Liyini IRepublic?

Irepublic iyisimiso sikahulumeni lapho ubukhosi buhlala khona nabantu, futhi amandla enziwa ngabameleli abakhethiwe negunya eliphethe elibuswa umthetho-sisekelo. Igama lisuka kwelesiLatini lisuka ku-publica . ngokwezwi nezwi “indaba yomphakathi” noma“ impahla yomphakathi” okuyizimpawu zokuthi umbuso awuwona umbuso womuntu siqu wenkosi noma wezikhulu kodwa ukwethenjelwa okuhlanganeyo kwazo zonke izakhamuzi. ERepublic, izikhulu kumelwe zisebenze ngaphakathi kwemithetho elinganiselayo igunya likahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukulandisa nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Namuhla, amazwe angaphezu kwengxenye emhlabeni azichaza ngokuthi amarepublic, kodwa incazelo eqondile ihluka kakhulu. Emnyombweni wayo, urpagani wenqaba ukubusa okungokofuzo namandla okuzibusa, esikhundleni sobukhosi obuthandwayo nomthetho. Ukuqonda izisekelo zokubusa kwabameleli kubusa (hhawas republics, lapho avela khona, futhi izinselele ezibhekene nazo, zibalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esithembisiwe. Lesi sihloko sikhipha lezozici eziyisisekelo, sidwebela ezibonelweni ezingokomlando, izisekelo zefilosofi, kanye nezindlela zanamuhla.

Izimfanelo ZamaRepublic

Nakuba amarepublic evela ngezindlela eziningi, ahlanganyela izici eziningana eziwahlukanisayo nemibuso yenkosi, ubushiqela, nentando yeningi eqondile.

Ubukhosi Obuthandwayo Nezifanekiselo

Kuyi republic, igunya eliphelele lezombangazwe lisebanabantu, abalisebenzisa ngokungaqondile ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Lokhu kwenza amarepublic abe uhlobo lwentando yeningi yabameleli, ngokuphambene nokuqondisa idemokrasi lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona kuyo yonke impikiswano. Uhulumeni wommeleli uvumela ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo eziphumelelayo futhi wenze isigaba esinguchwepheshe semithetho sifunde imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, futhi yenza amashende agxile ekukhetheni okungakhethi, ezinqunyweni ezibonisa ngamagama acacile, nasekuvoti abavoti abanolwazi.

Ukubusa Komthetho Nemingcele Yomthetho

AmaRepublic aboshwa ngumthetho-sisekelo − noma ubhaliwe noma ungabhalwanga − obeka imithetho eyisisekelo yokubusa. Akukho sikhulu, ngisho nomongameli okhethwe ngokwedumela, ongaphezulu komthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo omisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso (ukubulala, ukumisa imithetho, ukwahlulela) futhi ngokuvamile uhlanganisa imvume yamalungelo avikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Loluhlelo olungokomthetho luvimbela ukubusa okuwumthetho futhi lunikeza izimiso zokungahloniphikiswa kwezenzo eziwubekela inselele.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Amancane

Isimiso esiyinhloko sobuRepublicism siwukuthi intando yeningi kumelwe ilinganiswe ngesivikelo samaqembu amancane nabantu ngabanye. Ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezinjalo, umthetho omningi ungashabalala ube “ukwenqamuka kweningi.” AmaRepublic avame ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, nenqubo edingekayo, qhaza elihlala lisempilweni ngisho noma ingathandeki. Lokhu kuzinikela ekuhlanganiseni ubuningi nokubekezelelana kungomunye wemiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu yeriphabliki.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekuqoqeni amandla amaningi, amarepublic ahlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha alinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isishaya-mthetho senza imithetho, isikhulu siyayiphoqelela, futhi ikomiti yejaji iyayichaza. Igatsha ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela noma ukuhlola amanye (ngokwesibonelo), umphathi angawabeka umthetho, i-republic ingaqinisekisa abahluleli, futhi i-jadiciary ingaziqeda izenzo ezingagunyazi.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Umqondo werepublic awuzange uvele ngokugcwele kuyi - Kukhanyiselwa; izimpande zawo zafinyelela enkathini yasendulo.

IGrisi Yasendulo NeRoma

Nakuba i-Athene yayenza uhlobo oluthile lwentando yeningi ngokuqondile, kwakuyiRome Republic (509-27 BCE) eyanikeza isibonelo sokuqala esikhulu sezinhlangano ezimelelayo. AmaRoma akhetha izinyunyana ezimbili minyaka yonke, iSigele esiqanjwe ngabadala base-patricia, nemihlangano ethandwayo eyashaya imithetho. Umthetho-sisekelo weRepublic, nakuba ungekho, wadala ukulingana okubucayi phakathi kwezici zombuso nezedumela.

