Table of Contents

Ikhabhathi yenye yezona ntlangano zibalulekileyo kurhulumente wedemokhrasi wale mihla, ukanti abemi abaninzi abakaqondi kakuhle ngoko kukuthi kuyintoni, indlela esebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba ibalulekile. Ikhabhinethi elawulayo liqela labantu abanomsebenzi osemthethweni okanye osemthethweni wokulawula ilizwe okanye urhulumente, okanye ukucebisa intloko yesizwe, ngokuqhelekileyo kwisebe elilawulayo. Ukuqonda indima yekhabhinethi kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wabo nendlela ezizigqibo ezingundoqo ngayo izigqibo ezithi zenziwe ngayo.

Lo khokelo lubanzi luza kuhlolisisa yonke into oyifunayo malunga nekhabhathi, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo eyimbali ukuya kwimisebenzi yayo yale mihla, inkqubo yokumisa, nendlela iinkqubo zekhabhinethi ezahluke ngayo ehlabathini lonke. Enoba ungumfundi, ummi oxhalabileyo, okanye unoluvo nje ngemisebenzi karhulumente, eli nqaku liza kukunika ukuqonda okucokisekileyo kweli qumrhu likarhulumente libalulekileyo.

Yintoni IKhabhinethi?

Ikhabhathi liqela elinomsebenzi wokulawula ilizwe okanye urhulumente, okanye ukucebisa intloko yesebe eliphetheyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ephuma kwisebe, yaye amalungu abo aziwa njengabalungiseleli noonobhala kwaye basoloko bemiselwa ziintloko zikarhulumente okanye urhulumente. Ikhabhathi isebenza njengequmrhu eliyintloko lomphathi-ntloko, enoba ngumongameli, umphathi-ntlalonyeni, okanye yiyo enye intloko karhulumente.

IKhabhinethi zingumsebenzi wequmrhu elijongene nolawulo lwemini nolosuku lukarhulumente kunye nokusabela kwiziganeko ezingalindelekanga, ngelixa amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nezomthetho esebenza ngesantya esilinganiselweyo, kwiintlanganiso ngokwenkqubo ezinde. Oku kwenza ukuba ikhabhinethi ibe nesikhundla esikhethekileyo sokusingatha imicimbi engxamisekileyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ephunyezwa ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo.

Umsebenzi wekhabhathi uyahluka: kwamanye amazwe, liqumrhu elenza izigqibo elisebenzisa ikhompathimenti elinoxanduva oludibeneyo, ngelinye ixesha lingasebenza njengequmrhu lokwalathisa okanye isiko elincedisayo ekwenzeni isigqibo sorhulumente okanye intloko karhulumente. Amandla akhethekileyo kunye neembopheleleko zekhabhathi axhomekeke kakhulu kuhlobo lwenkqubo karhulumente esemgangathweni.

Isiseko SomGaqo-siseko Sezibhedlele

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, umgaqo-siseko omninzi awulikhankanyi ngokucacileyo igama elithi "cabinet". UMgaqo-siseko wase-United States awumiseli ngokucacileyo iKhabhinethi, kwaye indima yeKhabhinethi ithathwe kulwimi lweSigqibo sikaClaus (uMgaqo-siseko II, Icandelo 2, Clause 1) labaphathi-masebe abayintloko ukunikela icebiso kumongameli. Nangona lo mGaqo-siseko ungenayo imigaqo-siseko ecacileyo, ikhathe yabe iyinxenye engundoqo yolawulo oluphezulu.

Imiswe kwiGatya II, iCandelo lesi-2 loMgaqo-siseko, indima yeKhabhinethi kukucebisa uMongameli nangawuphi na umbandela asenokufuna ukuba anxulumene nemisebenzi ye-ofisi yelungu ngalinye. Lo msebenzi wokwalathisa wenza injongo engundoqo yenkqubo yekhabhinethi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zoorhulumente.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendaleko YeKhabhinethi

Ukuqonda le mbali kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba iikhabhinethi zanamhlanje zisebenze ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo.

Ulwando Lwangaphambili ENgilani

UCharles Iqala iBhunga elisesikweni "lombhinethi" ukusuka ekungeneni kwakhe ngo1625, njengoko iBhunga lakhe lePrivy, okanye "ibhunga lobuqu", kubonakala ukuba lalingeyondawo yangasese ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kokuqala okubhaliweyo kwe "cabinet" ngokwayo kusuka kumzimba onjalo kusuka ku16444, kwaye kwakhona libutshaba kwaye linxulumana eli gama kunye nezenzo ezithandabuzekayo zasemzini. Igama elithi "cabinet" ekuqaleni lalibhekisela kwigumbi elincinane, elizimeleyo apho ukumkani ebeya kudibana khona nabaxhasi abathembekileyo, kude neBhunga elikhulu lePrivy.

Iikhabhathi zale mihla zaqala ukuvela eYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-19 ekunwenwela okuthe ngcembe korhulumente womgaqo-siseko, njengoko ookumkani babesebenzise amalungu emikhosi yabo enkundla ngaphambili ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo yolawulo, kodwa ukusekwa kolawulo lomgaqo-siseko kwenza abalungiseleli bokumkani baba nemeko entsha, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokusekwa kweepalamente ezinyuliweyo ezazifuna imvume kwimicimbi yoqingqo-mali nezenzo zomthetho.

Ukudlula kweBhili yeReformation ngowe-1832 kwacacisa imigaqo emibini esisiseko karhulumente wekhabhathi: ukuba ikhabhinethi mayibe yiyo eyakhiwe kumalungu eqela okanye kwiqumrhu lezobupolitika elinoninzi kwiNdlu yamaQaqo-siseko nokuba amalungu ekhabhathi ajongene namaQumrhu ngenxa yehambo yawo karhulumente. Le migaqo iyaqhubeka ibumba iinkqubo zepalamente namhlanje.

Isithethe Secabbeard YaseMerika

UGeorge Washington, umongameli wokuqala we-United States, walungiselela abaphathi bakhe abakhulu ukuba babe yiKhabhinethi, kwaye ibiyinxalenye yesakhiwo sesebe eliphetheyo ukususela ngoko, kunye neKhabhinethi yaseWashington enamalungu amahlanu: yena ngokwakhe, unobhala weSizwe uThomas Jefferson, unobhala weTreather Hamilton, unobhala wemfazwe kaHenry Knox kunye noAttrorney General Edmundram Randolph. Oku kwamisela umzekelo wekhabhinethi yomongameli eUnited States.

