Table of Contents

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukusuka kwiingenelo zoKhuselo lweNtlalo-ntle, kwiinkonzo zonyango ukuya kwizibonelelo zezothutho. Ukuqonda isiseko esintsonkothileyo somthetho esilawula ezi nkqubo siyimfuneko kubemi, abalawuli bemigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nabalawuli bakarhulumente ngokufanayo. Imithetho elawula iinkqubo zikarhulumente imisela kungekuphela injongo yazo, kodwa kwanemigaqo emele ilandelwe, imigaqo emele ibonise ukuba imele iphendule, kwanamalungelo ekufuneka iwamkele.

Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlola ulawulo lwemiqathango engokwasemthethweni elawula iinkqubo zikarhulumente kuzo zonke imigangatho("imigangatho, i-morenti, kunye neyasekuhlaleni. Ukuba ngummi oxhalabileyo ofuna ukuqonda indlela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezisebenza ngayo, umfundi wolawulo lukawonke-wonke, okanye osebenza ngokuchwepheshayo kumasebe karhulumente, olu shwankathelo luza kukunceda ukuba usebenzise ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bemimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni ebumba indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo eUnited States.

Isiseko: Igunya lomGaqo-siseko kwiinkqubo zikaRhulumente

Phambi kokuntywila kwimithetho ethile, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente zifumana igunya lazo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela edwelisweyo ehlukeneyo esebenza njengesiseko seenkqubo zikarhulumente, kuquka amandla okuhlawula irhafu kunye nokuchitha intlalo-ntle-ntle jikelele, ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukubonelela ukukhusela ilizwe, nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela.

Amagunya eSihlalo soHlaziyo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu awanikwanga urhulumente wesizwe, edala inkqubo ephindiweyo yolawulo. Le nkqubo ithetha ukuba urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni nabo banegunya elibalulekileyo lokuyila nokusebenzisa iinkqubo zabo, phantsi komgaqo-siseko nemithetho yorhulumente wabo.

UMthetho woLawulo: ICornerstone of Federal Agency Applications

UMthetho woLawulo lweProcedure (APA) ulawula inkqubo apho amasebe alawulayo aphuhlisa kwaye akhupha imimiselo. Yagqitywa ngo-1946, i-APA imela esinye sezona zinto zibalulekileyo zomthetho ezichaphazela indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo. Phambi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act (APA), kwakungekho mithetho karhulumente elawula ihambo-ntle yamaqumrhu olawulo, kuquka iinkqubo kunye nokwenza izigqibo.

Oko IAPA Ikugqumayo

Iziqwenga eziphambili zesenzo zimisela indlela abameli bolawulo besizwe abayenza ngayo imithetho nendlela abamisa ngayo ukuqulunqwa kolawulo. IAPA yenza isakhiwo esibanzi esiquka iinxalenye eziliqela ezingundoqo:

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kukwinkqubo "yokwenza umthetho] yeyokuyila, ukuthengisela, okanye ukuphinda ubeke umthetho," kunye nokushwankathela yimeko yokugqibela yombutho ngaphandle kokwenza ulawulo. I-APA imisela zombini iinkqubo zomthetho ezisesikweni nezingacwangciswanga, kunye noninzi lwamasebe asebenzisa umgaqo ongacwangciswanga ofuna ukuqwalaselwa uluntu kunye namathuba okugqabaza uwonke-wonke.

[[NTL: 0] Imigangatho yokwahlula: Xa abameli benza izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo okanye iimbopheleleko zomntu ngamnye, kufuneka balandele iinkqubo zokuzimela ezisoloko zifana neengxelo zenkundla, kuquka nelungelo lokunika ubungqina kunye namangqina okunqamleza kwiimeko ezithile.

Impinda ye-Judicial: Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ulwamkelo olunamandla lokuba iCongress iceba uhlolo lomthetho lolwakhiwo losebe"; olu phawu lukhombe kwi Administrative Procediture Act (APA). Kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho ezingalawulwanga ngomnye umthetho, iAPA ichaza umlinganiselo wenkundla yephondo lokuhlola ``indlela iinkundla ezihlola ngayo izenzo zoshishino, kuquka imilinganiselo esemthethweni esetyenziswa ukuqwalasela ezo zenzo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokubonisa ngaphaya Kweliso

Enye yezona minikelo zibalulekileyo zeAPA kukufuna amaziko agcina uluntu lunolwazi nokunika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke kwinkqubo yomthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente azisebenzi ngasese kwaye ezichaphazela amaqela anelizwi kwindlela emimiselo ephuhliswa ngayo.

UMthetho woLawulo lweProcedure (APA) ulawula iinkqubo zangaphakathi zabameli bolawulo, kuquka indlela abasebenzisana ngayo noluntu. Le ngxoxo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni uxanduva lwedemokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo ibonakalisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye neziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Kumthetho Wolawulo

Kungcelele lwemimiselo embalini yama-2024, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ilungisa kwakhona umgaqo kunye nokugcinwa komthetho, ivakalisa ixesha elitsha kumthetho wolawulo ngokususa ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nolawulo. Olu tshintsho lwakutshanje lunentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ngendlela iinkundla ezihlola ngayo izenzo zoorhulumente nokuchaza imimiselo yezibonelelo, enokuthi ichaphazele ukusebenza kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kuzo zonke iinkalo.