Ngaphambili, idolobha laseGrisi iSparta neCarthage lazama futhi ukuhlanganisa izici zikahulumeni ezixubile zenkosi, izikhulu nezobuntando bentando yeningi. Isazi - mlando uPolybius sancoma iRome Republic ngokuhlanganisa lezi zici, siphikisa ngokuthi isimiso esinjalo sasizinzile kunezindlela eziphelele zokubusa.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwenguquko

Ngemva kokuwa kweRoma, ubuRepublic banyamalala kakhulu eYurophu kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, lapho idolobhakazi lase-Australia enyakatho ye-Italy livuselela uhulumeni. IVenice, iFlorence, iGenoa, kanye nezinye zaba amarepublic ngegama, nakuba zazivame ukubuswa imikhaya ye-oligarchy. I-Florentine icabanga ukuthi uNicolkâvel Machiavelli, kuleyo misebenzi yakhe [FLT:] Dioscores eLivy, ihlaziya izinhlangano zeRiphabliki zamaRoma futhi yaphikisa ngokuthi isilinganiso sokuhlanganyela komphakathi, ubuhle, nokuxabana nobunzima kungalondoloza inkululeko. Umsebenzi wakhe wathonya abasunguli beRiphabliki zanamuhla.

Izisekelo Zokukhanyiselwa

Ekhulwini le - 17 nele - 18 kwabhebhetheka inkolelo - mbono yeriphabliki, eyayishukunyiswa izazi zefilosofi ezazifuna ukuthethelela ukumelana nombuso ophelele.

uJohn Locke (1689) waphikisa Izivumelwano Ezimbili zikaHulumeni ukuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uncike emvumeni yababuswayo futhi izakhamuzi zigcine amalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Uma umbusi ephula lawomalungelo, abantu bangavukela ngokulunga. Imibono ka-America i-Inqulution of Independence.
UBaron de Montesquieu [1748] [1748], [uMoya woMthetho][, waxwayisa ukuthi ngaphandle kokwehlukana kwemibuso, inkululeko iyalahleka. Wahlonipha isimiso saseBrithani (akubona ngephutha njenge-trartite) futhi wasekela isikhulu, i-proconstmentality, nenkululeko yokwahlulela. Isakhiwo sakhe saqoshwa e-U.S.
JEAN JACques Rousseau [1762] wanikeza umbono oweqisayo IContract yezenhlalo, ephikisa ngokuthi ubukhosi bungabantu njengeqembu “intando.” Nakuba uRousseau engathembanga uhulumeni ongummeleli, imibono yakhe ngenguquko ethandwayo yaseFrance.

Lezi zingqondo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo kweDutch Republic neNgilandi Commonwealth, zanikeza abasunguli beUnited States neFrance iqoqo elicebile lemibono elavela kulo ukuze kwenziwe imithetho - sisekelo yeRepublic yanamuhla.

Izinguquko ZaseMelika NezaseFrance

I-United States yamisa irepublic yokuqala enkulu yesilinganiso esikhulu enkathini yanamuhla. UMthetho-sisekelo ka 1787 wasungula irepublic kamongameli kahulumeni egcizelela kakhulu imishini nezilinganiso. I-Bill of Rights yanezela isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, nenkolo. Umzamo waseMelika wabangela izinguquko eLatin America naseYurophu.

IRepublic yokuqala yaseFrance (1792-1804) yayinesiyaluyalu kakhulu, ihlanganisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunamandla nokubusa ngempoqo. Nokho iNguquko yaseFrance yasakaza futhi izinhloso zeriphabliki(i-liberty, ukulingana, ubudlelwane(ukunqamula izwekazi), ne-Napoleonic Code yahlanganisa izimiso eziningi zomthetho we-riphabliki.

Izinhlobo ZamaRepublic

Uhlelo oluvame kakhulu lusekelwe ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwesikhulu nesishaya umthetho.

AmaRepublic Obumongameli

Esimisweni sobumongameli, umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile ukhonza kokubili njengomphathi wombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, ozimele kuhulumeni. Isikhundla sikamongameli simisiwe, futhi isishayamthetho singakwazi ukususa umphathi omkhulu. i-United States iyisibonelo esiyinhloko; amanye amarepublic avelele ahlanganisa i-Brazil, i-Argentina, i-Mexico, ne-South Korea. Lesi simiso sinikeza ukuzinza nokulandisa okucacile kodwa sifaka izingozi zesikhulu esiphakeleyo nesiphakamisiwe uma umongameli nendlu yomthetho kuvela emaqenjini aphikisanayo.