Umongameli onguMongameli John Adams wayengaqukwanga kwiKhabinethi yaseWashington kuba isikhundla sasithathwa okokuqala njengegosa lowiso-mthetho (umphathi weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), kwaye ngokubhekele phaya, de kubekho isithuba kumongameli (ongazange abekho de kufe uWilliam Henry Harrison ngonyaka we-1841), kwakungaqinisekwanga ukuba umongameli ube uzakuvunyelwa ukuba akhonze njengomongameli ngexesha elichasene nolo xesha lokuqala, ngokuchasene nomongameli de kuvele unyulo olutsha.

Yintoni Eyenziwa yiKhabhinethi? Imisebenzi nemisebenzi yeCore

Ikhabhathi yenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo efunekayo ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente. Le misebenzi iyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka kwinkqubo karhulumente, kodwa eminye imisebenzi engundoqo ihlala ihambelana kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Indima Yobuxoki

Amalungu eKhabhinethi yoMongameli acebisa uMongameli ngazo zonke iingxaki ezibalulekileyo amele ajongene nazo kwaye akwakhokela amasebe kwiSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lorhulumente wethu. Le ndima idibeneyo yommeli nomlawuli yenza amalungu ekhathemethi abe nempembelelo ekhethekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo karhulumente.

Indima yeKhabhinethi yase-US kukucebisa uMongameli kwimicimbi eyahlukahlukeneyo enxulumene nee-ofisi zabo, kwaye oonobhala besebe ngalinye kulindeleke ukuba bacebise uMongameli ngqo nangayiphi na indlela asenokuyifuna. Amalungu eKhabhinethi azisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo kwiindawo zawo zoxanduva, anika umphathi oyintloko iimbono ezichaziweyo kwimibandela entsonkothileyo yenkqubo.

Uphuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo nokuHlakulelwa

Isebe leKhabhinethi lijongene nokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxa, kunye nokuphuhlisa nokumisela iinkqubo zokusingatha izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe. Oku kwenza ukuba ikhabhinethi ibe ngumatshini oyintloko imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente eguqulelwa kuwo ukuba isebenze.

Amasebe eKhabhinethi enza indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ngokunika ubuchule, ulwazi, kunye nokuncomela kuMongameli kunye neBhunga. Amalungu eKhabhinethi awaphumeleli nje kuphela imiyalelo; athatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekulungiseni iinkqubo aza kuzisebenzisa.

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, indima yekhabhathi kwinkqubela yenkqubo iphakamile kakhulu. Abalungiseleli beKhabhinethi, kuquka umphathi-mikhosi, basebenza ngophando, ukuqulunqwa, nokufaka imithetho kunye nemigaqo kwizixhobo zabo zowiso-mthetho epalamente. Oku kudibana kwemisebenzi yempatho yempatho neyowiso-mthetho kwahlula iikhathemente kwiicabha zepalamente kwiicamelo zabo zomongameli.

Ukhokelo lweSebe

Amalungu eKhabhinethi ngamalungu amiselwe kwezobupolitika kwaye asebenza ngokwamasebe awo, kwaye njengamagosa amiselweyo akhokela amasebe karhulumente, aba nobhala-masebe beKhabhinethi bangabalawuli abalawula ngokupheleleyo kwisebe labo. Eli gunya lolawulo livumela amalungu ekhabhathi ukuba alawule iinkonzo ezinkulu zesebe lawo aze aphumeze umsebenzi wawo.

Amalungu eKhabhinethi ajonge amawaka okanye amakhulu amawaka abaqeshwa, ayakwazi ukuqingqa imali eninzi, aze enze izigqibo ezichaphazela izigidi zabemi.

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo soqokelelo

Kwiinkqubo zoorhulumente abaninzi, ingakumbi ezo zepalamente, umsebenzi wekhabhathi njengombutho odibanisa izigqibo. Phantsi kwenkqubo yeWestminster, amalungu ekhabhathi angabaPhathiswa beBhunube abajongeneyo nayo yonke imithetho karhulumente, nabo bonke abalungiseleli, enoba baphezulu okanye bakwikhabhathi-bhusayithi okanye basemantla, kufuneka baxhase ekuhleni inkqubo karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuphi na amathandabuzo azimeleyo.

Amalungu eKhabhinethi angangavumelani ngokukhululekileyo ekufihlekeni kweentlanganiso zekhabhathi, kodwa xa kufikelelwe kwisigqibo, bonke banyanzelekile ukuba baxhase iinkqubo zekhabhinethi, kwiiNdlela zooSomgangatho naphambi koluntu ngokubanzi. Lo mgaqo wembopheleleko yeqela uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uthethe ngelizwi elinye, kwanaxa abalungiseleli ngabanye besenokuba neembono ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokucinga kwangaphakathi.

Akhethwa Njani Amalungu EKhabhinethi?

Inkqubo yokukhetha amalungu ekhabhinethi iyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwenkqubo karhulumente nakwilizwe elichanekileyo ekuthethwa ngalo. Ukuqonda le mahluko kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo imisebenzi yedemokhrasi.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli: Imodeli yaseUnited States

Kwinkqubo yomongameli enjengeUnited States, ukumiselwa kubandakanya amasebe alawulayo nawamagunya, nto leyo ebangela uxilongo olubalulekileyo nokulungelelana.

Eli qumrhu lokhuthazo limiselwe ngumongameli lize liqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso yaseUnited States. Umongameli unengqiqo ephangaleleyo ekukhetheni abatyunjwa, kodwa akanakubafaka eofisini.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ekubeni bemiselwa ngumongameli, bangamalungu eqela elinye lezobupolitika, kodwa isikhulu esilawulayo sikhululekile ukukhetha nabani na, kuquka amalungu eqela elichasayo, othobela icebiso kunye nokuvuma kweBhunga leNtlanganiso. Oku kuvumela oomongameli bakhe iikhabethe ezahlukeneyo eziquka amalungu eemvelaphi ezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho okanye icandelo layo kufuneka iqinisekise ukutyunjwa kwelungu lekhabhathi; oku kumane kukuyenye yee-check kunye nokulungelelana okuninzi okwakhiwa kwinkqubo yobumongameli. IBhunga leNtlanganiso libandakanya ukuva apho abatyunjwa bathandatyuzwa ngeemfaneleko zabo, iimbono zabo, kunye neempikiswano ezinokubakho zomdla.

For all the drama generated every four years by Cabinet appointments, defeat of a nominee by a vote in the Senate is extremely rare, with the only time a nominee by a new president was rejected by a Senate vote occurring in 1989, when George H.W. Bush nominated John Tower, a former senator from Texas, to be his secretary of defense.