Imithetho yolawulo lwemali

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente azinakusebenza ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali, kwaye imithetho emininzi ilawula indlela amaqumrhu karhulumente aphatha ngayo imali yawo. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba ityala linetyala, ithintele ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma nokuqhatha, kwaye igcina ukuhlawuliswa kwerhafu.

ICandelo loHlahlo-mali neNkqutyana yokuXhotyiswa

UMthetho woHlahlo noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Akhawunti ka-1921 waseka inkqubo yokulungiselela nokuthobela uqingqo-mali kwesizwe. Lo mthetho wadala iBreau yoHlahlo (ngoku i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo) kunye neenkqubo ezimiselwe uMongameli ukuba anikezele uqingqo-mali olumanyeneyo lwe-mali kwiBhunga loManyano nyaka ngamnye. Lo Mthetho ngokusisiseko waguqula indlela amacebo karhulumente karhulumente orhulumente orhulumente aqhuba ngayo ubuncwane bakhe bemali.

Umthetho wokucebisa

Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano angasebenzisa kuphela imali elungiselelwe iinjongo ezithile. Inkqubo yezicelo ilawulwa yimfuno yomgaqo-siseko nemithetho emisela imibutho eqinisekisa ukuba amasebe asebenzisa ii-dola ezihlawulwayo kuphela kwiinjongo ezigunyazisiweyo. Lo mgaqo wokuziphendulela ngemali ubalulekile kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMerika.

Umthetho wokulwa noMkhosi

UMthetho oLawulayo woMgaqo-nkqubo woKhuthazo uthintela amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ekusebenziseni okanye ekubekeni imali eninzi kuneyamkelekileyo iNgqungquthela. Lo mthetho uthintela abameli ekuveliseni iimfanelo zemali ezingagunyaziswanga kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ukuchitha imali kusemgaqweni ovunyiweyo. Ukuvukela kusenokuphumela kwiziphumo ezinzulu zamagosa esebe, kuquka nezigwebo ezinokwenzeka zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umthetho wokungcakaza kwinkqubo

Ngeli xesha imithetho yolawulo jikelele njenge-APA isebenza ngokuphangaleleyo ngaphaya korhulumente, inkqubo nganye karhulumente engundoqo imiselwa ngokommiselo wayo okhethekileyo. Le mimiselo yenza ukuba kuchazwe injongo yenkqubo, umlinganiselo, iimfuno ezisebenzayo, kunye nemilinganiselo esebenzayo.

Isenzo sokhuseleko

ISivumelwano soKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle sangonyaka ka-1935 sadala enye yeenkqubo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo zaseMerika, ukulungiselela umhlala phantsi, ukukhubazeka, kunye neengenelo ezisindileyo kwizigidi zamaMelika. Lo mThetho uye watshintshwa amaxesha amaninzi emashumini eminyaka ukunikezela ngentlawulo, ulungelelaniso lwengeniso, kunye nokulungisa iinguqu zemeko zamanani nangokoqoqosho.

AmaMedicare namaMedicaid

IziHlaliso kuMthetho weNtlalo-ntle woLuntu ngowe-1965 zadala iMedicare neMedicaid, iinkqubo ezimbini ezinkulu zonyango ezisebenza ngoku ngaphezu kwekhulu lezigidi zamaMelika. Ezi nkqubo zilawulwa ngamalungiselelo aphezulu omthetho kunye nokuzalisekisa imithetho echaza yonke into ukusuka kwiimfaneleko zonikezelo ukunikezela ngeenkqubo zomgangatho ophezulu.

Imithetho Yokusingqongileyo

Iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo zilawulwa yimimiselo enjenge-Celean Air Act, Cocan Water Act, kunye noMthetho weNkqutyana yokuHlolwa kweNzaleko, iKhompathiso, kunye noMthetho weLisation (CERCLA okanye i-Superfed). Le mithetho imisela iinkqubo zokulawula eziqhutywa yi-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-bume nemibutho yemekobume, imisela imilinganiselo yolawulo yokulawulwa kongcoliseko nokukhuselwa kwemekobume.

Imithetho yenkqubo kaRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba amawakawaka enkqubo ethetha ngemfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ezothutho, iinkonzo zempilo, nezinye imimandla.

Izenzo zolawulo lobuRhulumente

Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwamisela iindlela zalo zolawulo, zifuziselwe yi-APA karhulumente kodwa zihambelana neemeko zawo zikarhulumente neemfuno. Ezi phondo zilawula indlela abameli besizwe abaqhuba ngayo imithetho, bagcine amava, baze benze izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo neemfuno zabemi.

Unxulumano lwamaPhondo

Iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente zibandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente unika iinkqubo zemali kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukulungiselela iinkqubo zemfundo, ezothutho, neenkonzo zentlalo. Ezi nkqubo zorhulumente zilawulwa ziinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezichaza iimbopheleleko zomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente kwaye zimisela iinkqubo zokuphendula.

