Umgaqo-siseko wolawulo-mGaqo-siseko yinkqubo karhulumente apho amandla karhulumente elinganiselweyo ngomgaqo-siseko, yaye igunya likarhulumente lisuka ebantwini. Olu hlobo lolawulo ludibanisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye nomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselekile ngexa evunyelwa ukumela abantu ekusebenzeni kwemigaqo yesigqibo. Sisakhiwo esifuna ukulinganisela ulawulo oluninzi nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane, sidala ibutho elizinzileyo nelinobulungisa apho igunya likarhulumente ligunyaziswe kwaye linyanzelwe khona.

Isiseko Solawulo - melo LomGaqo-siseko

Enyanzelweni yayo, idemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko yakhiwe kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo echaza indlela eyakheke ngayo nendlela esebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela olu hlobo lorhulumente olusebenza ngayo nesizathu sokuba lusoloko lungumzekelo obalaseleyo kumazwe akhululekileyo anamhlanje.

Umthetho

Umthetho uthetha ukuba akukho namnye, kwanalona gosa liphezulu likarhulumente, ongaphezulu komthetho. Imithetho iveliswa ngeenkqubo ezimisiweyo, isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, kwaye inyanzeliswa ngumgwebi ozimeleyo. Lo mgaqo uthintela ulawulo oluzimeleyo nolwenze ukuba kuxelwe kwangaphambili, uvumela abantu namashishini ukuba bacwangcise imicimbi yabo ngaphandle koloyiko lwesiquphe sikarhulumente.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Amagunya karhulumente ahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho (wenza imithetho), ulawulo oluphezulu (imithetho enyanzelisayo), kunye nemithetho egwebayo (ichaza imithetho). Eli candelo lithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekunikeleni ingqalelo kakhulu. Imodeli ebalaseleyo, ephenjelelwa nguMontesquieu, yabela isebe ngalinye umsebenzi ongundoqo elinokuwenza kuphela, ngaloo ndlela lisasaze amandla kumaziko amaninzi.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Ukongeza kukwahlukana, isebe ngalinye lineenkqubo zokumisela amandla abanye. Umzekelo, isebe eliphetheyo lingase lidlulise umthetho odluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawuphelisa loo mthetho ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephezulu. Ijaji ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho, kodwa abagwebi bamiselwa ngumlawuli olawulayo kwaye baqinisekiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Le mithetho idibanisa imigaqo-mthetho isebenzisana kunye nokulalanisa.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo

Amalungelo kunye nenkululeko nganye ikhuselwe kumgaqo-siseko kwaye ikhuselwe ekuchasweni ngurhulumente. Oku kuquka amalungelo abantu (ii-intelligence, unqulo, indibano) kunye namalungelo ezobupolitika (ukuxhasa, ukulungiselela isikhundla). Idemokhrasi yezomGaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba kwanabantu abaninzi abanyulwe ngedemokhrasi abanakuwaphelisa amalungelo asisiseko, ngaloo ndlela bekhusela iqaqo kwingcinezelo yabaninzi.

Indima YomGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Uchaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente, amalungelo abemi, neenkqubo imithetho esenziwe ngazo ize inyanzelwe ngazo. Olu xwebhu lubalulekile ekulondolozeni ucwangco nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Imigaqo-siseko ingabhalwa (njengaseUnited States) okanye ingabhalwanga (njengokuba kuMbuso waseUnited States, oxhomekeke kwimimiselo, kwiindibano, nakwimizekelo egwebayo).

Amalungu omGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko obanzi uquka iinxalenye eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezisebenza kunye ukuze kwenziwe ulawulo oluhlala luhleli:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imposiso: ichaza umgaqo-siseko kwaye ichaza injongo yawo, isoloko icela abantu njengomthombo wegunya.
  • Bhill of Rights: iquka amalungelo asisiseko nenkululeko yabantu, njengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni.
  • Isakhiwo soLawulo loLawulo: Iinkcukacha zombutho kunye namandla owiso-mthetho, olawulo, namasebe okugweba, kuquka ukwenziwa, amandla, kunye nemiqathango.
  • Inkqubo yoTyelelo: Ichaza indlela ezinokwenziwa ngayo iinguqu kumgaqo-siseko", ngokungaqhelekanga ifuna izakhiwo ezinkulu okanye iindibano ezikhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zibonisa uvumelwano oluphangaleleyo kunokuba zikhathazwe ngokwexeshana.
  • Ucamagusho Claus: lumisela ukuba umgaqo-siseko nemithetho eyenziwe phantsi kwegunya lawo yeyona mithetho ephakamileyo yelizwe, ixhasa nawuphi na urhulumente ongqubanayo okanye imithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuphuhliswa kwembali yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko yavela kwiinkulungwane zeengcamango zezobupolitika kunye nemfazwe. IGrisi yamandulo yalinga idemokhrasi engqalileyo, kodwa ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ukukhusela amalungelo, ngokufuthi yawohloka yaba lulawulo lwehlokondiba. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yasungula umgaqo-siseko odityanisiweyo oneee-checkss phakathi kweNdlu, ii-commentalis, neendibano ezidumileyo.

