Yintoni I-pilibuster? Inkcazelo Nenkqubo Yobugcisa Bekhompyutha

I-filbuster liqhinga le-procedtura elisetyenziswa kwiBhunga leNtsimbi ye-United States ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala ukuvota kwityala, ukurhoxiswa, okanye ukutyunjwa. Lilungelo elisisiseko ukuqhubeka nokuthetha, kwaye alifumaneki kwimbali epheleleyo ye-U.S. endaweni yoko, i-Palibster yi-authompli yemithetho yeBhunga, ithetha ukuba "ukungabikho kwendlela yokuvota" okanye "isantya" okanye "i-frefreatboot," echaza kakuhle inyathelo eliqhelekileyo lokuthetha ukuba i-prograclate.

Kuhlobo lwayo olulula, i-filbuster ivumela i-senator enye okanye iqela lee-senetator ukuba lithintele iceba lomthetho ekufikeleleni kwivoti yokugqibela. Ngenxa yokuba iBhunga lendlu yezindlu lizingca ngokuba "ngumzimba omkhulu wehlabathi," ngokuqhelekileyo livumeleke kwingxoxo engenasiphelo. I-Preciousster isebenzisa le sithethe. Ukuqonda imeko yangoku ye-filikbuster, omnye kufuneka aqale ahlule phakathi kwendlela yalo yodidi lwakudala neyangoku, njengoko zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo.

"Incoko" FIBUster vs. "Silent" Filibuster

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lusoloko lunamathela ku "luthetha ngendawo encinane," umfanekiso oxhaphakileyo yifilimu . USmith Goes ukuya eWashington. Kulo guqulelo, isifekethisi kufuneka sibambe umgangatho ngokuthetha rhoqo. Abakwazi ukuhlala phantsi, ukushiya igumbi, okanye ukunqumama ngaphezu kwemizuzwana embalwa. Eli cebo lidinisa kakhulu, uwonke-wonke, kwaye lifuna isalathisi sonyanzelo ukuba sibe nonyamezelo olugqithisileyo. I-Famonsters iquka iSteroms Syrom Hovermond eyiyure eyi24 ne 18-min ntetho echasene nomthetho ka-1959 kunye ne-Senselfma's Dama's yure eziphikisana nengxelo yomlomo womlomo ochasene nomlomo.

Noko ke, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeManyano azifane zifune iNdlu yeNdlu eNxulumanisa. Endaweni yoko, isebenza phantsi kwe "i-finbuster engenanto" okanye "i-i-palebuliast" phantsi kwale nkqubo, umphathi-ndlu akafuni ukubamba umgangatho. Basuka nje babonakalise ukungavumelani kwabo nokuqhubeka bevota. IBhunga leNtsimbi yeQela liyiNqamla, esazi ukuba ikho endaweni yayo, ayisayi kuzisa ityala phantsi ngaphandle kokuba beneevoti ezingama-60 ukucela ihlwisana. I-eno inokuhamba ukuya kwelinye ishishini xa isibalo sokhuphiso. Olu khuphiso lusezantsi lusisizathu esiphambili sokusetyenziswa kwe-ivilibster kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo.

Ibala: Indlela Ekuphela Kweyokuma Ifilibuster

Indlela esesikweni yokwaphula i-filbuster yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "indawo entle," emiselwe ngumthetho 22 weBhunga ngo1917. Ngaphambi ko 1917, kwakungekho ndlela yokunyanzela ivoti, ithetha ukuba iqaqobana elizimiseleyo lalinokuyibamba i-Shenate liphela ngokungenasiphelo. Umthetho wokuqala wokudityaniswa kwe-intshi ezimbini ezizii-3 ephezulu ukuphelisa ingxoxo. Oku kwatshintshwa ngo1975 kumgangatho wangoku wesithathu se-ffths zeNtsimbi, ngokomlinganiselo wama-60 eequator.

Ukubiza ihlwili, i-senate kufuneka ifake intshukumo etyikitywe ngabantu abasebenza kunye abayi-16. IBhunga landula livote kule ntshukumo. Ukuba ii-feaths ezintathu ze-isenator zikhethwe kwaye zifunghiswe (ngokuqhelekileyo 60) zivotelwe ngokuxhasa, iyacelwa. Le mida yengxoxo kwiyure ezingama-30 eyongezelelweyo, emva kokuba kufuneka kuvele uvote lokugqibela. Ukuba intshukumo yehlwili iyangaphumeleli, i-Pribiaster iyaqhubeka, kwaye i-mali ifile ngokunempumelelo. Umlinganiselo wama-60-vote ungumqobo omnye ophambili kwimidabi ye-mandeli, njengoko ithetha njalo ii- 41 iitshati ezithi zingathi zikhomba naliphi icala lomthetho.