Ulawulo lwasekhaya kunye neGunya lasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana igunya labo kumthetho-siseko wesizwe nakwimimiselo. Amanye amagunya anika izixeko kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ulawulo lwekhaya, abavumela ukuba bamisele amasiko nokuseka iinkqubo kulo nawuphi na umbandela ongalelwanga ngumthetho karhulumente. Amanye amaphondo alandela "Umthetho ka-Dilon," olinganisela oorhulumente bengingqi kuphela kuloo magunya anikwe ngokuphandle yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Imithetho yokufumana ecacileyo neyamkelekileyo

Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lufuna abemi bakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo ngemisebenzi karhulumente. Imithetho emininzi ebalulekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bayakwazi ukuva nokufumana ulwazi lukarhulumente.

Inkululeko yolwazi (FOIA)

IAPA iqiniswa ngo-5.C. 76 551-559, kwaye iquka iNkululeko yoMthetho woLwazi (FOIA) (5 U.S.C. ▫ 552) kunye noMthetho we-Imfihlo (5.S.C. sa 76 552a). IFAIA inika uluntu ilungelo lokucela unikezelo kwiingxelo ezivela kumaqumrhu karhulumente, ikhuthaza ukubonakala nokuphendulana kwemisebenzi karhulumente.

IFOIA ifuna ukuba abameli baphendule kwizicelo ezichazwe ngokwee-message zemvume zemvume ezivumela amasebe ukuba anqande ulwazi kuphela phantsi kwemiqathango ekhethekileyo yokungakhuselwa, enjengeyokhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye ukugcinwa komthetho. Lo mthetho uye wanceda abacholacholi-ndaba, abaphandi nabemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba bafumane inkcazelo ngemisebenzi karhulumente.

Urhulumente Kwisenzo SeSunshine

URhulumente kwiSinshine Act ufuna ukuba iintlanganiso zamaqumrhu ajongene namaqumrhu azimeleyo alungele ukuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo zenziwe phambi kwabantu, kungekhona emva kweminyango evaliweyo. Lo mThetho usebenza kwiibhodi nakumagunya amaninzi, ufuna ukuba zinike isaziso sangaphambili seentlanganiso kwaye zivumele ukuba khona esidlangalaleni ngaphandle kokuba kuxutyushwe imicimbi egqunyiweyo ngabarhwebi abathile.

Imeko Evulekileyo Nemithetho Evulekileyo

Onke amaphondo angamashumi amahlanu aye amisela imithetho yawo evulekileyo (efana neFOIA) avule imithetho yentlanganiso (efana noMthetho weSunshine). Ngoxa le mithetho yahluka ngokwamalungiselelo awo akhethekileyo, anosukelo olufanayo lokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ucace gca kunye nokufikelela koluntu kwimicimbi karhulumente yasekuhlaleni.

Imithetho yokukhusela ugcino-lwazi kunye neyokhuseleko

Njengoko iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziqokelela zize zilondoloze inkcazelo yobuqu eninzi ngabemi, imithetho ekhusela ukuzifihla nokukhusela inkcazelo iye yabaluleke ngakumbi.

UMthetho we-

I-Ascreen Act ilawula indlela abameli bakarhulumente abaqokelela ngayo, abagcina ngayo, abayisebenzisayo, nabasasaza ngayo inkcazelo yabo ngabantu ngabanye. Lo Mthendeleko unika abantu ilungelo lokufumana iingxelo eziphathelele bona, ukucela ulungiso kulwazi olungachananga, kunye nokuthintela amandla amaziko okuchaza inkcazelo yobuqu ngaphandle kokuvuma. Kwakhona kufuneka ukuba amaziko agcine iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ngeendlela zokukhusela ukuzifihla.

I-Inishorensi yempilo echanekileyo neNkxaso (HIPAA)

IHIPAA imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yokukhusela imfihlo nokhuseleko lwenkcazelo yempilo. Ngoxa iHIPAA ichaphazela ngokuyintloko abanyamekela impilo namalungiselelo empilo, ikwachaphazela iinkqubo zempilo zikarhulumente ezifana neMedicare kunye neMedicaid, kwakunye namaqumrhu empilo kawonke-wonke asingatha inkcazelo yempilo ekhuselekileyo.

Imithetho yemfihlo kaRhulumente

Amazwe aye amisela imithetho yawo yezobuqu ngokuqhubekayo, amanye amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya amisela umthetho obanzi wobuqu ochaphazela indlela abameli bakarhulumente abasingatha ngayo inkcazelo yabo siqu. Le mithetho karhulumente idla ngokunikela ukhuseleko olungaphaya kwaleyo ifunwa ngumthetho worhulumente.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni nemithetho echasayo

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente kufuneka zisebenze ngokuvisisana nemithetho ethintelweyo yocalulo. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zinceda bonke abantu abafanelekileyo ngokusesikweni nangaphandle komkhethe ongekho mthethweni.

ISihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo

Isihloko se-VI silwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe kwiinkqubo nakwimisebenzi yolu rhulumente efumana uncedo lwemali. Lo mthetho unesicelo esiphangaleleyo, esichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwizikolo ukuya kwizibhedlele ukuya kwiinkqubo zezothutho ezifumana inkxaso karhulumente. Ii-Amaziko okusebenza kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zawo azicalucalucalulo kwaye kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo okunika abantu abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo besiNgesi ukufikelela

Isalathisi somsebenzi

I-ADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo ngabantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke, kuquka iinkqubo neenkonzo zikarhulumente. ISihlomelo II se-ADA sisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni, ezifuna ukuba bafikeleleke kubantu abaneziphene. Oku kuquka ukufumaneka kwamaziko, unxibelelwano olunempumelelo, kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo xa kuyimfuneko ukuphepha ucalucalulo.

