Ayini Amalungelo Abantu?

Amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo nenkululeko etholakala kuwo wonke umuntu emhlabeni, kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube sekufeni. Asebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usukaphi, yini oyikholelwayo, noma ukhetha ukuphila kwakho. Lamalungelo awazuzwa noma aphiwa uhulumeni noma indikimba i-— azuzwa abantu ngenxa nje yokuthi bangabantu. Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isithunzi, ukulingana, nobulungisa emphakathini.

Emnyombweni wabo, amalungelo abantu asekelwe ezimisweni ze ububanzi kanye nokungabi nakukwazi ukuhlukanisa[. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungelo abantu asebenza ngokufanayo kunoma imuphi umuntu kuyo yonke imikhawulo, amasiko, nezimiso zomthetho. Akekho umuntu ongawanikela ngokuzithandela, futhi nanoma yiliphi igunya elingokomthetho. Lezizimiso zakha isisekelo somthetho wezwe lonke nezimiso ezingokokuziphatha emhlabeni wonke.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yamalungelo Abantu

Ukuqonda lo mbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani amalungelo abantu ehlelwe ngendlela ahlelwe ngayo namuhla, kuye kwavela emakhulwini eminyaka, ngezimpikiswano zefilosofi, izinguquko, izinguquko ezingokomthetho nezifundo ezibuhlungu emlandweni.

Isisekelo Sokuqala SoMthetho Wasendulo Nefilosofi

Imiqondo yakuqala ngobulungisa nesithunzi somuntu ngamunye ivela emibhalweni yasendulo engokomthetho enjengethi Code kaHammurabi (i-circa 1754 BCE) nezimfundiso zezazi zefilosofi zamaGreki neRoma. Lezimiso zakuqala zasungula imiqondo efana nemithetho, ukulingana kwesijeziso, nomqondo wokuthi ababusi babenesibopho sokubusa. Nakuba lemibono yayikude kakhulu nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu zanamuhla, batshala imbewu eyakhula ngeminyaka eyinkulungwane.

IMagna Carta Nomthetho

IMagna Carta (1215) ivame ukuvezwa njengengqophamlando eyinhloko emlandweni wamalungelo abantu. Yasayinwa iNkosi John yaseNgilandi ingaphansi kokucindezela okuvela kumabhanoyi ahlubukayo, lencwadi yamisa isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu — kuhlanganise nemonarch — ingaphansi komthetho. Yaqala imiqondo enjengenqubo efanele, ilungelo lokuvivinywa okulungile, nesivikelo ekuboshweni okungenasizathu. Nakuba uMagna Carta ekuqaleni ayisebenzisa kubantu abakhululekile kuphela futhi hhayi abantu abavamile, amafa ayo kamuva athonya izincwadi zomthetho womthetho womthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nenkathi Yenguquko

Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwavela ukucabanga kwefilosofi ngokuphathelene namalungelo emvelo. Ifilosofi enjenge- uJohn Locke yaphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo azuzwe ngefa ekuphileni, ngenkululeko, nangempahla. Lemibono yathonya ngokuqondile [ United States Declaration of Independence[ [77]], ememezela ukuthi bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo angenamzwelo. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukwenziwa kwamalungelo abantu amalungelo oMntu namaZwe [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] [5]] [78]) [ikhululute] kusukela ekuguqukeni kwenguquko yaseFrance, ukukhipha leyo ndawo, ukulondeka, ukuvikela, nokumelana nokucindezelwa kwemvelo.

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948)

Ingqophamlando yanamuhla ebaluleke kakhulu yafika ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Ngo-1948, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamukela iSimemezelo se-Universal of Human Rights (UDHR). Lencwadi yengqopha - mlando yamemezela okokuqala iqoqo lamalungelo angenamingcele asebenza kubo bonke abantu, kuyo yonke indawo. I-UDHR ihlala iyisisekelo somthetho wezizwe zonke wenkululeko nemithetho yezizwe. Iye yashukumisa izivumelwano zezizwe ezingaphezulu kwama-80.

Izinhlobo Zomgunyathi Zamalungelo Abantu

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekucaciseni isilinganiso nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo abantu.

Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Nezombangazwe

La malungelo avikela inkululeko yabantu ekuphazanyisweni ohulumeni, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, nabantu ngabanye. Ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi "isizukulwane sokuqala" futhi agxile ekuzilawuleni nasekuhlanganyeleni ekuphileni komphakathi. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo[ — ilungelo lokubamba imibono nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokucubungula noma ukuziphindiselela.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ilungelo lokumelelwa komthetho, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokubekwa kobumsulwa.
  • Inkululeko yenkolo nenkolelo[ — ilungelo lokuprakthiza, ukushintsha, noma ukuvimbela inkolo ngaphandle kokuphoqelela.
  • Amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu [ — isivikelo ekuphazanyisweni okungenangqondo nokuphila komuntu siqu, umkhaya, ikhaya, noma izincwadi.
  • ngakwesokudla sokuvota nokuhlanganyela kuhulumeni — ikhono lokuthonya izinqumo zezombangazwe ngokhetho olukhululekile nolulungile.

Amalungelo Ezomnotho, Ezenhlalo Namasiko

Lamalungelo, avame ukubizwa "isizukulwane sesibili" amalungelo, ukukhathalela izinto ezibonakalayo, ithuba, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni okungokwesiko. Afuna ohulumeni bathathe isinyathelo esiqondile ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi bonke abantu bangahlangabezana nezidingo zabo eziyisisekelo. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ kusekugcineni kwemfundo [ — imfundo ekhululekile nephoqelelwe, elinganayo nemfundo ephakeme esekelwe ekutholeni.
  • empilweni — ukufinyelela ezinkonzoni zokwelapha, amanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nendleko eyanele.
  • Akwesokudla sokusebenza neholo elifanele — ithuba lokuziphilisa ngomsebenzi okhethwe ngokukhululekile, ngezimo eziphephile nangembuyiselo elungile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingakwesokudla esilinganayo sokuphila [ — ukutholakala kokudla, indlu, izingubo zokugqoka, kanye nokulondeka komphakathi.
  • Akwesokudla sokuhlanganyela ekuphileni kwezempucuko — ikhono lokuhlanganyela emikhubeni yamasiko, ukuveza ubuciko, nentuthuko engokwesayensi.

Amalungelo Okuhlangana Namalungelo Obunye

Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa "isizukulwane sesithathu" lamalungelo abekwa amaqembu kunabantu ngabanye. Avela ekuqapheleni ukuthi amanye amalungelo angatholakala kuphela ngokubambisana nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • ekuzinqumeleni ngokwakho — ilungelo labantu lokunquma isimo sabo sezombangazwe nokuphishekela intuthuko yezezomnotho, yezenhlalo, nempucuko.
  • Amalungelo abantu bomdabu — isivikelo samazwe angokwesiko, izilimi, amasiko, nezimiso zokubusa.
  • Ilungelo lokuthuthukisa [ — ilungelo labo bonke abantu lokuhlanganyela, ukunikela, ukujabulela intuthuko yezomnotho, yezenhlalo, yempucuko, nezombangazwe.
  • ekujuleni kwendawo enempilo [ — ukuqaphela ukuthi indawo ehlanzekile, ephephile, nengalondolozwayo ibalulekile ukuze umuntu aphile kahle.

Ukungezwani Nokungafinyeleli

Isimiso esiyinhloko samalungelo abantu siwukuthi wonke amalungelo azimele futhi awahlukaniseki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi, ezombangazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, nawomphakathi wonke abaluleke ngokufanayo futhi aqiniswa. Awekho amandla agcwele okujabulela inkululeko yokukhuluma uma ulambile, ungenamakhaya, noma uphika imfundo. Ngokufanayo, intuthuko yezomnotho ayinakusekelwa ngaphandle kokuhlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Lesimiso siqondisa amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke futhi sigcina ohulumeni benomphumela wokuthuthuka kuwo wonke.

Okwenza Amalungelo Abantu Abaluleke Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Amalungelo abantu awayona imibono engenakuchazwa egcinelwe imihlangano yezizwe zonke noma izincwadi ezingokomthetho, alolonga ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu abayizigidigidi.

Ukuvikela Isithunzi Nukulingana Kobuntu

Kubo bonke, amalungelo abantu aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uzalwa enesithunzi futhi ufanelwe ukuphathwa ngenhlonipho.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuthula Nokuhlala Ngokuthula

Izinhlangano ezihlonipha amalungelo abantu zivame ukuveza izikhalo, ukwenza izinqumo, nokuthatha indinganiso ngezinhlangano ezilungile, azinakuphendukela ebudloveni. Uhlelo lwamalungelo abantu lunikeza izinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano ngengxoxo, izinqubo ezingokomthetho, nokulandisa kunokuba zicindezele noma zicindezele. IZizwe ezihlangene ziye zafaka isiqinisekiso sokuvikela amalungelo abantu futhi zanciphisa izingozi zengxabano.