IziRepublic ZasePhalamende

Epalamende, umphathi wezwe umongameli (ngokuvamile onemisebenzi yemikhosi), kuyilapho umphathi kahulumeni engundunankulu enecala ephalamende. Undunankulu nomphathi-hulumeni bangamalungu ephalamende futhi bangaxoshwa yivoti engathembi. IJalimane, i-Italy, i-Itali, iyiphalamende. Lesimiso sivumelana kakhulu futhi sikhuthaza isakhiwo esihlangene, kodwa singaholela ekushintsheni njalo futhi singaba nomphathi oqondile ophethe umphathi.

AmaRepublic aseSemilandideensance

Amanye amarepublic ahlanganisa izingxenye zazo zombili izimiso. iFrance, iRussia, iGibithe, neTaiwan zinomongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile ohlanganyela imibuso ephethe nondunankulu. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kuxhomeke ekuklanyweni komthetho - sisekelo kanye nasenhlanganweni yenhlangano. Izimiso ezizimele zingahlanganisa ukuhola okuqinile nokuziphendulela komthetho wenkantolo, kodwa futhi zifaka engozini izingxabano zokuhlala ndawonye.

Federal Republics

IRepublic kahulumeni ihlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni ophethe izifundazwe eziyinhloko noma izifundazwe. Izinga ngalinye linemibuso yalo eqinisekisiwe ngokomthetho-mthetho. I-United States, iJalimane, i-Brazil, ne-Australia iyirepublic kahulumeni. I-Federalism isiza ekulawuleni amasimu amakhulu, ahlukene ngokuvumela ukuba izimele kwezindawo ezinjengezemfundo, amaphoyisa, nokusetshenziswa kwezwe, kuyilapho uhulumeni oyinhloko esingatha ukuvikela, imithetho yamazwe angaphandle, kanye nemali.

AmaRepublic ObuSulumane

Izifunda ezimbalwa, njenge-Iran nePakistan (zombili amaRiphabliki amaSulumane ngokomthetho), zifaka umthetho wamaSulumane (amasharia) ezimisweni zawo zomthetho lapho zinakekela izinhlangano ezikhethiwe. Isimiso seIran siyinkimbinkimbi ngokukhethekile, nomholi wenkolo ophakeme (iGuardian Jurist) onegunya eliphelele phezu kwesikhulu, isishaya-mthetho, nesimiso sokwahlulela. Lezibonelo eziyimifantu zibhekene nezingxabano eziyisisekelo phakathi kwedemokrasi nemibuso engokwenkolo.

Indima Yezakhamuzi ERepublic

Izihloko ezilandelanayo zingase zivunyelwe embusweni wombuso, kodwa irepublic idinga ukuba kube namalungu ashisekayo athatha icala likahulumeni wawo.

Ukukhangisa Nokukhetha

Isenzo esibonakalayo kakhulu sokuba yizakhamuzi ukuvota. ERepublic, ukukhetha okukhululekile nokungakhethi kuyindlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ubukhosi. Abavota bakhetha abameleli abazoveza izithakazelo zabo, imithetho yenkulumo-mpikiswano, futhi abengamele umphathi. Umvoti ophansi ululaza abameleli futhi angavumela amaqembu amancane anezigaba ukuba alawule. Ngakho amarepublic amaningi akhuthaza ukuvota ngokubhalisa, imfundo yomphakathi, ngisho nokuvota okuphoqelelwe (njengase-Australia).

Imfundo Yesibhamu Nenkulumo Yeningi

IRepublic ayinakusebenza uma izakhamuzi zingazi lutho ngezinhlangano nangezimiso zayo. Izikole, imithombo yezindaba, nezinhlangano zomphakathi konke kunendima ekufundiseni indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, lokho izakhamuzi ezinakho, nendlela yokuhlaziya ukuncintisana kwezindawo. Intando yeningi ezimeleyo (imibono yokuzicabangela) iveza icebo lokucabanga ndawonye ngezindaba zomphakathi lapho amaqiniso ehlonishwa khona, imibono ehlukene ikhona, futhi ikhona ibalulekile. Ukwanda kwe-diffix no-evolution commetic commental.

Ukukhohlisa, Ukuziphatha, Nomphakathi

Ngaphandle kokhetho, izakhamuzi zingathonya isimiso ngokusebenzisa amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu, imiboniso, izicelo, nokuthintana nabameleli bazo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi `izinhlangano, amasonto, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe(izisebenzi) ezisebenza phakathi kwabantu nombuso. Zinikeza imvume yokuhlanganisa abantu ngabanye, i-gamends yokuhlela umsebenzi kahulumeni, ihlola ukusebenza kukahulumeni, futhi zisiza ukuba abaholi bathathe isibopho. Umphakathi onamandla uyisici sezwe elinempilo.