Ukuthabatha Ucalucalulo Lobudala

UMthetho we-Age Discrection ka-1975 awuvumi ukuba abantu bakhetheke ngenxa yobudala babo kwiinkqubo zemali kunye nemisebenzi yokufumana uncedo lwemali. Lo mthetho ukhusela abantu abadala nabaselula abasuka kucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala kwiinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.

ICandelo 504 loMthetho wokuLungisa

Icandelo 504 liyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisiphene okanye kumsebenzi owenziwayo wokufumana uncedo lwemali. Lo mthetho usungule iADA kwaye uyaqhubeka unikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Ingqungquthela inendima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni iinkqubo zikarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisebenza ngokunempumelelo, ngokunempumelelo nangokuvisisana nomthetho.

Igunya elilawula ibutho

Ulawulo lweBhunga luquka ukubukeza, ukugada, nokuphatha amasebe, iinkqubo, imisebenzi, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. IBhunga lisebenzisa eli gunya ngokuyintloko inkqubo yekomiti eququzelela ingqungquthela. Ukulawula kwakhona kwenzeka kwimisebenzi emininzi yembutho kunye nemibandela ehlukeneyo.

Ulawulo lweBhunga lusuka kumandla alo "asetyenziswa" kumGaqo-siseko, kwimithetho kawonke-wonke, nakwimithetho yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu. Le yinxalenye engundoqo yenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela eMerika. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli uqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aphetheyo aphumeze imithetho njengeBhunga elicetyiweyo kwaye asebenzise imali efanelekileyo.

Izenzo zoMthetho

UMthetho oLawulweyo ka-1946 (P. 79-601), okokuqala, wabizwa ngokucacileyo ukuba ube ngumphathi weBhunga eliphetheyo" kumthetho kawonke-wonke. Yakhokela iKomiti yeNdlu neNdlu yeNtlanganiso "ukuqhelisela ukulinda okuqhubekayo" kwiinkqubo nakumaqumrhu aphantsi kolawulo lwazo; yagunyazisa abasebenzi abangochwepheshe; yaza yakhuthaza amandla eQumrhu eliphetheyo, intloko yeBhunga eliphandeyo kunye nengalo yokuphicotha, i-Rhulumente ye-APronse Accontication Office (GAO).

I-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

IGAO isebenza njengengalo yeBhunga eliphandayo, ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nohlolo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nemisebenzi. Ingxelo zeGAO inika iKhomishini ulwazi oluzimeleyo, olunenjongo malunga nomsebenzi wenkqubo, ulawulo lwemali, nokuthobela imithetho nemigaqo. Ezi ngxelo zidla ngokukhokelela kutshintsho nophuhliso lwenkqubo.

Iindlebe Nophando Lwengqungquthela

Iikomiti zeKhomishoni zeNgqungquthela zisoloko ziqulunqa iindlebe ukuze zihlole iinkqubo zikarhulumente, amasebe abuza imibuzo, ziqokelele iinkcukacha malunga nemisebenzi yenkqubo. Ezi zimvo zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: ziyazisa iNkqutyana malunga nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo, zinika ijelo lolwazi lukawonke-wonke, zigcina amaziko etyala, kwaye zinokukhokelela kwiinguqu zemithetho-siseko.

Inkqubo jikelele yokuhlola

I-Inspect General Act ka-1978 yaseka iiofisi ezizimeleyo zabahloli jikelele (iiG) kumaziko karhulumente ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi nokuphengulula ukufumanisa nokuthintela ukuqhatha, ukulahlwa nokuxhatshazwa. IGs ilungiselela ukujongela ngokwazimeleyo phakathi kwamaqumrhu, inikela ingxelo kwiintloko-mikhosi nakwiBhunga.

Iimbopheleleko ze-IG

Abahloli-lwazi bezenzo jikelele zophicotho-zincwadi lwemisebenzi yenkqubo, baphanda izityholo zobubi, bahlole umthetho nemigaqo ecetyisiweyo, bancomela inkqubela-phambili kwinkqubo esebenzayo nesebenzayo. Banegunya elibanzi lokufikelela kwiirekhodi zombutho nenkcazelo, kwaye abanakususwa eofisini ngaphandle kokuba uMongameli achaze iBhunga lokususa.

Iimfuno zokuxela

Iingxelo ze-IG kufuneka zinikezelwe kancinane kwiingxelo zeNkqutyana yokushwankathela imisebenzi yazo, izinto ezifunyenweyo, kunye nezinconyelwayo. Ezi ngxelo zinika inkcazelo exabisekileyo ngeengxaki zenkqubo kwaye zinceda iNkqutyana ichaze iindawo ezifuna ingqalelo yowiso-mthetho okanye ukuvelela okuthe kwanda.

Ukunika ingxelo ngeNgxowa-mali yoManyano kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Imithetho efuna ukuvela kwemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente eqinisekisa ukuba abantu bamele baphendule yaye yenza abemi bakwazi ukuchaza indlela esetyenziswa ngayo irhafu.