Iinkqubo zePalamente: Imodeli yeWestminster

Iinkqubo zePalamente zilandela inkqubo eyahlukileyo yokutyunjwa ebonakalisa ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla olawulo nowiso-mthetho.

EBritane namhlanje ikhabhathi inamalungu amalunga ne15 ukuya kuma-25, okanye abalungiseleli, abatyunjwe yiNkulumbuso, naye omiselwe ngukumkani ngenxa yobuchule bokulawula uninzi lweevoti kwiiCommons. Ubuchule bomphathiswa wenkulumbuso bokwakha urhulumente buxhomekeke ekufumaneni inkxaso yepalamente.

Kumazwe alawula inkqubo yeWestminster, enjenge-United Kingdom okanye i-Ostreliya, abalungiseleli bekhabhathi bamiselwa ngokwesithethe besuka phakathi kwamalungu ahleliyo epalamente. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu ekhathemente amele aphendule kwipalamente yaye anokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zowiso-mthetho.

Le nto iphumela kwimeko apho ikhabhathi ityunjwe nge-stecoo kwaye isebenza ngokonwabisayo kwenkulumbuso, kwaye, ikhabhathi isoloko ingaphantsi ngamandla kwinkulumbuso njengokuba inokuthi ithathelwe indawo nangaliphi na ixesha, okanye ingashukunyiselwa ("emoved") kwizibuko elahlukileyo kwikhabhathi ye-reshxup ukwenzela "ukwenza umsebenzi".

Umahluko ongaphaya kwezixokelelwano ezahlukeneyo

Asingawo onke amazwe alandela nje kuphela iimodeli zomongameli okanye zepalamente. Iinkqubo zokutyunjwa zinokudilizwa zibe ngamanqanaba amathathu: ulwakhiwo, ukwenziwa, kunye nokuqinisekiswa, apho okokuqala, kukwiqonga elimisela ukuba ngubani oza kubumba urhulumente aze ameme loo mntu ukuba enze oko, ngokulandelayo, iqonga lokusekwa limisela ukuba ngubani oza kukhethwa abe ngabalungiseleli, yaye iinkqubo zokuyila zidla ngokwenziwa ngamaqela anamandla kunye nengxoxo yangasese.

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zomongameli, amalungu ekhabhathi akanako ukuhlala ehleli kunye, kunye nommisi-mthetho onikwe isikhundla sobukhabhathi, anqwenela ukusamkela, aze aqinisekiswe ngesikhundla, kufuneka arhoxe kwisihlalo sawo. Oku kugcina ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe.

Noko ke, ityala eliphakathi kulapho abalungiseleli besenokuba ngamalungu epalamente, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba babe, njengaseFinland naseSpeyin.

Ithuba kunye nokuphumelela kwamadinga

Kumazwe angama-30 anenkqubo ephakamileyo ye-GDP neyomongameli, kuphela amathathu athatha ixesha elide kune-U.S. ukugcwalisa iKhabhinethi yawo kutshintsho lwakutshanje kwintloko entsha yelizwe: Nigeria (166 iintsuku), Liberia (108) ne-South Korea (96). Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa yamaMerika inde kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nezinye idemokhrasi.

Amazwe anjengeBrazil, iChile kunye ne 14 amanye aneKhabhinethi ezilungele ukusebenza ngomhla wokunikezelwa kwegunya, kwaye amanye amazwe anika iindlu zowiso-mthetho zawo igunya lokuqinisekisa izikhundla ezingaphaya kweqela eliphetheyo, kodwa ngokungafaniyo ne-U.S., anika umongameli amandla apheleleyo okubeka amagosa awo aphezulu.

Isakhiwo SeKhabinethi YaseUnited States

IKhabhinethi yaseUnited States iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwikhabhinethi yamalungu amahlanu kaGeorge Washington. Namhlanje, sisakhiwo esikhulu kakhulu nesintsonkothileyo.

Ukwakhiwa kweKhabinethi yangoku

IKhabhinethi iquka uVikeri onguMongameli kunye neentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali - 15 — amajelo afihlakeleyo ezolimo, ezorhwebo, ezoKhuseleko, ezemfundo, ezeMgangathweni, ezeMgangathweni, ezeMpilo nezoMsebenzi, ezoKhuseleko, ezoMkhosi weMsebenzi, ezoMsebenzi, ezokuThumela, ezokuthutha, ezokuTshayo, ezeTrenter, nezoMphathi-mikhosi weAttney.

Isekela lomongameli wase-United States lisebenza kwiKhabhinethi ngomthetho. Le nto imela iinguqulelo eziphawulekayo kwiriphabliki yamandulo, xa isekela leenkokeli beli qela lingagqalwa njengenxalenye yekhabhinethi.

Izikhundla zeCabinet

Ngaphaya kwe-15 yamasebe alawulayo, ezinye iindawo eziliqela zinganikwa umgangatho wekhabhinethi kwisigqibo somongameli. Ezinye iindawo eziqwalaselwayo kumgangatho weKhabhinethi ziquka iWhite House Nkulu yaseStaff, i-Ofisi yoKhuselo lweNkathi yezeNkathi (EPA), i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, i-United States Tradestrate, i-Univation to the United States, iBhunga le-Ecomputer Adviser, kunye noLawulo oluncinci lweshishini, kwaye ngoxa la macandelo engekho buchule kwisebe labo, abalawuli bentloko bafumana umgangatho weKhabhinethi.

Ulungelelwaniso lwempumelelo

Iintloko zamasebe aphetheyo zifanelekile, ukuba zifanelekile, kumgca womongameli wokulandelelana, othe waphezulu welungu lekhabhinethi (emva komxhasi womongameli) ukuba ngunobhala wesizwe, okwisine kulandelelwano kumongameli, olandela isekela lomongameli, isithethi seNdlu yabameli nomongameli weProfesi yeNdlu yeNtsimbi. Lo myalelo wokulandelela ubonakalisa ukubaluleka kwembali nobukhulu besikhundla sekabhinethi.

Imizekelo yamasebe eKhabinethi kunye nemisebenzi yawo

Isebe ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo ezithetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwesizwe. Ukuqonda oko la masebe akwenzayo kunceda abemi baqonde indlela urhulumente abuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

ISebe likaRhulumente

ISebe leMicimbi yaMazwe angaphandle, eli sebe lisingatha imicimbi enxulumene nolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe lamazwe angaphandle. ISebe leLizwe lilawula ulwalamano lwezobuzwe namanye amazwe, lithethana, likhusela abemi baseMerika kwamanye amazwe. Liqhuba izivumelwano kunye nokusebenza kwemibutho yamazwe angaphandle ehlabathini lonke kwaye liphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulolongeni ulwalamano lwamaMelika namanye amazwe.