Ukunika Abantu Nemiphakathi Amandla

Uma abantu bewazi amalungelo abo futhi bekwazi ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho, bangabekela inselele ukungabi nabulungisa ekuphileni kwabo futhi basekele ushintsho olukhulu lwezenhlalo. Lokhu kunikeza amandla emiphakathi ehlela izinto ezikhathazanayo, kusukela ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezungezile kuya kuzisebenzi ezingowase - ’ amalungelo okulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Amalungelo abantu anikeza ulimi olufanayo nezindinganiso zezenzo zomphakathi.

Ukuthuthukisa Intuthuko Yezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Ngokuphambene nokukhetha okungamanga okunikezwa ngezinye izikhathi phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nokuthuthuka, ukuhlonipha amalungelo abantu empeleni kusekela intuthuko engokomnotho nengokwenhlalo. Uma abantu bethola imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomsebenzi ohloniphekile, bangakhiqiza futhi basungule. Uma inkululeko yomphakathi ivikelekile, izakhamuzi zingabangela ukuba ohulumeni namabhizinisi bathathe icala, banciphise ukonakala nokuthuthukisa ukubusa. Ihhovisi likaKhomishala-msemkhakheli wezente yamalungelo abantu [[ libonise ukuthi amalungelo abantu asekelwe ekuthuthukiseni ngokwengeziwe futhi ahlala njalo.

Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Avamile Nezinselele

Naphezu kokuqashelwa komhlaba wonke kwamalungelo abantu, ukwephulwa kwemithetho kuyaqhubeka kwenzeka kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.

Ukubandlulula Nokungalingani

Ukucwaswa kusenhlobo yezinhlobo ezisakazeke kakhulu zokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Abantu babhekana nokuphathwa ngokungafani okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebunhlalweni, ebulilini, enkolweni, ekukhubazekeni, ebudalani, nakwezinye izici. Lokhu kucwaswa kungadlula, njengemithetho ephika amalungelo amaqembu athile, noma ukwakhiwa, efakwe ezimisweni nasezinhlanganweni ezikhuthaza ukungahleleki. Ukucwasa ngomthetho kudinga kokubili izinguquko ezingokomthetho nezinguquko ezingokokuziphatha nasemikhubeni.

Ukucindezelwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma Nomhlangano

Inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana okunokuthula ibaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini yentando yeningi, kodwa ihlala ingaphansi kokusongelwa emhlabeni wonke. Ohulumeni bangase bahlole imithombo yezindaba, bavimbele ukutholakala kwe-inthanethi, babophe izintatheli nabashisekeli, noma banqabe ukubhikisha okunokuthula. Kwamanye amazwe, ukukhuluma ngokumelene neziphathimandla kungaholela ekuboshweni, ukuhlushwa, noma ngisho nasekubulaweni. Imikhankaso yokuhlola kwamanani kanye nokukhishwa kwamalungelo enkathini yanamuhla nayo iletha izinselele ezintsha kulezi zikhathi zanamuhla.

Ukuhlushwa Nokwelashwa Okungenaluzwela

Ukwenqatshelwa ngokuphelele kokuhlukumeza nokuphathwa ngonya, ngonya, noma ngokwehlisa isithunzi kuyisisekelo somthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu. Nokho ukuhlushwa kuyaqhubeka emazweni amaningi, ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukukhipha ukuvuma izono, ukujezisa, noma ukwesabisa imiphakathi yabantu. Izimo zasejele ezindaweni eziningi zehla ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zamalungelo abantu, nokungawaphathi kahle impilo, nokuxhashazwa kabi onogada.

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke zincishwa amalungelo azo ayisisekelo ezomnotho nangokwenhlalo. Zintula amathuba okuthola ukudla okwanele, amanzi ahlanzekile, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo yokuhlala nemfundo. Lokhu kuswela kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindaba ezihleliwe ezinjengobumpofu, ukonakala, izingxabano, nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kokubili phakathi naphakathi kwamazwe kuqeda lezinselele zamalungelo abantu, njengoba izinzuzo zokwanda zihlukaniswa ngokungafani.

Izinselele Ezinqwabelanayo Enkathini Yamanani

Ukuthuthuka ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwadala izinselele ezintsha zamalungelo abantu. Izihloko ezinjengokuhlola nge-athom, ukucwasana kwe-algoric, ukunqatshelwa kwemininingwane eyimfihlo, nokusakazeka kwe-inthanethi yokukhuluma ngenzondo kudinga ukunaka okucophelelayo. IPhalamende lase- lase-Yuronia lihlole [[ indlela ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye namapulatifomu amanani ahlangene ngayo namalungelo ayisisekelo, iphawula isidingo sezimiso zomthetho ezithuthukisiwe neziqondiso zokuziphatha ezithuthukisiwe.