Ukuphendula kweNgxowa-mali yoManyano noMthetho wokuSebenza

Lo mThetho ufuna ukuba urhulumente wesizwe agcine isiseko esifikelelekayo semali yemali karhulumente, izivumelwano, iimali-mboleko, kunye nolunye uncedo lwemali. Iwebhsayithi ephumayo, i-USAspening.gov, ivumela nabani na ukuba afune ulwazi malunga nenkcitho karhulumente, akhuthaze ukubonakala nokuziphendulela.

Uxanduva lwamanani noMthetho wokubonisa ngaphaya

I-DATA Act yandisa iimfuno zokubonakala kwamehlo ngokumisela imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo yokunika ingxelo yemali karhulumente. Lo mthetho ujolise ekukwenzeni kube lula ukuqokelela imali echithwayo, ukudibanisa ugcino-lwazi lwemali kwiinkqubo, kwaye wenza ukuba kuhlaziywe kakuhle indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iimali ze-oventine.

Ukulungisa Nemithetho Echanaba

Iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente zixhomekeke kwiinkampani zabucala ukulungiselela iinkonzo okanye ukubonelela ngeempahla.

Umiselo lokufumana olumanyeneyo (FAR)

IFAR lulawulo oluyintloko olulawula ukuthengwa kwemali. Imisa iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo ezimfutshane zokufumana amaqumrhu karhulumente, igqubuthela yonke into ukusuka kwiimfuno zokhuphiswano ukuya kwiindidi zokhuphiswano kwinkokhelo. IFAR ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo noluvulekileyo, ukufumana iimpahla zomgangatho neenkonzo kumaxabiso afanelekileyo, nokukhusela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente.

Ukhuphiswano Kwisenzo Esibangela Ukhuphiswano

Lo mThetho ufuna ukuba amaziko karhulumente afumane ukhuphiswano olupheleleyo noluvulekileyo kwimisebenzi yawo yokufumana imali, ngaphandle kwemiqathango elinganiselweyo.

Ishishini Elincinci

Imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo ifuna okanye ikhuthaza amaziko ukuba anike intsalela ethile yezivumelwano zamashishini amancinane, kuquka ezo zamabhinqa, amancinane, amagqala, namashishini kwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo.

Imithetho yolawulo oluNikezelayo

Iinkqubo zeSizwe zinika abantu iibhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka ukuhambisa iidola kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, iingeniso, iiyunivesithi, nezinye iinkampani.

Iimfuno zolawulo ezifanayo

I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali imisele iimfuno ezimfutshane zolawulo lwezibonelelo zorhulumente, ezifakelwe kwiSihloko 2 seMithetho yoManyano. Ezi mfuneko zimisela ulawulo olusemgangathweni olunikezelayo kwii-ofisi zorhulumente, ukugquma iindawo ezifana nolawulo lwemali, ulawulo lwempahla, ukuqokelelwa, kunye nokuxelelwa.

UMthetho woPhicotho-zincwadi omnye

UMthetho woPhicotho-zincwadi OkaSigane ufuna amaphondo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, nemibutho engafumani ngeniso echitha ii-R350 000 okanye ngaphezulu ngonyaka ukuze kuphicothwe uphicotho-zincwadi lwaminyaka le. Olu xwebhu luhlolisisa zombini iingxelo zemali nokuthobela iimfuno zemali ezigunyazisiweyo zesizwe, ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abamkeli basebenzise imali karhulumente ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Uhlolo lokusingqongileyo nokulondolozwa kwembali

Iinkqubo zeSebe nemisebenzi kufuneka zihambisane nemithetho ekhusela imeko-bume kunye nobuncwane bembali.

UMthetho wenkqubo yokusingqongileyo kazwelonke (NEPA)

INEPA kufuneka amaziko asekuhlaleni ahlole impembelelo yemekobume yezenzo zawo ezicetyiweyo ngaphambi kokwenza izigqibo. Kwizenzo ezikhulu zikarhulumente ezichaphazela imeko-bume, amaqumrhu kufuneka alungiselele iinkcukacha zempembelelo yemekobume ezihlolisisa iziphumo ezinokwenzeka kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ukucingela indalo kudityaniswe ekwenzeni izigqibo zequmrhu.

UMthetho weSizwe ozinzileyo

Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni aqwalasele iziphumo zemisebenzi yawo kwimisebenzi embalini, anike iBhunga loMbutho loLondolozo lwembali ithuba lokugqabaza. Lo mthetho unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi exhaswe ngurhulumente okanye evunyelweyo ayibenzi bubi obubalulekileyo obungeyomfuneko.

Imithetho Yokhuseleko Yomvuthuzi

Imithetho ekhusela abavuthi bempempe ikhuthaza abasebenzi bakarhulumente nezindlu ukuba banikele ingxelo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, ukuxhatshazwa nokuphulwa komthetho ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela.

Umthetho woKhuselo loMcuphi

IWhistlepunder Protection Act ikhusela abasebenzi bephondo abachaza ngokusengqiqweni ulwazi abakholelwa ukuba bubungqina bokuphulwa komthetho, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, okanye ingozi ecacileyo nekhethekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu okanye kukhuseleko. Umthetho uyabathintela abo bafutha impempe yaye unika abo bajoliswe kwimpindezelo.