Uqheliselo Lwembali - ngqangi Lusebenza Njani?

Isiphumo esisebenzisekayo se-finbuster kukuba iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ye-U.S. isebenza njengequmrhu elinamandla kakhulu lomthetho omkhulu. Endaweni yamavoti amaninzi alula angama-51 anokuphumelela ukudlulisa ityala, iqela elininzi phantse ngamaxesha onke kufuneka likhusele amavoti angama-60 ukuqhubekisa umthetho. Oku kutshintsha ngokunzulu ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koninzi namaqela amancinane, ngokufuthi kukhokelela kwi-gridlock.

Umda ozinze ngama-60 kunye noMthetho we-Majoni

Imfuno engamashumi amathandathu enyanzelisa iqela elininzi ukuba lifune ulwamkelo neqela elincinane phantse kuzo zonke iindleko ezinkulu. Oku kungaba ngumthombo wozinzo, kunyanzelisa i-bipartisanshi kunye nokuthintela ukutshintsha-tshintshana okukhawulezileyo kwinkqubo. Noko ke, inika iqela elincinane i-veto enempumelelo kucwangciso lwabaninzi. Ukuba iqela lilawula izihlalo ezingama-51, linokuba nemithetho ye-onkitha kodwa lingakwazi ukudlulisa naziphi na izinto zalo eziphambili ngaphandle kwenkxaso encinane. Le nyaniso ikhokelele ekusetyenzisweni koxolelwanoxokelelwano olunzulu kwimithetho yejaji, esekelwe kwimithetho yabo.

Izahlula Kumkhosi: Uxolelwano Nokutshintsha

I-filbuster ayisebenzi kwisenzo ngasinye seBhunga. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili eziye zabaluleka kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje: uqingqo-mali lo kuyanyaniswa kunye nocalucalulo oluphezulu/lugunyazisiweyo.

Uxolelwaniso lwe-Bodget yinkqubo edalwa nguMthetho woHlahlulo loMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMkhosi woLawulo ka-1940. Ivumela ukuqwalaselwa okuphengululiweyo komthetho ophathelele ukusetyenziswa kwemali, ingeniso, nomlinganiselo wamatyala. Phantsi komanyano, ingxoxo ibekelwe umda kwiiyure ezingama-20, kwaye i-Reastster iyalelwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala loxolelwaniso lingadlula ngoninzi olulula (51 iivota). Le nkqubo iye yasetyenziswa ukudlulisela umthetho omkhulu we-Rhovisi onjengoMte-Rokthi noMsebenzi womsebenzi ka-20171717 kunye noMthetho we-Inflast Reduction Act of 20222. Ulwation uthintelwe nguMthetho "Byrd," othintela imiqatha yenkqubo ephakathi ekubeni ingumntu okhoyo, kodwa ube umgangatho omkhulu wesixhobo esingundoqo xa ungenayo.

Imithetho-siseko yayikwaphantsi kwe-palbuster , ngaphandle kwe-"cutments" de kube luthotho lwezivoti. Ngo-2013, phantsi kokhokelo lweNkokeli yoMkhosi uHarry Reid, iKhote yasebenzisa ivote yoninzi olulula ukukhupha ngokunempumelelo i-monicbuster kulo lonke isebe elilawulayo kunye nemithetho elawulayo ngaphandle kwaleyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kwenziwa ukwaphula ukhubazeko lweRepublicale kaMongameli Obama's nonotes kuD.C. Ngo-2017, iNkundla yesifunda sephondo uMitchoish McConell yandisa lomzekelo ukuze iquke le nkundla ephakamileyo kunye nezomthetho wokuqinisekisa uGenelk. Ngoko, uninzi lwezikongameli lungaqinisekisiwe ngobuninzi obulula boninzi be-51.