Idemokhrasi yezomGaqo-siseko yazichaza ngokucaciswa kwiXesha lokuQokelela. Izakhono zobulumko ezifana noJohn Locke zaxhasa amalungelo emvelo norhulumente ngokuvuma, ngeli xesha iMontesquieu yaxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. IBhili yamaNgesi yamalungelo obukumkani e-1689 elinganiselweyo yaza yaqinisekisa ubungangamsha bepalamente. IMvukelo yaseMerika yavelisa umgaqo-siseko wokuqala omkhulu obhaliweyo ngo1787, walandelwa yiBhili-Mandla yamalungelo abantu ngo17911. ISindululo samaFrentshi samaLungelo samaLungelo samaLungelo oMntu nawaseMntu (ngowe-19789) saqhubeka nokusasaza iinjongo zenkululeko, ukulingana, ukulingana, kunye nomanyano.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, ulawulo-mGaqo-siseko lwasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMzantsi Merika, eAsia nase-Afrika. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amazwe amaninzi amkela umgaqo-siseko omtsha owakhusela amalungelo abantu ngokungqalileyo kwaye amisela amaziko azimeleyo. Namhlanje, ulawulo-siseko lomgaqo-siseko lusengumzekelo onqwenelekayo kuninzi loorhulumente behlabathi.

Uphando lwetyala: IMigaqo-siseko ekuqheliseleni

IUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., omiselwe ngowe-1787, ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe omdala obhaliweyo wehlabathi. Waseka inkqubo karhulumente enolwahlulo olunamandla lwamagunya kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. INkundla ePhakamileyo yenza uhlolo logwebo, amandla okubetha imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko. IBhili yamaLungelo iqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukupheliswa kweziphene kuye kwandisa ukuncitshiswa kwamalungelo abantu, okubonisa ukuphenduliswa kokuqondwa kwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, inkqubo ye-U.S. ikwakho nenkqubo ekwakuvavanywa ukuphembelela impembelelo yezemali, inkxaso yemali, kunye neengxoxo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu.

I-Jamani

Emva kobuNazi obumanyumnyezi, iSiseko soMthetho (Grundesetz) ka-1949 yadala ulawulo-mGaqo-siseko olunamandla. Igxininisa ngamandla kwisidima somntu njengesingalawulekiyo, imisela inkqubo yepalamente yequzelela, kwaye iquka "ingxelo yomthetho-siseko" ekhusela imigaqo esisiseko efana nedemokhrasi, urhulumente, kunye nomthetho wokungapheliswa. Inkundla yezomthetho weSizwe idlala indima enamandla ekunyanzeleni amalungelo nokuhlola umthetho. Impumelelo yempumfa yeJamani ibonisa indlela umgaqo-siseko onceda ngayo ukwakhiwa kolawulo-demokhrasi kuthuthu lolawulo-mthetho.

I-India

UMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya, owamkelwa ngowe-1950, ngumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ixesha elide wehlabathi. Waseka idemokhrasi yepalamente enemeko karhulumente, urhulumente wehlabathi, kunye neseti yamalungelo asisiseko (kuquka ilungelo lokusebenzisa imiqathango). INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya inamagunya amakhulu okuhlola isigwebo. Phezu kwazo nje iingxaki ezifana norhwaphilizo, ucalucalulo localulo, kunye nolawulo-mpululo lwezobupolitika, i-Indiya iye yagcina ulawulo-demokhrasi lwedemokhrasi ngaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka, ibonisa ukuba ulawulo-demokhrasi lungaphu kwisizwe esahlulwayo, esasaphuka.