Umthetho

I-Act yoMthetho wobuManga ivumela abantu ukuba bafake ityala labo baqhatha iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Abaqhubi abaphumeleleyo bangafumana inxalenye yemali efunyenweyo, benze intshukumisa yemali yokuxela ubuqhetseba. Lo mthetho uye wancedisa ekufumaneni amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ekumangaleleni iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngokuqhatha.

Imilinganiselo Nemithetho Echaseneyo Yemidlalo

Abasebenzi bakarhulumente namagosa kufuneka bathobele imithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha elungiselelwe ukuthintela iingxwabangxwaba zabantu abanomdla nokuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi basemthethweni basebenza ngokuthembeka.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yoLawulo

Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba amagosa aseburhulumenteni akwimigangatho ephezulu akhuphe iingxelo zemali kawonke-wonke, ancedise ekuboneni iingxabano ezinokuba ngumdla. Umthetho waseka i-Ofisi yeMithetho yoRhulumente ukulungiselela ukhokelo nokuphatha inkqubo yemigaqo yesebe eliphetheyo.

Ukungqubana Kwemithetho Yezaphuli - mthetho

Imimiselo yomanyano yakwaphula-mthetho iyabathintela abasebenzi bakarhulumente ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimicimbi abanomdla wemali kuyo, abamele amaqela azimeleyo phambi korhulumente, kunye nokwamkela imbuyekezo yomsebenzi onxulumene norhulumente ongengorhulumente. Le mithetho inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zikarhulumente zenziwe kunomdla woluntu, kungekhona ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese.

Amandla Angxamisekileyo Nokusabela Kwintlekele

Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni zilawula iinkqubo zikarhulumente ebudeni beengozi neentlekele.

UMthetho woKhuthazo lweNkcitho neNtsebenziswano yeNkxaso

UMthendeleko weStafford ugunyazisa uMongameli ukuba akhuphe izibhengezo zentlekele, anikezele ilungiselelo elisemthethweni loncedo lwentlekele karhulumente, koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye nabantu ngabanye. Lo Mthendeleko umisela iinkqubo zokusabela ngexesha likaxakeka, ukususwa kokungcola, amanyathelo okukhusela ngokwengozi, kunye noncedo kubantu ngabanye nakumakhaya achaphazelekayo.

UMthetho weZimo zikaNondyebo

Lo Mgaqo ulawula indlela uMongameli anokuthi ngayo avakalise izinto ezingxamisekileyo zesizwe kunye noko kunamandla akhoyo ngexesha longxamiseko olunjalo. Umthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli achaze ukuba ngawaphi amagunya omthetho aza kusetyenziswa aze anikezele ukulungiselela ulawulo lombutho kunye nokupheliswa kwezindululo zongxamiseko.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bolwazi kunye nemithetho enxulumene nokungabi nazintloni

Njengoko iinkqubo zikarhulumente zixhomekeke kubugcisa benkcazelo, imithetho elawula ulawulo lwe - ID neyokhuseleko kwi - Internet iye yajongwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo.

UMthetho woKhuseleko loLwazi lweFederal (FASIKA)

I-FISCA ifuna ukuba amasebe karhulumente aphuhlise, abhale, azalisekise iinkqubo zokukhusela ulwazi lwawo kunye neenkqubo zolwazi. Umthetho umisela isiseko sokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweenkqubo zolwazi zengingqi, kuquka uhlolo lomngcipheko, ulawulo, kunye nokugada okuqhubekayo.

Umthetho woLawulo

UmThetho weGovernment Act ukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bolwazi ukuphucula iinkonzo zikarhulumente nokunyusa ukufikelela kwabami kulwazi lukarhulumente. Lo Mthetho ufuna ukuba abameli baqhube iingxelo zempembelelo yobuqu ukwenzela iinkqubo eziqulethe ulwazi olubonakalayo kwaye bamise i-Ofisi kaRhulumente we-Electronic ngaphakathi kwe-OMB.

Uhlolo lolawulo kunye nohlalutyo lwexabiso lokulungisa

Imiyalelo nemithetho elawulayo ifuna ukuba amaziko ahlolisise iindleko neengenelo zemigaqo ebalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ayisebenzise.

Umthetho olawulayo

Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba amaziko ahlolisise impembelelo yemimiselo ecetyiweyo kumashishini amancinane, kwimithetho encinane karhulumente, nakwimibutho emincinane engafumani ngeniso. Ii-atmosfera kufuneka ziqwalasele ezinye iindlela ezinciphisa imithwalo kwizinto ezincinane ngoxa zifikelela kwiinjongo zokulawula.

UMthetho wokuHlaziya iPhepha

UMthetho wePhepha leReduction ujolise ekunciphiseni umthwalo weprojekthi kuwonke wonke obangelwa zimfuno zoqokelelo lolwazi. Lo Mthetho ufuna ukuba abameli be-OMB bafumane imvume phambi kokuqokelela ulwazi kuluntu nokuthethelela imfuneko yokuqokelelwa okunjalo.