Imbali Yefilibuster

I-filbuster yayingeyonxalenye yoyilo lokuqala lweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. OoTata Abasunguliweyo babenempikiswano kodwa abazange balinike ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuphendula ngokungenasiphelo. IBhunga lokuqala elisebenza kwinkqubo yomthetho omninzi olula, kunye neenkqubo ezifana "lokuqala lombuzo" ukushukuma kwentshukumo kwakunokuphelisa ingxoxo. I-Diacibbuster yavela ngokuphuma kwezinto eziphilayo njengesiphumo semithetho yeNdlundyeni etshintshwayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Imvelaphi Nokusetyenziswa Kwayo Kudala Ngenkulungwane Ye - 19

Igama elithi "filibuster" langena kwisichazi-magama sezobupolitika sase-U.S. kwiwaka linamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi amahlanu. Eyokuqala yenyaniso i-fibuster yenzeka ngo1837 xa iqela labaququzeleli abachasene nodonga lavala umthetho wokucima isigqibo sokukhusela uMongameli Andrew Jackson. Ngaphambi kwemfazwe yabemi, i-filibbusterss yayinqabile. Noko ke, ixesha lasemva kokubhaliswa kwemibutho labona ulwando, ingakumbi ngabaququzeleli belizwe basemazantsi befuna ukuvala umthetho oza kunyanzela ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu baseAfrika.

Kwinkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20, i-filibuster yayisisixhobo seqela elincinane, kodwa kwakubiza imali eninzi ukusetyenziswa. Abaququzeleli kwakufuneka bagcine iintetho zabo iiyure okanye iintsuku bebambe umgangatho. Ingxelo yexesha elide kwi-monitor Srom Thurmond, owayethetha malunga noMthetho wamaLungelo kaNomhlala-khaya ka-1950. Walungiselela ngokuthabatha iibhate zentshu-mphunga ukuze azinciphise ngokwakhe kwaye abe nebhakethi kwigumbi lokuzimela. Eli xesha lidibanisa unxulumano lwe-Renaverbuster noqhagamshelwano lwendawo emileyo.

IXesha lamaLungelo aBambini: "Jim Crow Filibuster"

I-monilbuster ephambili nesetyenziswa kakubi yayingumthetho wamalungelo abantu ngexesha leMbutho yaMasinge. Umnqongo wamalungu asekuhlaleni, owaziwa ngokuba yi-"Southern Bloc" wasebenzisa i-monilbuster ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvala umthetho ochasene noqhaqho-khanyo kunye neendleko zamalungelo abantu. Owona mzekelo waziwayo wawungumthetho ka-1964 kaCivil Rights Act. Iqela leeNtlangathanga zaMazantsi likhokelwa nguRichard Russell waseGeorgia wagcina i-Diancilbuster iintsuku ezingama-75, kuquka iintlanganiso zamalungelo abantu.

Le probuster yayingengobuchule bobuprocedral; yayilisenzo sobundlobongela sobupolitika sokuxhathisa ulingana kwezizwe. Kwathatha uhambo lwamahlwili olungama- 71-awundidi. Kwafuneka isihlandlo sokuqala ukuvaleka kwamalungelo abantu ngokunempumelelo `````ukuphelisa'.' Le mbali yisizathu sokuba abagxeki abaninzi bezi mini babhekiselele kumntwana ofana nomntu ongomnye. Yayisisixhobo sokukhetha ukugcina imithetho yeCrow kunye ne-liv. Ingxoxo yokuba i-finbuster ikhusela amalungelo amancinane anzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ayesetyenziswa phantse ngenkulungwane ephela ukukhusela amalungelo abantu abamhlophe abambalwa abacuphiweyo ukucinezela iqaqo.

Ixesha Lanamhlanje: Ukhetho Lwenyukliya Nokunyuka Kolawulo

Ngo-1970, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yamkela inkqubo ye "iiBhodi ezimbini" yokuphatha umsebenzi wayo. Ngaphambili, umntwazana uzakumisa lonke ishishini leNtlanganiso ngenxa yokuba igumbi alikwazanga ukuqhubekeka de i-Renalbuster igqitywe. Phantsi kwenkqubo yemiqheba emibini, iNtsimbi ingakwazi ukubeka bucala isini esinemithetho yetyala lemveli ithathe elinye ishishini. Olu tshintsho lwenza ukuba i-Rebister ibe yexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kwiqela elincinane, njengoko lingasenakuphelisanga yonke iNtsimbi yeeNtsimbi. Ngenxa yoko, inani le-Rebibuster linyuke kakhulu.

Ngonyaka wama-1990 nowama- 2000, i-filibuster yaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo seqela elincinane ukuphazamisa ucwangciso loninzi. Uhlolo lwezahlulelo lwaba yindawo ecacileyo. Oku kwakhokelela kwisixhobo sesixhobo senyukliya apho iBhunga loMkhosi weNtlalo lalinokuyitshintsha ngaso imithetho ngevoti elula. Ngo-2013 nango-2017, oku kwasetyenziselwa ukuphelisa i-Reacienbuster ukwenzela ukurhoxiswa kwemin.