Ukubaluleka Kolawulo-melo Kumsebenzi WomGaqo-siseko

Idemokhrasi iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Ivumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, baphembelele imithetho nemigaqo elawula ubomi babo. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kunokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ukuvota, ukuqhatha, nentetho kawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kwedemokhrasi, umgaqo-siseko unokuba sisixhobo solawulo-mthetho we-oligarchy okanye wolawulo-siseko, njengoko kubonakala kwamanye amazwe apho umgaqo-siseko wezomthetho ungekho kodwa unyulo olukhululekileyo nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Iintlobo Zedemokhrasi

Phakathi komgaqo - siseko, idemokhrasi inokubonakala ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi idibanisa amacandelo akwimizekelo eyahlukeneyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Direct Democracy: Abami bathatha inxaxheba ngqo ekwenzeni izigqibo ngamanyathelo, ii-arhenteum, kunye neentlanganiso zedolophu. I-Switzerland ngumzekelo owaziwayo.
  • Imela ulawulo-lwazi lwezolawulo-lwazi: Abameli abanyuliweyo abanokuzenzela izigqibo, ezilelona candelo liqhelekileyo kumazwana amakhulu, anamhlanje.
  • Idemokhrasi yeCandelo: igxininisa inxaxheba ebanzi kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika nokwenza izigqibo ngaphaya konyulo, njengokubuza kukawonke-wonke, ukukhulula iforums, kunye neendibano zabemi.
  • Idemokhrasi yeLiberal: Luhlobo oluncinci olugxininisa ngamandla ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nomthetho, osoloko ubonwa kulawulo-melo lwezomgaqo-siseko waseNtshona.

Uthelekiso nezinye iinkqubo

Idemokhrasi yezomGaqo-siseko ichasene nezinye iintlobo eziliqela zorhulumente. Kulawulo olupheleleyo, umlawuli wemonarchy ubamba igunya elinganqandwayo. Kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye kwiqela elingameleliyo. Kwanakwinkqubo "yolawulo-siseko ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko," efana nenkqubo egqibeleleyo engenamalungelo, uninzi lungacinezela iqaqo elincinane. Idemokhrasi yezomGaqo-siseko idibanisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye nemida esemandleni, idala inkqubo ezinziwa ngokuzinzileyo nesesikweni.

Omnye umahluko ungowobuzwilakhe "boburhulumente bolawulo lobuzwilakhe" okanye "amandla olawulo olulawulayo", apho umgaqo-siseko uvumela ukuxilongwa kwegunya lokwexeshana ngexesha leengxaki. Ngelixesha ulawulo-siseko oluninzi luquka amalungiselelo ongxamiseko, ucelomngeni kukuqinisekisa ukuba asetyenziswa kakubi ukuchitha uvavanyo lwedemokhrasi ngokusisigxina.

Indima Yempinda Yogwebo

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lusisiseko sedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Luvumela iinkundla ukuba zihlole imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngaphakathi kwemida emiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko. Kwezinye iinkqubo (umz., iUnited States), ukuhlola okusesikweni kusetyenziswa ziinkundla eziqhelekileyo, ngoxa kwezinye (umz., iJamani, iFransi), iinkundla zomthetho-siseko ezizodwa zisingatha amatyala anjalo. Ikomiti yezomthetho iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo amancinci, igcina ukwahlulwa kwamandla, ize inike abemi inkqubo yokucel ’ umngeni urhulumente. Kodwa ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ikhokelele kwi "isenzo sobuGadio-mthetho-siseko,"umz." apho abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abanomthetho-mthetho-mthetho bawabonke bawasebenzisa umgaqo-siseko kunye neembono zabo.

Ucelomngeni Kulawulo - melo LomGaqo-siseko

Ngoxa ulawulo-melo olulawulwa ngomGaqo-siseko luzabalazela ukuphakamisa umthetho nokukhusela amalungelo abantu, alunangxaki. Iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zingasongela uzinzo nokusebenza kwezi nkqubo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ulawulo-melo oluzinzileyo luye lwafumana ukuguquka, apho amaziko edemokhrasi awohlokayo ngoxa imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ihlala ihleli.