ISebe loNondyebo

Ikhokelwa nguNobhala weTreasure, iSebe leNkcitho yezezimali lisingatha ukuveliswa kwemali eUnited States kwaye kwakhona lilawula amatyala kawonke-wonke, imithetho yemali nerhafu, kunye nemigaqo-siseko yezemali. ISebe lezemali linembopheleleko yokuqokelela irhafu, ukulawula ingeniso karhulumente, nokuphatha izibonelelo zemali zelizwe. Lidlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho neyomgaqo wemali.

Isebe lokhuselo

ISebe lokhuselo----* elinqunywe ngunobhala woMkhosi, `Ilungu lokhuseleko''. Ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kwimicimbi enxulumene nokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye neMikhosi yeUnited States exhobileyo. Eli lisebe elikhulu leekhabhathi ngabasebenzi noqingqo-mali, ukuvelela umkhosi, umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi, umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMkhosi weSibhaka-ma. ISebe lokhuselo loMkhosi lijongenembopheleleko kumsebenzi womkhosi, inkqubo yokhuselo, inkqubo yokhuseleko, kunye nokukhusela izilangazelelo zikazwe.

ISebe leMithetho eLuntu

IAttorney General iyintloko yeSebe leJaji kwaye isebenza njengegqwetha eliyintloko kuRhulumente wase-U.S., limela lize lijonge ilizwe kuyo yonke imicimbi engokwasemthethweni, kwaye iAttorney jikelele ijonge zonke iindawo zeSebe leJaji (DOJ), kuquka iFederal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), iDrug Ercement Administration (DEA), kunye neSebe leJaji lilawula iBhabhini leeNtolongo. ISebe leMithetho linyazisa umthetho karhulumente, liwisa ityala lequmrhu, liqinisekisa ukulawulwa ngokusesikweni.

ISebe lezemfundo

Unobhala wemfundo ujonge iSebe lemfundo, amaqumrhu amancinane kunawo onke eKhabhinethi, kunye nabasebenzi bakhe abangama-4 400 banomthwalo wokusasaza uncedo lwemali lwemfundo, ukuqokelela nokusasaza ulwazi nophando olunxulumene nezikolo, nokuphelisa ucalucalulo kwizikolo. Nangona kunjalo, imfundo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo yemfundo nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba ingeniso elinganayo.

ISebe lamandla

Unobhala wamandla ujonge ukuveliswa kwamandla nenkqubo yesizwe, ukuphuhliswa kwenyukliya — kuquka izixhobo zenyukliya kunye neenkqubo zesixhobo sokugcina amandla emfazwe — kunye neenkqubo zokulondoloza amandla. ISebe lezenyukliya lilawula izixhobo zenyukliya zelizwe, likhuthaza ubuchule bombane, kwaye lenza uphando lwenzululwazi olunxulumene nokuveliswa kwamandla nokusetyenziswa kwawo.

ISebe lezeLimo

Njengentloko yeSebe lezolimo, unobhala wezolimo ujonge iziko elinikezelwe ekuveliseni ukutya, ukuthengisa nokuvelisa, ukhuseleko lokutya nokukhuselwa kobuncwane bendalo, kwaye iSebe Lezehlathi lase-United States liyisebe elikhulu, elijongene neehektare ezili-193 lezigidi zamahlathi nezityalo. ISebe lezolimo lixhasa abalimi, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kokutya, kwaye lilawula amazwe amakhulu kawonke-wonke.

ISebe loKhuseleko lwaMakhaya

UGeorge W. Bush ephendula kuhlaselo lwe-11 kuSeptemba lwe-World Trade Center, i-DHS yeyesithathu kwi-ofisi yeKhabhinethi enkulu, isingatha imicimbi yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke efana nobugrogrisi, ukuthintelwa kwentlekele, ukhuseleko lwezekhompyutha, ukhuseleko lwemida kunye nokufuduka. Ukhuseleko lwasekhaya lumela elinye lamasebe amatsha eekhabhinethi, enziwe ukuphendula iingozi zokhuseleko kwinkulungwane yama-21.

ISebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zoLuntu

ISebe lezempilo nezoluntu lijonge iinkqubo ezichaphazela impilo nentlalo-ntle yamaMedicare, kuquka iMedicaid, iziko lokuLawula nelokuthintela izifo (CDC), iFood and Drug Administration (FDA), kunye neZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo (NIH). Eli sebe linendima ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu, kuphando lwezamayeza, nakungenelela kwezonyango.

Amanye amasebe abalulekileyo

Amasebe aseleyo ekhabhathi aquka:

  • Isebe lorhwebo: likhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukwenziwa komsebenzi, kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo
  • Isebe lezindlu nophuhliso lwezixeko zedolophu: idilesi zendlu ezifunekayo kunye nophuhliso
  • IMPAWU yeMbindi: Ilawula amazwe olawulo, ubuncwane bendalo, kunye nolwalamano nezizwe zamaMelika amaNaranka aseMelika
  • Isebe lemisebenzi: Ikhusela amalungelo abasebenzi, ikhuthaza ukhuseleko emsebenzini, kwaye ivelela iinkqubo zemisebenzi
  • Isebe lezothutho: lijonga ngaphezulu izibonelelo zezothutho nezokhuseleko lwelizwe
  • Isebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko: Linikela iinkonzo neengenelo kumava omkhosi

Inkqubo yeKhabhinethi yePalamente

Umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwenkqubo yomongameli neyasepalamente uyichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela iikhabhathi ezisebenza ngayo nolwalamano lwazo namanye amasebe karhulumente.

Ukwahlukana. Ushenxiso lwamagunya

Ngoxa iinkqubo zomongameli zixhomekeke ekuhlukaneni kwamagunya ukuze kumiselwe igunya likarhulumente, iinkqubo zepalamente zixhomekeke ekumanyaneni kwamasebe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagunya ezobupolitika ayaqhubeka elawula, yaye amapolisa alawulayo kwiinkqubo zepalamente afunyanwa ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokumisela ulungiselelo neenkqubo zokususa.

Phantsi kwemfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya eUnited States, ikhabhathi ephantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente iyinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo, yaye ukongezelela ekunikeleni amaqela awo esebe elilawulayo, amalungu ekhabhathi amele acebise intloko karhulumente kwimimandla ekwimo yeliso lawo.