Iimpikiswano Zemali Nezichasene Nefilisi

Ingxoxo ngenkqubo yemvelibuster yenye yezona zizathu ziphambili kweyeMerika. Zombini ezi macala anikela iimpikiswano ezinamandla ezisekelwe kwimibono eyahlukileyo yedemokhrasi.

Iimpikiswano Ezintle: Ukukhusela Ubuncinane Nokukhuthaza Ukulalanisa

Abaxhasi be-finbuster baphikisa ngelithi luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwiqela elininzi. Baphikisa ngelithi iBhunga leNtsimbi lenzelwe ukuba licothe kwaye lidele ngaphezu kweNdlu. Ngokufuna amavoti angama-60, umntwana unyanzela uninzi ukuba lufune igalelo kwiqela elincinane, lithintele u "uxanduva oluninzi".

Abaxhasi basoloko becaphula uGeorge Washington "usososo" ukufanisa: iBhunga lisisikhuseli esipholisa iti eshushu yomthetho edluliswa yiNdlu. Baphikisa ngelithi i-filbuster iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho inenkxaso ebanzi, ehlala ihleli, inciphisa amathuba okuguquka kwemigaqo xa ulawulo lwezandla zikarhulumente lutshintsha. Ibonwa njengesixhobo sokukhusela ukuchasene notshintsho olukhulu, ikhuthaza ulungiso olungaphaya kolawulo.

Ukongezelela, kukho impikiswano: i-filibuster ikhusela amalungelo eqela elincinane elimele liviwe. Ngaphandle kwalo, uninzi olungenamntu lungakhawuleza luthintele umthetho ngaphandle kokuphikisana, lusinde isandi senkcaso. Kuninzi lwabameli be-generia, ukukhusela i-filibbuster iyafana nokukhusela isiziko leCathena.

Izimpikiswano Ezichaseneyo: Iqhina Eliphambili Nelifa Lobuhlanga

Abachasi be-filibuster baphikisa ngokuthi ichasene nedemokhrasi. Baphikisa ngelithi uninzi olulula kufuneka lwanele ukudlulisa imithetho, njengakwindlu yabameli phantse yonke indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Ngokunika iqaqobana labaphathi-mikhosi abangama-41, i-veto, i-finbuster ivumela i-enorensity ukuba incinane, ngokufuthi idityaniswe ngokwemo yelizwe ukuvala ukuthanda koninzi lwamaMelika.

Abagxeki babonisa imbali ye-nfilbuster enamalungelo asekuhlaleni njengobungqina bengozi yayo. Bathi sisixhobo esikhusela imeko yemeko, naxa isimo sobume singekho sisesikweni. Ukwanda kwe-monicbuster ethuleyo kwenze isithintelo sibe lula kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kurhulumente ofeyo ongenakukwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, iindleko zempilo, okanye amalungelo okuvota.

Ngaphezu koko, abachasi baphikisa ngokuthi i-filbuster iyasilela ukuphendula. Xa iqela elininzi lisilela ukunikela izithembiso zalo, linokutyhola iqela elincinane ngokuvala umthetho. Oku kuvumela abaququzeleli ukuba baphephe ukuthatha amavoti anzima baze babambe imbopheleleko kumnyango omkhulu. Abaguquleli baphikisa ngelithi ukwenza iCandelo lisebenze ngoninzi olulula kuyawanyanzela amaqela ukuba alawule aze anike ivoti ukhetho olucacileyo kwibhokisi yebhola.

Utshintsho Olucetyiswayo Kwizikhundla Zokuguqula Abantu

Ngenxa yokugxekwa okunzulu nokukhula kolwando, kuye kwacetyiswa izicelo ezininzi zotshintsho. Ezi zinto zisuka kwiimeko ezincinci ezibuthathaka ukuya ekuphelisweni ngokupheleleyo.

Ingxolo Engaqhelekanga

Esinye sezicelo ezithandwayo zotshintsho kukubuyela ku "Nxulumano ye-nfibrebuster". Phantsi kwalo mthetho, umqobo onamaqoqo ama-60 uza kugcinwa, kodwa umthwalo wokuthintela uza kubekwa emva kwabambalwa. Abalawuli abanqwenela ukuthintela ityala bazakubamba umgangatho kwaye bathethe ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kunganyusa ixabiso lokuthintela, ukuwenza isixhobo sokuzibophelela okuthe ngqo kokukhokelwa okubambekayo kunokusetyenziswa ngokwesiqhelo kwezobupolitika. Abagxeki baphawula ukuba olu tshintsho luzakuba nzima ukunyanzeleka kwaye lungasokuze luphumele ekulibaziseni.