UMthetho woTshintsho oHlakulelwayo

Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba amaziko asekuhlaleni ahlole iziphumo zezenzo zolawulo kurhulumente, kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, nakwicandelo lobuzwe kunye necandelo lobuqu. Ngaphambi kokuba agunyazise ukuba la magunya abiza imali engaphezu kwemiqobo emiselweyo, amaqumrhu kufuneka alungiselele iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezihlalutya iindleko neengenelo nokucinga ngezinye iindlela.

Imigaqo esemthethweni ekhokela iinkqubo zikarhulumente

Ngaphezu kwemimiselo ekhethekileyo, imigaqo esisiseko ethile engokwasemthethweni ikhokela ekusebenzeni kweenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Ilindelekile

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakubuhlutha ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho. Lo mgaqo ufuna ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente zinikezele iinkqubo zobulungisa ngaphambi kokuba zithathe izenzo ezichaphazela amalungelo okanye izilangazelelo zabantu. Iimfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomdla okwisibonda kunye nomngcipheko wokungafunwa ngempazamo.

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo

I-Acticome Protection Clause yeSinyusi se-14th ifuna ukuba urhulumente abaphathe ngendlela efanayo abantu ababekwe phantsi. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente azinakukhetha ngokwahlukileyo okanye ngokungenangqiqo, kwaye ukwahlulwa okusekelwe kwiindidi ezirhanelwayo ezifana nohlanga kufuna ubulungisa obunyanzelisayo. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente zisebenza kakuhle kwaye azikholeki ngokungekho sikweni okanye amaqela athile angathotyelwanga.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwahlula kwamagunya phakathi kwemithetho, isebe elilawulayo, namasebe ejaji kuchaphazela indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo. IBhunga lenza imithetho yokumisela iinkqubo, isebe elilawulayo liyizalisekise, kunye nenkundla zihlola izenzo zowiso-mthetho zokuthobela umthetho. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ithintela naliphi na isebe ekusebenziseni amandla angathintelwanga.

Umanyano

Inkqubo karhulumente yorhulumente iyahlula-hlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe. Olu lwahlulo luchaphazela ukuba ngoluphi umgangatho karhulumente onokuziseka iinkqubo ezithile nendlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente nezorhulumente ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda urhulumente kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni isiseko somthetho seenkqubo zikarhulumente, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho igunya lorhulumente norhulumente lidibana khona.

Ukhuthuzo nomatshini abasetyenziswayo

Iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nemithetho esebenzayo yaye kuthethwa ngokwaphula.

Unyanzelo lolawulo

Izicelo zinenkqubo yangaphakathi yokuthobela, kuquka uphicotho-zincwadi, uhlolo, kunye nohlolo. Uxanduva lomthetho lwe-OPM lokwalathisa inkqubo yabasebenzi bomanyano luquka ukuvavanywa kokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo efanelekileyo, kunye nokuxhaswa kwemithetho, imimiselo, imigaqo, imigaqo yegunya, imigaqo ye-OPM, kunye nokusebenza kwemigaqo-nkqubo yabasebenzi, iinkqubo, kunye nemisebenzi. Xa ukuchasana kuchongiwe, abameli banokuthabatha inyathelo lokulungisa, ukumisela isigwebo, okanye babhekise imicimbi ekuphandweni ngokuqhubekayo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zinikela uphando olubalulekileyo kwimibutho. Abantu neentlangano ezenzakalisayo zinokufuna uhlolo lwezigwebo, zicela iinkundla ukuba zibone ukuba abameli basebenza ngokusemthethweni kusini na. Iinkundla zinokubeka ecaleni izenzo zowiso-mthetho ezingekho ngqiqweni nezingaxhaswanga bubungqina obucacileyo.

Ukumangalelwa Sisaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqhathwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente, ubusela ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente, ubusela ngezinto zikarhulumente, ukunyoba kwamagosa karhulumente, nezinye izenzo zolwaphulo - mthetho zinokukhokelela ekuhlawuleni nasekuvalelweni.

Iimbambano Ezimandundu Nenkqubela Yexesha Elizayo

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yocelomngeni olutsha nokutshintsha kweemeko.

Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nobuchule obuzenzekelayo

Njengoko abameli besebenzisa ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo kunye neenkqubo zokwenziwa komatshini, kuphakama imibuzo emitsha engomthetho ngokuvela kwembonakalo, ukuphendulana, ikhethe, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Abenzi-nkqubo bacinga ngendlela imithetho ekhoyo esebenza ngayo kwiinkqubo ze-Al nokuba ngaba kufuneka imimiselo emitsha ukucombulula iingxaki ezibangelwa zezi zixhobo zobugcisa.

Ugcino - lwazi Nonqabiseko

Ukuxhalabela okukhulayo ngokusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo eyimfihlo nokungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha kubangela ukuba kubekho izicelo ezintsha zowiso-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zolawulo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuchaphazela iinkqubo zikarhulumente eziqengqeleke kumacandelo ngamazwe, ukusuka kwintlekele, ukusukela ekugqityweni kwesiseko ukuya kwiinkqubo zokulima.

Ukulungelelaniswa koorhulumente

Iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zifuna ukulungelelana okuya kukhula phakathi koorhulumente besizwe, besizwe, basekuhlaleni, nabesizwe.

