.

Inkxaso Kubafundi bamaNgesi

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente phantsi Isihloko III se-ESSA ifuna ukuba abafundi abangamaNgesi bafumane iinkqubo zokufundisa ulwimi kwaye bahlolwe minyaka le ngenxa yempumelelo yamaNgesi. Izikolo kufuneka zinikezele ngokunentsingiselo kwizifundo jikelele. Abazali banelungelo lokukhetha umntwana wabo ngaphandle kweenkqubo zolwimi olukhethekileyo, kodwa kufuneka baqonde oko kuthethwayo ukwenzela inkxaso yemfundo.

Isiphelo

Indima karhulumente kwimfundo yomntwana wakho ifikeleleka ngokungenakufikeleleka, ichaphazela yonke into esuka kwimali ehlawulelwa izinto zegumbi lokufundela ukuya kwimilinganiselo ekhokela oko kufundiswayo, imithetho ekhusela abafundi xa beneziphene, neemfaneleko zikatitshala omi ngaphambili kwegumbi. Ngoxa inkqubo isenokubonakala intsonkothile, ikwanika namathuba acacileyo okungena kubazali: ukuhlolisisa iingxelo zesikolo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zebhodi, ukudibanisa amaqela abazali, nokuqonda amalungelo asemthethweni phantsi kwe-IEA, i-Title IX, kunye neFARPA.

Ngokuhlala unolwazi nangokuthembisa, unceda ekulungiseni imfundo umntwana wakho ayifumanayo qha kwaye ugcina inkqubo imele iphendule kwisithembiso sayo sokunika umntwana ngamnye imfundo ephezulu. Sebenzisa ubuncwane obudityaniswe kulo lonke eli nqaku ukumba nzulu kwimibandela ethile, kwaye khumbula ukuba ilizwi lakho liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi elawula izikolo zethu.