Indlela Abantu Nemiphakathi Abangawathuthukisa Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu

Ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu akuwona umthwalo wemfanelo wohulumeni nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kuphela.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Ulwazi luyisisekelo samalungelo abantu. Funda mayelana noDeclaration of Human Rights [[FLT:] nezivumelwano eziqondile ezisebenza ezweni lakini. Funda imibiko evela ehlelweni elinedumela elihle njenge Amty International[ ne Human Rights Watch. Yabelanani lokho enikufundayo kubangane, emkhayeni, nozakwabo, nangezokuxhumana. Izakhamuzi ezixhunyiwe zikulungele kangcono ukuqaphela ukugqekeza nokuthatha isinyathelo esifanele.

Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Abantu Ziyasekela

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenza ngokuzikhandla ukuveza izivumelwano zokwephulwa kwemithetho, ukusekela izinguquko zenqubo, nokunikeza usizo oluqondile ezisulwini. Cabangela ukunikela ngemali, ukunikela ngesikhathi sakho, noma ukuthuthukisa imikhankaso yazo. Izinhlangano zisukela emaqenjini amakhulu amazwe ngamazwe kuya ezindlini zendawo ezisingatha izindaba ezithile emphakathini wakini. Ngisho neminikelo emincane ingaba negalelo elikhulu uma ihlangene nemizamo yabanye.

Abasekeli Boshintsho Olungokwezimiso

Sebenzisa izwi lakho ekusekeleni imithetho nezimiso ezivikelayo futhi zandise amalungelo abantu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukusayina izicelo, ukuhlanganyela emibhikishweni enokuthula, nokuvota okhethweni. Abasekeli namaqembu abeka amalungelo abantu kuqala ezitejini zabo. Abameleli besivikelo esiqinile emaqenjini angenazisulu, izinhlangano zokwahlulela ezizimele, kanye nezimiso zokulandisa ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke Kubekela Ukucwaswa Inselele

Amalungelo abantu aqala ekhaya nasekusebenzelaneni kwansuku zonke. Amahlaya okucwasa, amahlaya avamile, nezenzo zokuzihlukanisa lapho uhlangana nawo. Khuluma nozakwabo, omakhelwane, noma ofunda nabo ababhekene nokuphathwa kabi. Ukuziphatha okuhlanganisa izenzo zakho siqu futhi ukhuthaze abanye ukuba benze okufanayo. Izenzo ezincane zesibindi zingaguqula izimo zezenhlalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi zibangele indawo lapho wonke umuntu ezizwa ehlonishwa futhi eziswa khona.

Sebenzisa Amandla Abathengi Awufanele

Izindlela ozenzayo njengomthengi zingasekela amalungelo abantu. Izinkampani zokucwaninga zingaqonda imisebenzi yazo, ithonya elisendaweni ezungezile, kanye nokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu. Sekela amabhizinisi abonisa imikhuba yokuziphatha futhi agweme leyo engenisa inzuzo ekuxhashazweni noma ekuphuleni amalungelo. Cabangela ukutshala imali emikhiqizweni elungile yezohwebo, izimpahla ezilondolozwayo, kanye nezinkampani ezinezimiso eziqinile zamalungelo abantu. Ukucindezela komphakathi kuye kwaba amandla amakhulu okuguqula izimboni kusukela emfashinini kuya ekukhiqizweni kokudla.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Amalungelo Okucabangela Ikusasa

Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakheni umphakathi olungile, olinganayo nohloniphekile kubo bonke abantu. La malungelo awayona imiqondo eyimfihlo egcinelwe ochwepheshe bezomthetho noma ochwepheshe bezomthetho.

Intuthuko eyenziwa kusukela kwamukelwa iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu ngo-1948 sikhulu, kodwa umsebenzi awukenzeki. Izinselele ezintsha zivela ngoshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ukucindezela kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokushintsha kwezindawo zezombangazwe. Nokho izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlonipheka kwabantu, ukulingana, nobulungisa zisalokhu zibalulekile kunanini ngaphambili.

Ngokuzifundisa, ngokusekela izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, ukusekela ukushintsha kwezimiso, ukubekela inselele ubandlululo, nokwenza ukukhetha okulungile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ngamunye wethu anganezela ezweni lapho wonke umuntu ehlonishwa futhi evikelwa khona. Amalungelo abantu awasona isipho esivela kohulumeni okufanele sithathwe ngokuthanda.