Isimiso sabahluleli sinjengensika eyisisekelo yenqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu, evelele kakhulu kunase-United States. Sihlanganisa isimiso sokuthi umuntu omangalelwe ngecala kufanele ahlulelwe iqembu lontanga yakhe, elithathwe emphakathini. Lendlela ayithuthukisi nje kuphela ubulungisa nokungakhethi kodwa futhi isebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni kahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke anqume icala. Ukuqonda ukuthi abakhohlisi bakhethwa kanjani, indima abayenzayo, kanye nezici eziyisisekelo zesimiso zibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amaqiniso okuvinjelwa yizelele.

Ukubaluleka Kwesimiso Sokugcina Imali

Ekujuleni kwayo, isimiso sabahluleli sigcwalisa imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi phakathi kobulunga obubanzi. Okokuqala, ifaka izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nomqondo ovamile emacaleni angokomthetho. Kunokuba ishiye isiphetho somangalelwe ezandleni zomahluleli oyedwa kuphela noma iqembu lamabhunga, ijaji liletha izinqumo ezihlukahlukene ekuhlolweni. Lesi sahlulelo sontanga sisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezibonisa imizwelo yomphakathi okuthi ubugebengu buyiyo.

Okwesibili, abahluleli benza njengesivimbelela ekuphathweni kabi noma ekumangalelweni kohulumeni. Ngokugcina isinqumo sokugcina icala noma ubumsulwa ezakhamuzini ezivamile, isimiso sidala icala abahluleli abangenakulinikeza. Lomsebenzi wokuvikela usekelwe ngokujulile esikweni elingokomthetho lamaNgisi namaMelika futhi uye wagujwa njengesivikelo senkululeko.

Okwesithathu, isimiso sabahluleli sithuthukisa ukufaneleka kwesinqumo sobugebengu. Uma iqembu elihlukene lezakhamuzi ezingakhethi lifinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo noma esiseduze ne-6upix, umphakathi usengozini enkulu yokwamukela umphumela, ngisho noma ungavumelani nawo. Lokhu kusemthethweni kubalulekile ukuze ulondoloze ukuthembela esimisweni sobulungisa futhi uqinisekise ukuthi abantu ababoshelwe isijeziso sabo basibheka njengokulungile.

Imisuka Engokomlando

Umsuka walejaji usukela emuva eGrisi naseRoma lasendulo, lapho amabhodi ezakhamuzi ngezinye izikhathi ayenquma khona izindaba ezingokomthetho. Nokho, uhlobo lwanamuhla lwamajaji lwavela eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi. IMagna Carta yekhulu lekhulu lekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, nakuba ingamisanga ngokucacile ukuqulwa kwamacala ejaji njengoba siwazi namuhla, yaveza ilungelo lokwahlulela ontanga, isimiso esathi kamuva sathonya umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi. Icala lokuqulwa kwecala lamiswa ngokuqinile enkantolo yamaNgisi futhi yayiswa emakoloni aseMelika. ISigqizo sesithupha sokuHlulela i-O. Umthetho - qhubeka sasho lelilungelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi “esonke isigebeqeqe, abamangalelwa icala liyojabulela ukuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelahlawulo lomphakathi.”

Lokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando kugcizelela ukuthi kungani abasizi bejaji behlala beyingxenye eyinhloko: akuyona nje into ewusizo engokwemvelo kodwa kuyisiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo esiklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lesimiso siyaqhubeka siguquka, sivumelane nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho sibambelele enjongweni yaso eyisisekelo.

Indlela Abavuthuzi Abakhethwa Ngayo: Inqubo Ye - voir Dire

Inqubo yokukhetha ijaji yaziwa ngokuthi isconoir, inkulumo ethathwe kwincazelo yesiFulentshi sakudala ethi “ukukhuluma iqiniso.” Lesigaba esibucayi sinquma ukuthi ubani ozohlala ekwahluleleni ummangalelwa futhi angathonya kakhulu umphumela wokwahlulela. Ukuqulwa ngokungakhethi nangokuphelele kusiza ukuqinisekisa i-countal, kuyilapho inqubo ethatha ijubane noma ekhethayo ingalulaza yonke inqubo.