Igunya lokwenza izigqibo

Ngokomthetho, phantsi kweentlobo zombini zenkqubo, uguquko lweWestminster lwenkqubo yepalamente kunye nenkqubo yomongameli, ikhabhathi "amavise" intloko yorhulumente: umahluko ngowokuba, kwinkqubo yepalamente, umlawuli, umongameli, okanye umongameli wesithethe uza kulandela eli cebiso phantse ngamaxesha onke, nangona, kwinkqubo yobumongameli, umongameli naye oyintloko karhulumente kunye ninkokeli yezobupolitika angaphambuka kwicebiso lekhabhinethi ukuba abavumelani nayo.

Kwinkqubo yomongameli, umongameli uhlala enegunya elipheleleyo lokwenza izigqibo kwaye angakhetha ukulityeshela icebiso lekhabhinethi. Kwinkqubo zepalamente, ikhathene ngokwayo isebenza njengelungu lokuqala lokwenza izigqibo, umphathiswa wephondo usebenza kuqala phakathi kwabalinganayo kunanjengegunya eliphakamileyo.

Umatshini onokuphendula

Abalungiseleli beKhabhinethi bajongene namasebe abo, kodwa ikhabhathi iyonke iza kuphendula kwiPalamente ngezenzo zayo, kwaye amalungu ayo ngamanye kufuneka akulungele ukukhusela imigaqo yekhabhinethi. Oku kuphendulana kubandakanya iinkqubo zepalamente.

Ukuphulukana nevoti yokuthembeka okanye ukoyiswa kwemithetho engundoqo kwiZiko kungathetha ukuwa kwekhabhinethi enegunya kunye nokurhoxa komanyano lwamalungu ayo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ikhabhathi igcine inkxaso yepalamente kwaye ingakhokelela kutshintsho lukarhulumente ngaphandle kokulinda unyulo olucwangcisiweyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikhabhathi zomongameli azinalo uvavanyo lokuthembeka. Zimiselwa ngoko zize zisebenze ngokonwabela intloko karhulumente kwaye ngoko zingaphantsi ngokunamandla kumongameli njengoko zinokuthathelwa indawo nangaliphi na ixesha. Amalungu ekhabhinethi ngamanye angasuswa, kodwa urhulumente ephela akanakuwa ukuba inkqubo ethile iyangaphumeleli.

Indima YeKhabhinethi Kumazwe Ahlukeneyo

Ngoxa ingcamango esisiseko yekhabhathi ikho kulawulo - melo oluninzi, ukuphumeza okuthile kuyahluka kumazwe ngamazwe.

I-United Kingdom

Amalungu eKhabhinethi onke kufuneka abe ngamalungu ePalamente, njengoko kufuneka abe yiNkulumbuso, kunye namalungu entloko yekhabhinethi amasebe ayintloko karhulumente, okanye umsebenzi, njengoMcimbi weMicimbi Yasekhaya, weMicimbi yaMany, kunye neExchequer (indlela). Inkqubo yeBritane yeBhabhinethi isebenza njengomzekelo wedemokhrasi yenkcam-pala yephondo elinguWestminster ehlabathini lonke.

Ikhabhathi yenza umsebenzi wayo omkhulu ngekomiti ekhokelwa ngumlungiseleli ngamnye, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo konke kulungelelaniswe yiSecretariat, eyilwe ngabasebenzi belizwe abasebenzayo, kwaye ikhabhathi idla ngokudibana kwindlu yenkulumbuso esemthethweni kwi10 Domining Street eLondon.

Amazwe aManyeneyo

Amanye amazwe ahlukeneyo angamalungu eCommonwealth, ingakumbi i-Indiya, iKhanada, i-Australia ne-New Zealand, agcina iinkqubo zekhabhinethi zikarhulumente ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nezo zaveliswa eBritane. La mazwe aye avumela iWestminster ukuba ilungelelanise imimiselo yawo yomgaqo-siseko ngeli lixa egcina imigaqo esisiseko karhulumente wepalamente.

Ilizwekazi LaseYurophu

Kwilizwekazi laseYurophu ibhunga leekhabhinethi, okanye iibhunga labalungiseleli, ngokufanayo laba yinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo karhulumente wepalamente, nangona kwakuneyantlukwano ethile kwinkqubo yamaBritane, yaye iikhabhinethi zale mihla zaqala ukuvela eYurophu ebudeni benkulungwane ye - 19 ekusasazekeni korhulumente womGaqo-siseko. Iinkqubo zekhabhinethi zaseYurophu zidla ngokuba neendawo ezimanyeneyo apho amaqela amaninzi asabelana khona kwimibutho yecabhate.

Iinkqubo zokuKhetha zokuThelekisa

Ngokomzekelo, iJamani, i-United Kingdom ne-Britane zinoluhlu olucwangcisiweyo lwabamiselwe kwiKhabhinethi abalungele ukuqwalaselwa ngomhla wokunikezelwa kwegunya. Oku kuhambelana kakhulu nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ende yamaMerika kwaye kubonisa amalungiselelo awahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika.

Iintlanganiso zeKhabhinethi kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo

Indlela iikhabhathi eziqhuba ngayo ishishini lazo ngokwenene iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo karhulumente nakwizinto ezikhethwa ngumphathi oyintloko.

Ubuninzi kunye nobume beentlanganiso

IKhabhinethi idibana nomongameli kwigumbi leKhabhinethi elimelene neOval ofisi yeNtshona kwiWiking yeHolo kaWhite, kunye nomongameli usihlalo iintlanganiso kodwa engelolungu leKhabhinethi. Ubuninzi beentlanganiso zekhabhinethi buyehluka ngolawulo, abanye oomongameli bahlanganisa rhoqo ngekhabhinethi yabo epheleleyo kunye nabanye abakhetha iintlanganiso ezincinane ezineentloko zesebe ezinxulumene nayo.

Nangona, ngokwengcamango, zonke izigqibo zekhabhathi zithatyathwa liqumrhu, kuqheliselwa izigqibo ezininzi zinikezelwa kwiikomiti ezahlukeneyo ezingaphantsi zekhabhathi, ezinikela ingxelo kwikhabhathi epheleleyo kwiziphumo zayo kunye nezicelo. Le nkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukuqwalaselwa okuthe kratya kwemiba entsonkothileyo.

Indima YoMongameli okanye uMphathiswa

Nakubeni kufuneka kwenziwe isivumelwano kunye nezenzo ezidibeneyo kwikhabhathi, amandla aphezulu okwenza izigqibo asemagunyeni njengenkokeli yeqela. Kwanakwiinkqubo zepalamente ezinoxanduva lwequlunethi, umphathi-nkulu usoloko enempembelelo enkulu kwizigqibo zekhabhinethi.