Inkonzo KaJury Nengxenye Yomphakathi

Amarepublic amaningi afuna izakhamuzi ukuba zikhonze emajajini, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abavamile banendima eqondile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa. Amakomiti kahulumeni endawo, amakomiti esikole, nemihlangano yamahholo yamadolobha kunikeza amathuba engeziwe okuhlanganyela. Lokhu kuthembisana kotshani kuqinisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso futhi kwakha ukwethembana ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene NamaRepublic Anamuhla

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, ama - republic abhekana nezinselele ezingathi sína ezingaqeda ukuzethemba komphakathi futhi ziqede ukubusa kwabameleli.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

EmaRepublic amaningi, ukuhlukana okuhlukanisayo kuye kwajula kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho ukuyekethisa kungavamile futhi umkhiqizo wemithetho ungasebenzi khona. I-hyperāpartisan ingaholela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni, izimpi zokwahlulela, nokuncipha kokuthembana. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka izinhlangano zazo njengezimane nje izithuluzi zempi ehlukanisayo, zingase zihoxe kwezombangazwe ngokuphelele, zibangele umjikelezo ononya.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa

Inkohlakalo − ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese − kunikeza ilungelo lanoma yiliphi irepublic. Kungathatha uhlobo lokufumbathisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuphakela, noma iminikelo engekho emthethweni. Ngaphandle komthetho osobala, “ukukhomba" kwenzeka lapho abantu abacebile noma izinkampani zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu ngokufaka isiteshi, ngokufaka iholo egumbini, nangokuba nemithombo yezindaba. Imithetho eqinile yemithetho yokuziphatha, kanye nemithetho yezezimali esobala yezezimali ibalulekile.

Ukubusa Kwesikhulu Nokusekela Kwentando Yeningi

Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje aye abona ukuthambekela okukhathazayo kwabaholi abakhethwe ukuba bagxilise amandla ngokunakekela izishaya - mthetho, izinkantolo, kanye nezindaba. Besebenzisa indlela yokukhuluma yobupopulist, bangase bahlasele izinhlangano ezizimele, balulaze ukukhetha, futhi banciphise inkululeko yomphakathi. Lenqubo “yokuguqukela kwezedemokrasi” ingaguqula irepublic ibe yi-autocracy uma ilondoloza i-façade of cocation. Amazwe anjenge-Hungary, Poland, ne-Turkey aye abhekana nokuguguleka okuphawulekayo kwezimiso zobuzwe.

Ukungavumelani Nezici Zangaphandle

Ukuxhumana kwanamuhla kuvumela ukulandisa okungamanga ukuba kusakazeke ngokushesha, kudilize imiphakathi futhi kubangele izinkulumo - mpikiswano ezicatshangelwe ngokuthi kunzima. Abadlali bangaphandle bangase bafune ukuthonya okhethweni noma ukuhlwanyela ukungezwani. amaRepublic kumelwe afake imali ekufundeni izinto ezisemithonjeni yezindaba, asekele ukukhishwa kwezincwadi okuzimele, futhi amise izindlela zokuvikela ubuqotho bomphakathi.

Ukunganaki Nokuncipha

Lapho izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi amavoti azo awabalulekile noma ukuthi zonke izazi zezombangazwe ziyafana, zingayeka ukuthatha iqhaza. Umvoti okhokhile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisencane, unciphisa ukumelelwa kukahulumeni futhi angashiya isimiso sibuswa abantu abadala, abacebile. Izinguquko ezinjengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota okuzimele, futhi ukwenza usuku lokukhetha kungasiza ekulungiseni lo kuthambekela.

Isiphetho

AmaRepublic amelela omunye wemizamo ehlala njalo yesintu yokuhlanganisa umthetho othandwayo nenkululeko. Kusukela eSigebengwini samaRoma kuya kumthetho-mthetho wanamuhla, isiko leriphabliki liye lashintsha ukuze lihlangabezane nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho lilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo: ubukhosi babantu, ukubusa komthetho, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Nokho lezizimiso azizona ezizifakayo; zidinga ukunaka okuqhubekayo, ubuhle bomphakathi, nokuqapha okungokwenhlangano. Njengezakhamuzi zezwe, sinalo kokubili ithuba nesibopho sokuqonda isimiso sethu, sihlanganyela ezimisweni zaso, futhi sizivikele emandleni aso okunganaki nombuso wobushiqela. Ngesikhathi sokushintsha ngokushesha nezinselele zomhlaba, impilo yokubusa isiqinisekiso esiphelele senkululeko nezobulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[FLT: 0] ukungena kwe-Encyclopedia Britannica kumarepublic, [[FLT] Encyclopedia yeFilosofi e-Republic, kanye [FLT] nokuhlaziya kwe-Economist izinsongo ezidingwa yi-information .