Imigaqo ekhethekileyo

Esinye isicelo kukuveza iindidi ezithile zomthetho ukusuka kwi-filibuster, ezifana noko kwenziwayo ngenxa yokuthotywa kweminxeba. Amaxhoba aqhelekileyo eemeko aquka amalungelo okuvota, ukhuseleko, kunye nomthetho omisela uburhulumente beWashington D.C. abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ezinye iimbambano zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi kangangokuba akufunekanga bathotyelwe kwimfuno ye-athomo-m. Abachasi baxhalabele ukuba ukuzoba i-Pribilitybuster engenanjongo.

Ukupheliswa Komhlaba Ngenyukliya Kuphela: Indlela Yokhetho Lwenyukliya

Olunatshintsho lukhulu kukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwendlu yenqanawa, ebizwa ngokuba yi "ukhetho lwenyukliya" okanye "ukhetho lwe-"umthetho" Oku kuya kufuna ukuba uninzi lwevoti kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMali lutshintshe imithetho luze lumisele umqobo olula kuyo yonke imithetho. Oku kungaguqula iBhaamle, iyenze ibe liqumrhu eliphambili. Ngexa oku kuza kuyicombulula ingxaki ye-grid lock, kungasusa nokhuseleko lokuqala lwamalungelo amancinane kwinkqubo yomthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuguquleni kwemithetho ekhawulezileyo xa ulawulo lukarhulumente lutshintsha.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Ngepilibuster

Ingaba ngumntwana okwiSigqeba somGaqo-siseko? Hayi. I-filbuster ayikhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Lulawulo lwesithethe oluyilwe yiBhunga ngokwalo ngamandla alo ukumisela imithetho yalo.

Kutheni ibizwa ngokuba yi- filbuster? Eligama livela kwigama lesiDatshi vrijbuiter, ithetha "i-freebooter" okanye "i-piretier". Lasetyenziswa ngenkulungwane ye19 ukuchaza amajoni aseMerika ahlasela amazwe e-Latin America, kwaye kamva lamkelwa ukuchaza umthetho.

Yintoni eyaba yeyona inde kwimbali? Eyona ide kakhulu i-person fibbuster ibanjwa ngu-Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC), owathetha iiyure ezingama-24 nemizuzu eli-18 ngokuchasene noMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka1957. Bekukho iqela elide, kodwa iThurmond irekho ingxelo nganye.

Zingaphi izivoti ezifunekayo ukwaphula i-enjini ye-injini? Okwangoku, kufuneka amavoti angama-60 ukubiza ihrivice kwaye kuphele i-palbuster kumthetho omninzi. Oku kumele ii-3-fithths zendlu yendlu.

[[FLT: 0] Ingaba i- filibuster ingatshintshwa? Ewe. I-filbuster ingalungiswa okanye ikhutshwe yivoti enkulu elula ye Senate. Oku kusoloko kubhekiswa kuyo njenge "ukhetho lwenyukliya" ngenxa yokuba iqhekeza izithethe zesiqhelo zegumbi.

Isiphelo: Ikamva Le - FILIbuster

I-filbuster ihlala ingoyena thunywashe ubalulekileyo nothanda ukuphikisa weBhunga leNtlanganiso yaseUnited States. Ihlala embindini wayo yonke impikiswano emalunga nolawulo, i-grid lomqulu, kunye nedemokhrasi eMelika. Abaxhasi bayo baphikisa ukuba kukupheliswa kokugqibela kolawulo olucinezelekileyo nonyanzelekileyo. Abagxeki bayo bayiphikisa ngokuthi sisixhobo sokuthintela esiye sasetyenziswa ukukhusela ubukhoboka, uJim Crow, kunye nenkqubo yezobupolitika engasabeliyo.

Ikamva le-filibuster aliqiniseki. Njengoko imozulu yezobupolitika isiya ihlukahluka, uxinzelelo lokuguqula okanye ukuphelisa izakunyuka. Isigqibo sokutshintsha i-monicbuster ekugqibeleni sixhomekeke kwizalathisi ngokwazo, kwaye sisigqibo esiza kubumba amandla karhulumente wezwekazi kwizizukulwana. Ukuqonda oko i-Palectivester ikuko, indlela esebenza ngayo, kwaye imbali yayo ende nentsonkothileyo ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda i-Melika namhlanje. Ingxoxo ayingomthetho we-procedtura; ingumbuzo obalulekileyo wendlela uninzi lwamandla afanele afumane ngayo, nendlela afanele akhusele ngayo amancinane.