Ukususela ekulawuleni kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, uMongameli we-United States uye wasebenza ngokufuthi ngeofisi yakhe yegunya elilawulayo okanye ngeBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe kunokuba asebenze ngekhabhinethi njengoko kwakunjalo kubaphathi bangaphambili. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kukarhulumente nemfuno yomongameli yecebiso elikhethekileyo elingaphaya koko amasebe esebe esebe angakunika.

Imfihlelo Nemfihlelo YeKhabhinethi

Amaqhinga eKhabhinethi adla ngokuyimfihlo, avumela amalungu ukuba athethe ngokukhululekileyo kwaye athethe ngemibandela ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke. Oku kuyimfihlo kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zepalamente apho imbopheleleko edityanisiweyo ifuna bonke abalungiseleli ukuba baxhase ekuhleni izigqibo nokuba abavumelani ngasese ngethuba leengxubusho zekhabhinethi.

Amandla Nempembelelo Yamalungu EKhabinethi

Amalungu eKhabhinethi anamandla nempembelelo enkulu, nangona umlinganiselo wahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo karhulumente, kwisebe elithile, kunye nolwalamano lomntu nomphathi oyintloko.

Igunya lolawulo

Oonobhala beKhabinethi banegunya elipheleleyo lolawulo kumasebe abo. Bangakhupha imimiselo, benze izigqibo zabasebenzi, banike oovimba, bamisele izinto eziphambili kwisiseko somthetho kunye nolwalathiso oluphezulu. Eli gunya lolawulo libavumela ukuba bafezekise inkqubo ngendlela ebalulekileyo.

Impembelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo

Ngaphandle kwendima yabo esesikweni, amalungu ekhabhathi angaphembelela inkqubo ngobuchule bawo, ulwalamano lwawo nomphathi oyintloko, ukuma kwawo namaqela abantu abanomdla ofanelekileyo, kunye namandla awo okuququzelela amasebe awo. Amalungu ekhabhathi asebenzayo aba ngabadlali abaphambili ekulungiseni ucwangciso lolawulo kwimimandla yawo yoxanduva.

Umelo lukawonke-wonke

Amalungu eKhabhinethi asebenza njengobuso basesidlangalaleni bamasebe awo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo. Anikela ubungqina phambi kweekomiti zemithetho, anikela iintetho, adla ngokudla ngoluvo lwezentengiso, kwaye amela urhulumente kwimicimbi kawonke wonke. Le ndima kawonke-wonke iwenza abe ngabanxibelelanisi ababalulekileyo benkqubo karhulumente nabakhuseli bezigqibo zolawulo.

Imida Kumandla EKhabhinethi

Amasebe angenawo amandla okulawula awawo, kodwa sebenza ngokusondeleyo kuMongameli kwaye unembopheleleko yokunika imiyalelo ethile ethetha kwiimfuno zabantu baseMelika. Amalungu eKhabhinethi afumana igunya lawo kumphathi oyintloko kwaye kufuneka asebenze phakathi kwemiqathango engokwasemthethweni neyomGaqo-siseko.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ulawulo olusemthethweni lweKhabhinethi

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, iikhabhathi zilawulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo yaye zimele ziphendulwe ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba zilawulwa ngendlela ebekek ’ iliso.

Ukungqinelana NeBhunga Leentlokoma EUnited States

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeSebe isebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola igunya lomongameli. Abaququzeleli bangathandabuza ngeemfaneleko zabo, iimbono zenkqubo, iimpikiswano ezinokuba ngumdla, kunye nezicwangciso zamasebe abo. Le nkqubo ivumela isebe lowiso-mthetho ukuba lihlolisise ukumiselwa kolawulo oluphezulu ngaphambi kokuba lithathe isikhundla.

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba uyamiselwa ngumzekelo omkhulu wenkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwano karhulumente wethu, yaye ngeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNyanga zokuqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, isebe lethu lowiso-mthetho linendima ebalulekileyo ekumiselweni komongameli.

Ulawulo lomthetho oluqhubekayo

Emva kokuqinisekiswa, amalungu ekhabhathi ahlala ephantsi kolawulo lowiso-mthetho. Kufuneka anikele ubungqina phambi kweekomiti zequmrhu, aphendule kwiimibuzo, anike iingxelo, athethelele uqingqo-mali lwesebe lawo kunye nemisebenzi yalo. Oku kuvelela okuqhubekayo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba kumele kujoliswe kwaye kuvumele abamisi-mthetho abalawulayo ukuba bajonge imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.

Imibuzo Nezibongozo Zokukholosa ZasePalamente

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, abameli bobukhabhathi kufuneka baphendule rhoqo imibuzo epalamente, bakhusele iinkqubo zabo kwiingxoxo, bagcine intembeko yepalamente. Isisongelo sovoti engakholelekiyo sinika inkqubo enamandla yokubamba ikhabhathi ityala.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Indlu yowiso-mthetho isenokususa ilungu lekhabhathi kwinkqubo edla ngokuba nzima ukuthobela. Nangona inqabile ukusetyenziswa, ukuphembelela kunika inkqubo esemthethweni yokususa amagosa ekhabhathi abandakanyeke kwihambo engafanelekanga.

Iindima Ezikhethekileyo: Umongameli onguMongameli noMphathiswa

Ezinye izikhundla zekhabhathi zineempawu ezizohlukileyo ezahlulayo kwiintloko zesebe.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Ilungu elilelodwa lomphathi-mikhosi elivotelweyo, isekela lomongameli, lilungu lesibini elikwisikhundla esiphezulu sikarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kwaye isekela lomongameli likwasebenza njengomongameli weBhunga, onikwe amandla okuvota amaqhina olwaphulo-mthetho. Indima yesekela lomongameli edityanisiweyo njengegosa elilawulayo negosa elilawula imithetho yenza le ndawo ikhetheke.

Ukongezelela, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu lugunyazisa isekela lomongameli, kunye nenkoliso yeentloko zamasebe aphetheyo, ukuvakalisa umongameli "ongenakukwazi ukukhupha amagunya nemisebenzi yeofisi yakhe". Oku kunika isekela lomongameli kunye nekhatheknoloji indima engokomGaqo-siseko ekuthetheni ngogxamente.