Amaziko Aphambili Okuqonda Imithetho Yenkqubo Karhulumente

Ukuqonda imithetho elawula iinkqubo zikarhulumente kufuna ukuba uqonde iingongoma eziliqela eziyintloko:

Imvelaphi engokwasemthethweni: iinkqubo zikaRhulumente zilawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, imimiselo, imiyalelo yegunya, kunye nezigqibo zomthetho. Ukuqonda nayiphina inkqubo ekhethekileyo kufuna ukuvavanya yonke le mithombo yomthetho.

[[UMTLL:0] Imfuno ezizizo nezingagqibekanga: imisela zombini iinkqubo ezimele zizenze (iimfuno ezingaphantsi) nendlela emazenze ngayo (imfuno zokwemvelo). Zombini ezi zimfuno ziyimfuneko kumsebenzi wocwangciso olusemthethweni.

Ubuchule bokunikwa ingxelo:[ amaqumrhu ajongene nezobugcisa obuninzi] (kuquka iBhunga, abahloli jikelele, i-Ofisi yoManganiso kaRhulumente, kunye neenkundla zenkqubo yokuthobela imigaqo yomthetho kunye namaqumrhu abeke ityala ngenxa yokwaphulwa.

I- Igalelo elipheleleyo:[ imithetho emininzi ifuna okanye ikhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke kuphuhliso lwenkqubo kunye nokuzalisekisa, ukubonisa amaxabiso edemokhrasi kunye nokuphucula udweliso lwenkqubo ngolwazi olwahlukeneyo.

I-Evolution ekwi- Ekwindawo ehambayo:[ Iinkqubo zolawulo lukarhulumente azimi ngamaxesha onke. Imithetho iyaguqulwa ngomthetho omtsha, imimiselo iyahlaziywa, kwaye izigqibo zenkundla zichaza iimfuno ezikhoyo ngeendlela ezintsha.

Oovimba bolwazi oluthe vetshe

Abemi abafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngemithetho elawula iinkqubo zikarhulumente banokufumana izinto ezininzi:

I-Website zowiso-mthetho: amasebe oManyano agcina ii-website ezinolwazi malunga neenkqubo, imimiselo, kunye namagunya asemthethweni. IRegister eFederal ipapasha izicelo kunye nemimiselo yokugqibela, ngelixa imimiselo. .gov inikezela ukufikelela kumaxwebhu olawulo kwaye ivumela ugqabaza lukawonke-wonke kwimithetho ecetyisiweyo.

Izibonelelo eziququzelelayo: Ithala leencwadi leeNgqungquthela ligcina i-Chonarev.gov, enikezela ukufikelela kumthetho, iingxelo zekomiti, kunye nokuchonga kwengqungquthela. Inkonzo yoPhondo yoPhicotho-zincwadi ivelisa iingxelo zemiba yenkqubo kunye nemixholo esemthethweni, ezininzi kuzo ezifumaneka ekuhleni.

Isiseko sogcino-lwazi semali:[ Imithetho ye-U.S. iqulathe imimiselo karhulumente, ngeli xesha iKhowudi yeMimiselo yoManyano iqulathe imimiselo yezibonelelo. Zombini zikhona kwi-intanethi ngeewebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni kunye nee-database zomthetho.

Iingxelo ezigqithileyo: I-Ofisi yoManga yoRhulumente ipapasha iingxelo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente nakwimisebenzi GAO.gov[. Abahloli bee-Arhente jikelele bakwapapasha iingxelo kwii-webhsayithi zabo.

[[NTLA:0] Academic kunye Nezibonelelo ezingangeni Mvuzo: ezingekho mthethweni, iitanki, kunye neentlangano ezingafumani ngeniso zivelisa uphando kunye nohlalutyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nemithetho ezilawulayo, zinika umongo kunye neembono ezixabisekileyo zobuchule.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zolawulo olusemthethweni lweziko lorhulumente zikhulu kwaye zintsonkothile, zibonakalisa umgangatho nokubaluleka kwemisebenzi karhulumente kwibutho lanamhlanje. Ukusuka kuMthetho wesiseko weNkqubo yoLawulo oluPhezulu ukuya kwimithetho ecacileyo, ukusuka kwimithetho yokuzicacela ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, ukusuka ekujongeni imigaqo equlunqweni ukuya kuhlolo lomthetho, ubuchule obuninzi obusemthethweni busebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente zisebenza ngokusemthethweni, ngokunempumelelo, kwaye ngokuzinzileyo.

Ukuqonda le mithetho kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kunceda abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke bafeze iimbopheleleko zabo, kwaye kunceda bonke abamele ukuba baphendulwe ngurhulumente. Ngoxa ukuntsonkotha kwesi siseko somthetho kunokubonakala kungokoyikisa, imigaqo esisiseko, ukuphendula ngokusesikweni, ukungakhethi cala, nokuhlonela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, qha, kwaye kubalulekile kurhulumente wedemokhrasi.

Njengokuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziqhubeka ziguquka ziphumeza ucelomngeni olutsha namathuba, isiseko somthetho esilawula zona siya kuvumelana ngokufanayo. Ukuhlala wazi ngezi nkqubela nokuqonda imigaqo esisiseko engomthetho esebenzayo kusebalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo uluntu nendlela abemi abanokuqinisekisa ngayo ukuba isebenza ngokunempumelelo nangokusesikweni.