IChibi LaseJury Nokufingqa

Ukukhetha uJury kuqala ngokumiswa kweqembu labasizi bejaji. Izinkantolo zidweba amagama ngokulandela uhlu lwamavoti, amarekhodi emvume yokushayela, noma ezinye izisekelo zomphakathi. Lokhu kukhethwa okungahleliwe kuhloselwe ukuveza i-pardentistracenta ewumeleli yomphakathi. Lezi zigebengu zithola amamemo afuna ukuba zivele enkantolo ngosuku olumisiwe. Izifunda eziningi zicela futhi abamele ukuqeda i-jaji elibuzayo elihlanganisa amanani ayisisekelo, isizinda somsebenzi, nanoma yikuphi okuhlangenwe nakho komthetho. Lemibuzo iyasiza abameli namajaji ukuba baphawule amaphutha enqubwele ekuqaleni kwenqubo.

Uvivinyo Nezinselele

Uma itheku selihlangene, ukuhlola okushaqisayo kuqala. Ama - attorney akho kokubili ukuquliswa kwecala kanye nolwelwelwelwe, kanye nomahluleli, bayangabaza abazohlulelwa. Umgomo uwukwambula noma yikuphi ubandlululo, imibono ecatshangelwayo, noma izingxabano zesithakazelo ezingase zivimbele umgcini wejaji ukuba angakhethi.

Ukubuza kungahlanganisa izihloko eziningi, kuhlanganise nolwazi lomahluleli ngendaba (ikakhulukazi uma ithola ukunakwa kwemithombo yezindaba), isimo sabo sengqondo ngokugcinwa komthetho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngobugebengu, ngisho nezinkolelo zabo siqu ngesijeziso. Ama - Attorney angase abuze nangezinto ezingokwengqondo, njengekhono lokulandela iziyalezo zomahluleli emthethweni ngisho noma bona ngokwawo bengavumelani.

Ngokusekelwe ezimpenduloni, abameli bangabekela izikhala zomsizi wejaji inselele ngezindlela ezimbili:

Ngale nqubo ekhuthazayo yokubuza nezinselele, ijaji lokugcina libekwa endaweni yokuhlala. Ngokuvamile, ijaji elithatha icala lobugebengu linamalungu angu-12, nakuba amanye amazwe evumela amajaji amancane ukuba ahlulele amacala amancane. Abasizi abahlukene nabo bakhethwa ukuba bahlale ecaleni uma umgcini wejaji ovamile engakwazi ukukhonza.

Indima Yomahluleli

Ijaji lengamela zonke izinyathelo ezishaqisayo, liqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuza kuhlala kufanelekile futhi kunenhlonipho, nokuthi akukho nolulo oluhlanganyela emaqhingani angafanele. Ijaji futhi lihlela ngezinselele zesizathu futhi linikeza iziyalezo zokuqala kubahluleli ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale. Ngemva kokuba amajaji esehlezihla, umahluleli uyobayala ngomthetho okumelwe bawusebenzise, umthwalo wobufakazi, nokuziphatha okufanele okulindeleke phakathi nokuhlola. Ukungathathi hlangothi kubaluleke kakhulu; noma ikuphi ukubonakala kobandlululo kungaholela ekuqulweni noma ekudlulisweni.

Ukubaluleka Kokubeka Ithumbu

Iqembu labasizi bamajaji − elihlala ebhokisini, linethonya elikhulu emphumeleni wecala. Ijaji elibonisa ukuhlukahluka komphakathi libhekwa njengelifaneleke kakhulu futhi elikwazi kakhulu ukuhlola ubufakazi obuvela emibonweni eminingi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ijaji elinobuhlaziyi noma elishiya amaqembu athile lingaphakamisa imibuzo ngokungakhethi.

Izici Ezithinta Isimo

Izici eziningana zithonya uhlobo lokugcina lwabasizi bejaji:

  • Ukuhlukahluka kwenani lomphakathi: Inkathi, uhlanga, ubulili, ubuzwe, nezenhlalo yezenhlalo konke ukuma kwabantu ababheka ngakho ubufakazi, ubufakazi, nobufakazi bochwepheshe. Ukucwaninga kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amajaji ahlukene ngokwezinhlanga athatha isikhathi eside, axoxe ngamaqiniso amaningi, futhi enze amaphutha ambalwa kunawo wonke amajaji amhlophe lapho kucatshangelwa ahilela abamangalelwa abambalwa.
  • Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila: Umlando wejar (ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi babeyisisulu sobugebengu, babenomkhaya osebenza ngomthetho, noma baye babhekana nobandlululo /-accomps) ukuchaza kwabo amaqiniso. Ama-Attorney azama ukukhetha abagcini bejaji ababhekana nombono wecala, kuyilapho inkantolo izimisele ukuvikela indawo elinganiselwe.
  • Izici ze-Attutidial nomqondo: Izikhombo ziyahluka ngokwesimo sazo sengqondo ngegunya, ikhono labo lokuphatha ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi, nokuthambekela kwabo ekuthembeleni emizweni yethumbu nokuhlaziya ngokucophelela. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa i-voir eshaqisayo ukuze abonise lezizici, nakuba lomkhuba usancintisana.

Umphumela Wezinyama

Baas [1] Ukuhlolwa noma ukuphaphama noma ukuquleka, kumelela esinye sezinsongo ezinkulu kakhulu ekungakhethini kwabahluleli. Ubandlululo oluphelele olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, isigaba, ubulili, noma ukubukeka kungathonya ngendlela engabonakali ukuthi ijaji libungabaza ngayo ubufakazi bommangalelwa noma ukwethenjelwa kofakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi abakhohlisi abagconayo basengozini enkulu yokubeka icala ummangalelwa omnyama uma icala lihilela isisulu esimhlophe, ngisho nalapho ubufakazi bufana.

Nokho, kunzima ukuveza ubandlululo oluningi ngoba abantu bangase bangabazi kahle noma bangabaza ukuvuma. Izinguquko, njengokuqeqeshelwa abahluleli nabameli ukucwasa okusobala, ziyasetshenziswa kwezinye izinkantolo ukuze kuncishiswe lemiphumela.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nesimiso Sanamuhla Sobujukupheku

Nakuba isimiso sabahluleli sisaqinile, sibhekene nezinselele eziningana zangalesosikhathi ezivivinya ukuphumelela nobuqotho baso.

Ukuziphatha Okubi Okubi Enkathini Yamanani

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komakhalekhukhwini, imithombo yezokuxhumana, ne-Internet kwenza kwaba lula ngabasizi ukuba bahlulele amacala okucwaninga okungafanele noma bakhulume ngawo ngaphandle kwenkantolo. Naphezu kweziqondiso ezicacile ezivela kubahluleli zokungaqhubeli phambili ekuhloleni ngokwabo, abanye abahluleli bahlanganyela ekusebenziseni “ukuzikhohlisa” ummangalelwa, isisulu, noma izimemezelo ezingokomthetho. Bangase futhi bafake icala eFacebook, eTwitter, noma kwezinye iziteshi, bephula umthetho ovimbela ukuxoxa ngecala nonoma ubani.

Ukuziphatha okubi okunjalo kungaholela ekwahlulelweni okungalungile, ezinqumweni ezijikijelweyo, nasemacaleni endelelo. Izinkantolo ziqhubeka zisingatha lenkinga ngocingo oluphoqelelayo phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, zisebenzisa iziluleko eziqinile, futhi ngisho nokucela izicelo zamajaji emacaleni aphakeme. Noma kunjalo, isilingo sokufuna ukwaziswa ngaphandle sihlala sibalulekile.

Imithombo Yezindaba Neyamabhizinisi

Ezimweni ezikhanga ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba okusakazekile, kungaba nzima ukuthola abasizi bejaji abangachayekanga ekusakazweni kwangaphambi kwezindaba. Izihloko eziphambili zolwazi, i-comptammmetam, nokuhlaziya kobuphoyisa kungadala ukubonakala kwecala noma ubumsulwa ngaphambi kokuba kunikezwe ubufakazi obubonke. Ama-Athorney angazama ukulwa nalokhu ngokumelene nokushisa okukhulu, ukushintsha indawo (ukuthatha icala ukuya endaweni ehlukile), noma ngokucela abahluleli bejaji abakhethiwe. Nokho, eminyakeni engu-24/7 emijikelezweni yezindaba namagciwane etholakala kuyi-inthanethi, amajarivers avikela ngokuphelele ulwazi cishe akunakwenzekanga.