IAttorney Jikelele

I-Attorney Jikelele inendawo evakalayo njengelungu elinovelwano njengekhabhathi kamongameli kunye negosa eliyintloko lomthetho wesizwe. Le ndima idibeneyo ingadala ungquzulwano xa kuqwalaselwa ngokusemthethweni nokungavisisani nokhetho lwezopolitiko, ifuna iAttorney jikelele ukuba igcine inkululeko xa isebenza kulawulo lwezobupolitika.

Iinkalo Ezingafaniyo ZeKhabhinethi nomelo

Iikhabhathi zale mihla zibonisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokumela iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo kuquka ubufanasini, uhlanga, uhlanga, imvelaphi yengingqi namava obugcisa.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Iingxaki Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ikhabhathi eyahlukeneyo ingazisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo, imela ngokulunge ngakumbi abemi abalawulwayo, iphucule ukufaneleka kwezigqibo zikarhulumente. Intlobo-ntlobo zeKhabhinethi zikwathumela imiyalezo ebalulekileyo efuzisela ukubandakanywa kwamathuba alinganayo kwinkonzo karhulumente.

Inkqubela Yembali

IKhabhinethi iye yavela ngendlela ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Iikhabhathi zamandulo zaseMerika zazinamadoda amhlophe kuphela, kodwa imiqobo iye yaphela ngokuthe ngcembe. Ilungu lokuqala lekhabhinethi lamiselwa ngo1933, iMelika yokuqala yaseAfrika ngowe-1966, yaye amashumi eminyaka alandelayo aye abona ukwanda kolwahluka-hluka-hlukeneyo kwiimilinganiso ezininzi.

Ukuxhalabisa

Oomongameli kunye neentloko-mikhosi zale mihla basoloko bejamelene nengcinezelo yokumisela iikhabhathi ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa indlela amazwe abo akhiwe ngayo. Noko ke, iingqwalasela ezahlukahlukeneyo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe nezinye izinto ezifana nobuchule, amava, iingqwalasela zezobupolitika, kunye nemfuneko yokwakha ulwalamano olunempumelelo lokusebenza.

Iicabhagu Neepolitiki Ezingafunwayo

Ikhabhathi yesithunzi inamalungu aphambili, okanye ii-adebender, zeqela lenkcaso, ezisoloko ziphethe abagxeki abakwindawo engaphambili "abahloniphi" abalungiseleli bekhabhathi, bebuza izigqibo zabo kunye nemigaqo esetyenziswayo, kwamanye amazwe, abameli besithunzi babizwa njengabathethi.

Iikhabhathi zesithunzi zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zepalamente yeWestminster. Zivumela amaqela achaseneyo ukuba aphuhlise ezinye iinkqubo zemithetho, alungiselele ukulungiselela urhulumente onokuba ngurhulumente, kwaye anikele ukugxekwa okucwangcisiweyo komsebenzi karhulumente. Amalungu ekhabhathi yesithunzi asoloko esiba ngabalungiseleli bekhabhathi-bhate ukuba iqela lawo lifumana igunya.

Amaqela okukhuthaza ngokwethutyana: IiKhabhinethi zasekhitshini

Le nkqubo iphindaphindiwe kumaxesha akutshanje, njengoko iinkokeli ziye zavakalelwa kukuba kufuneka ibe neKhabhinethi yasekhitshini okanye "yofa urhulumente". Igama elithi "ikhabhinethi" libhekisela kubasebenzi abangacwangciswanga abanokuba nempembelelo enkulu kumphathi-ntloko kodwa bangabi nazikhundla ezisemthethweni kwikhabhathi esesikweni.

Amakhabhinethi asekhitshini angaquka abahlobo bobuqu, iingcali zezobupolitika, amalungu entsapho, okanye abaxhasi abathembekileyo abavela ngaphandle korhulumente. Ngelixesha bengenagunya elisesikweni, aba basebenzi abangacwangciswanga ngamanye amaxesha banokuba nempembelelo enkulu ekwenzeni izigqibo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphendula nokubonakala.

Imali yeKhabhinethi noMrhumo

NgoJanuwari 2025, umgangatho wentlawulo yam wonyaka wamiselwa ngee $50,600, kunye nomvuzo wonyaka wesekela lomongameli ufumana ii-R44 600. Oonobhala beKhabhinethi bafumana imbuyekezo esezantsi phantsi kweShedyuli enoLawulo oluPhezulu, enika utshintsho oluzenzekelayo oluzenzekelayo lwexabiso lobomi.

Umgangatho womvuzo wamiselwa nguMthetho we-Rhulumente Salary Reformation ka-1999, onika iindleko ezizenzekelayo zokulungisa ubomi babasebenzi borhulumente. Esi sakhiwo somrhumo sinomgangatho ophantsi sinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba intlawulo isekelwe kwisigxina kunokuba isekelwe kucalucalulo lwezobupolitika.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nezi Khabhinethi Zanamhlanje

Iikhabhathi zexesha elizayo zijamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezichaphazela amandla azo okusebenza kakuhle nokunceda abantu.

Ukwanda Kobuntsonkotha

Urhulumente uye waba ntsonkothe kakhulu kunangaphambili. Amasebe eKhabhinethi alawula izakhiwo ezinkulu, aphumeze imimiselo entsonkothileyo, athethe ngemigaqo emininzi efuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Oku kuntsonkotha kunokwenza kube nzima ngamalungu ekhathemethi ukuba agcine ulawulo olunempumelelo kumasebe awo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Kulawulo-melo oluninzi, ukwanda kolawulo-bume lwezopolitiko kwenza kube nzima ukuba iikhabhinethi zakhe ukuvumelana, zisebenze namaqela aphikisanayo, kunye nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezinandiphe inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Izahlulo zamarhafu zingenza inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ikhokelele kwizithuba ezithe kratya kwiindawo eziphambili.

Iinkqubo Zoqinisekiso Zobude

Nangona inkqubo yoqinisekiso yase-U.S. yomeleza inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukulibaziseka kokuqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi kungaphembelela abasebenzi kunye nobuchule bolawulo oluzayo bokulawula. Izithuba ezandisiweyo kwiindawo zekhabhinethi zinokuphazamisa urhulumente osebenzayo kwaye zishiye iindawo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo ngaphandle kokhokelo.

Ubuchule Bokugcina Imali

Iindawo zeKhabhinethi zifuna ubuchule bezobupolitika kunye nobuchule obuncinci. Ukufumana abantu abanazo zombini iimpawu, abakulungeleyo ukulungiselela, bangaphumelela, kwaye bengakwazi ukumelana neengxabano ezingelulo lwenzala kunokuba lucelomngeni. Ucango olujikelezayo phakathi korhulumente nommandla wabucala lunyusa inkxalabo eyongezelelekileyo ngeenkxalabo zomdla kunye nokubanjwa komthetho.