Izisongelo Eziqhelekileyo

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Authoritarist: Unyuko lweenkokeli ezifuna ukunikela ingqalelo kumandla nokuthoba idemokhrasi, ngokufuthi ngokuhlasela ijaji, i-media, i-media, kunye nebutho labantu. Imizekelo iquka i-Hungary ne-Turkey phantsi kweenkokeli zangoku.
  • I- Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla ukuze kuzuze inzuzo yobuqu, okungaphelisa ukuthemba uluntu kurhulumente kwaye kwenze buthathaka umthetho. Amahlazo aphezulu e-profile anokuphembelela ukugxeka nokungathembi.
  • Ukwehla komthetho: ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo phakathi kwebutho labantu okuthintela intsebenziswano nokulalanisa, okukhokelela kwiqhina legridi nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Xa amaqela ejongana njengezisongelo ezikhoyo, imigaqo-siseko ingaphulwa ukuze kungenelwe abanqolobi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Diffixinformation: Ukusasazeka kolwazi olububuxoki olunokugqwetha uluvo lukawonke-wonke luze luthobe iinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ii-algorithi zezentlalo-ntle ngokuqhelekileyo zandisa intsingiselo eshukumayo nelahlekisayo, zisusa isiseko sobunyani esifunekayo kwidemokhrasi ekhutshwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungalingani koqoqosho: Ulwahlulo olukhulu kwingqwebo lungaguqulela kwinani elingafaniyo lezobupolitika, apho izityebi zinempembelelo engalinganiyo kwimigaqo ngokubhenela, ngemirhumo, igalelo, kunye nobunikazi bamajelo eendaba. Oku kungawunciphisa umgaqo wokulingana kwezobupolitika.

Ukukhuthaza Nokukhusela Ulawulo-melo lomGaqo-siseko

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo-siseko luhlala ixesha elide yaye lunempilo, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza nokukhusela imigaqo nezenzo zedemokhrasi. Oku kufuna ukuba abemi, amaziko neenkokeli baqhubeke besenza umgudu.

Izakhono Zokukhuthaza

  • Imfundo: ukufundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo kwidemokhrasi, kuquka indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, ukubaluleka komthetho, kunye nobuchule bokucinga obubalulekileyo. Imfundo ye-CUBIC kufuneka iqalise kwangoko kwaye iqhubeke ubomi bayo bonke.
  • Ukwamkelwa: Ukukhuthaza ukuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu ngovota, ngokukhuphisana noluntu, nangokubandakanyeka kwisikhundla. Ukuhlisa imiqobo ukuze uthabathe inxaxheba. "njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye nendawo zokuvota ezifikelelekayo]
  • Ityala: [ abawaphathisi amagosa karhulumente ngenxa yezenzo nezigqibo zabo ngonyulo olukhululekileyo, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye namaziko olawulo anamandla afana noombundu kunye namasebe achasene nokonakala.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Media Literance: Ukukhuthaza ukucingela nokungaqiniseki okugxekayo ngakwimithombo yolwazi, ukufundisa abemi indlela yokufanisa inkcazelo, nokuxhasa ugcino-lwazi oluzimeleyo, nomgangatho. Ubuchule bokukhetha obusemthethweni buyimfuneko kwimpilo yedemokhrasi.
  • Iziqu Zokuqinisa: Ukukhusela ukuzimela kweenkundla, iikhomishini zonyulo, kunye namalungelo abantu ekungeneleni kwezobupolitika. Ukukhuthaza la maziko kunezibonelelo ezaneleyo kunye nokuthembana kukawonke-wonke.
  • Incoko yencoko yababini: Ukwenza izithuba ukwenzela ingxoxo ehloniphekileyo ngaphaya kocalulo lwezopolitiko, olufana nokukhulula ifolokhwe kunye neendibano zabemi, ukunciphisa ukonakalisa nokufumana umhlaba owahlukileyo.

Isiphelo

Idemokhrasi yezomGaqo-siseko imele inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokulawula elungelelanisa ukuthanda kwabantu nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abo. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yabo, ukuqonda iingxaki zayo, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, abemi banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba le nkqubo ihlala inamandla kwaye isebenza kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Impilo yedemokhrasi yezomGaqo-siseko ixhomekeke kungekuphela nje kumbhalo wayo obhaliweyo kodwa kumgangatho wokuhlonela umthetho, amalungelo, nemigaqo yedemokhrasi ewuxhasayo. Njengoko umphula-mthetho wezobupolitika waseFransi uBenjani uNombolo othe ngqo, impumelelo yorhulumente okhululekileyo ixhomekeke ekuphathweni okuqhubekayo nakusebenza kobumi babantu bayo. Kwixesha lokunyuka kolawulo-orhulumente nokrwelelo lolawulo-demokhrasi, ukunikezela kwimilinganiselo yedemo-demokhrasi kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini-yonke kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela ezi zinto zilandelayo zikhoyo: Iziko lomGaqo-siseko weSizwe linikezela ngezinto zokufundisa ezibanzi kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.; Encyclopædia Britannica ukungeniswa kwedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi inika ushwankathelo olufutshane; kunye Icandelo le-International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Translation [ ivelisa iingxelo zomhlaba ngenkqubo yomgaqo-demokhrasi kunye noyilo lomgaqo-siseko.