Ukucubungula Nokuyinkimbinkimbi KukaJury

Ukuqulwa kwecala kwanamuhla kuhilela ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi besayensi, amarekhodi ezimali, imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi, noma iziyalezo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho. Abaqondisi, abangezona izazi zomthetho, bangase bazame ukuqonda nokusebenzisa lokhu kwaziswa ngokunembile. Ukucwaninga kubonise ukuthi iziyalezo zejaji ezibhalwe ngokusemthethweni omkhulu aziqondwa kahle, kuholela ezinqumweni ezingavumelani nomthetho. Imizamo yokwenza imiyalo icace, ukunikeza amakhophi, ukunikeza ukuqashwa, nokuvumela imibuzo phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala iye yabonisa isithembiso sokuthuthukisa ukuqonda. Noma kunjalo, le ngxenye iseyindawo yempikiswano eqhubekayo nenguquko.

Ukushintsha Isimiso Samajukusha

Ngenxa yalezi zinselele, imibuso eminingi iye yasungula izinguquko ezihloselwe ukuqinisa isimiso sabahluleli ngaphandle kokulahla izimiso zaso eziyisisekelo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuqonda Okukhulu

Enye ingxenye eyinhloko yenguquko igxila ekuhlomeleni kangcono abasizi bejaji ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo. Izinyathelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Izifundo zamacala: Ukunikeza incazelo ecacile yezinqubo zasenkantolo, umthwalo wobufakazi, nendima yamajaji, abameli, nofakazi.
  • Iziqondiso ze-Plain 76lage jaji: Ithatha indawo yezinkulumo zomthetho ezingekho mthethweni ngolimi olucacile izakhamuzi ezingaluqonda.
  • Ukuthatha nokubuza: Abavumele abasizi bejaji ukuba babhale amanothi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala futhi bathumele imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi (ingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela).
  • [ Imfundo yamatriatrium ifushanisa: Amaphaphu amafushane omthetho ezikhundla ezigxekayo ukuze kusizwe abasizi babaphathi-jaji bahlele ubufakazi njengoba bunikezwa.

Izinguquko Zokwakha

Ezinye izinguquko zijongisa inqubo yokukhetha ngokwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye ama-ocentimenti anciphisa inani lezinselele ezikhona ohlangothini ngalunye, alinganisela ikhono lokuhlela iqembu elilodwa likhethe ijaji. Ezinye ziye zandisa izinga leqembu labameleli bejaji ukuze zandise ukumelelwa noma zasebenzisa “izindlela zokukhetha” phakathi ne-voir jadad. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezingcingo zokuqeda izinselele ezikhona, njengoba ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha abagcini bamajaji besekelwe embangweni noma ebulilini naphezu kokuvikela okungokomthetho.

Enye inguquko ebalulekile isetshenziswa “amajaji asemahlombe” noma“ amajaji enkantolo emisha” ezicaleni eziyinkimbinkimbi, nakuba zingelutho. Izizathu zokufuna izinqumo ezivumelanayo kuzo zonke izigebengu, kunokuzivumela ukuba zingangeni ndawo ezindaweni ezithile, kunokuvumela izinqumo ezithi i-6Prefectus ifuna ukuhlanekezelwa, kulandelwa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase- Ramuos v. Louisiana (20), eyayithi iSiphakamiso seSithandathu sifuna ukuvalwa kwecala elingathi sína enkantolo yomthetho engokomthetho nasenkantolo yombuso.

Ekugcineni, imizamo yokwandisa isinxephezelo sejari nokunciphisa umthwalo wenkonzo (ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza uhlelo oluvumelana nezimo, uhlelo olulodwa lwezimboni ezingu - 76ononeka) ihlose ukwenza umsebenzi wejaji ube othokomele ngokwengeziwe nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela okuthé xaxa kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sabahluleli siseyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu, inikeza indlela yokuhileleka komphakathi okuqinisekisa ukulunga, ukulandisa, nokuthemba umphakathi. Ukukhetha ngokucophelela abahluleli nge-voir ngokusebenza ngokuyingozi kuya enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi elandelayo, isigaba ngasinye senqubo sinezisindo. Nakuba isimiso singenazo izici ezingafanele, ukuziphatha okubi, nobunzima obuqhubekayo kuyaqhubeka kuqinisa ikhono laso lokukhipha ubulungisa obungakhethi. Izisebenzi zejaji ezisebenza kahle, ezakha izakhamuzi ezikhokhelwe ukukhokhwa nokufundiswa, singenye sesiqinisekiso esiqinile sokuqulwa ngokulunga emphakathini wentando yeningi.