Ikamva Likarhulumente WeKhabhinethi

Njengokuba ulawulo lusiba lucelomngeni oluguqukayo, iinkqubo zekhabhathi ziyaqhubeka ziqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye nolindelo.

Utshintsho Lobugcisa

Ubugcisa obudibanisayo budala ucelomngeni olutsha olusenokungangeni kakuhle kwizakhiwo zesebe ezikhoyo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nentsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Imingeni emininzi yanamhlanje .ukusuka ekutshintsheni kwimozulu kutshintsho kwizifo ezimandundu kwintsebenziswano yezoqoqosho .

Imfuno zokuBalulekileyo nokuXongo

Abahlali balindele ukuba abasebenzi bafumane ingcebiso engakumbi kumsebenzi karhulumente nokuziphendulela kumagosa karhulumente. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo kwiinkqubo zekhabhinethi ezivulekileyo, nangona kufuneka lulungelelaniswe nemfuneko yokuzicingela ngokufihlakeleyo kwimicimbi engxamisekileyo.

Izakhiwo zesebe elijikelezayo

Isakhiwo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamasebe eKhabhinethi kuye kwatyhileka ukubonakalisa utshintsho kumsebenzi neembopheleleko zikarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kwaye njengoko indima karhulumente wesizwe iye yanda, kuye kwasekwa amasebe amatsha eKhabhinethi ukuze kulungiswe izinto eziphambili ezivelayo, ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle. Le ndaleko iya kuqhubeka ivela njengemingeni emitsha kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inyameko YeKhabhinethi Kubemi

Kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ikhabhathi ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela.

Ulongiso

Xa abemi be-vote yoomongameli, oobhishophu abaphambili, okanye amalungu epalamente, baye ngandlel ’ ithile baphembelela abo baza kusebenza kwikhathementi. Ukuqonda iindima zekhatheminali neembopheleleko zobugcisa kunceda abavoti benze ukhetho olunolwazi ngakumbi ngamaqela abaza kuthabatha inxaxheba.

Ukuphendula nokulawula

Abemi banokuphendula kuphela ukuba bayayiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo. Ukwazi ukuba ngubani obeke ityala kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yezomgaqo-nkqubo kuvumela abemi ukuba balathise inkxalabo yabo kumagosa afanelekileyo baze baqwalasele ukusebenza kukarhulumente ngokunempumelelo.

Ubungqina

Ukuqonda izakhiwo neenkqubo zekhabhinethi kwenza ukuba abemi abazaziyo izigqibo ezenziwayo babe nenxaxheba ngakumbi kwiingxoxo zikawonke wonke, badibane namagosa afanelekileyo, baze bathethele izilangazelelo nemilinganiselo yabo.

Umthetho Wedemokhrasi

Xa abemi bewaqonda amaziko karhulumente asisiseko afana nekhabhathi, banokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela asebenza ngayo idemokhrasi, bayiqonde xa esebenza kakuhle okanye ingasebenzi kakuhle, baze babe nenxaxheba ngendlela enenjongo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Indima esemgangathweni yeKhabhinethi kuLawulo lweDemokhrasi

Ikhabhathi ime njengenye yamaziko abalulekileyo kurhulumente wedemokhrasi wale mihla. Enoba isebenza njengequmrhu elikhuthaza ulawulo lweenkqubo zomongameli okanye njengegunya elisembindini lokwenza izigqibo kwiinkqubo zepalamente, iikhabhathi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo, ekuzalisekisweni, nasekuphatheni ulawulo.

Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo engokwembali kumabhunga ookumkani ukuya kumboniso wale mihla kwidemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, ikhabhathi iye yaguquka ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zolawulo ezitshintshileyo ngelixa igcina imisebenzi engundoqo yecebiso, ulawulo, kunye nengcebiso elimanyeneyo. Amalungu eKhabhinethi azisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo kwiingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zenkqubo, akhokela amasebe amakhulu karhulumente, kwaye asebenza njengamakhonkco angundoqo phakathi kwesebe elilawulayo noluntu.

Ukuqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo iikhabhathi, indlela esebenza ngayo, nendlela ezahluke ngayo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente kunika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo idemokhrasi. Inkqubo yokumisa, enoba ngogunyaziso lomongameli kunye noqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso okanye ngokhetho lwepalamente, ibonakalisa imigaqo esisiseko emalunga nolwahlulo okanye ukudityaniswa kwamandla orhulumente kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba umele uphendule ngetyala.

Njengoko imingeni yolawulo ikhula intsonkothileyo kwaye idibene, iikhabhathi kufuneka ziqhubeke zilungelelanisa izinto zazo ezibalulekileyo. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kobuchule kunye nokuphendulana kwezobupolitika, phakathi kweqhinga eliyimfihlo nokubonakala koluntu, kunye noxanduva lweziqu zesebe kunye noxanduva oluphakathi kweqela luselubala urhulumente wekhabhathi osebenzayo.

Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente wabo baze babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ulwazi lwenkqubo yekhabhathi lubalulekile. Ngokuqonda owenza ikhabhathi, indlela amalungu akhethwa ngayo, iimbopheleleko abanazo, nendlela abanokuphendula ngayo, abemi banokuyivavanya kakuhle inkqubela karhulumente, babe nenxaxheba kwintetho yezobupolitika enolwazi oluthe kratya, baze basebenzise amalungelo abo olawulo lwedemokhrasi neembopheleleko zabo.

Ikhabhathi ayisoloko itsala ingqalelo yoluntu ngendlela enokwenziwa ngayo lunyulo okanye amadabi emithetho, kodwa umsebenzi wayo uchaphazela ngokunzulu ubomi babemi yonke imihla. Ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kwimfundo, ukususela kwinkxalabo yempilo-ntle ukuya kukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, amasebe esebe aphumeza iinkqubo ezibumba ibutho labantu. Ngoko ke ukuqonda eli lungiselelo libalulekileyo akuyomfuneko nje yemfundo kodwa yimfuno esebenzisekayo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba ngummi ofundiswa nowathwele idemokhrasi.

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nobume bukarhulumente kunye nemfundo yoluntu, tyelela izibonelelo ezifana ne USA.gov's isikhokelo kumasebe karhulumente okanye uphando lwezinto zokufundisa ezivela kwimibutho efana ne ii-ivicts [ iprojekthi, enika izibonelelo zemfundo ezibanzi.