Buyini UbuFederalism?: Ukubukeza Kwesisekelo

I-Federalism iyisimiso sokubusa lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kwegunya eliphetheyo nezinhlangano zezombangazwe eziningi − njengamazwe, izifundazwe, noma ama-canton. Kunohulumeni owodwa ozimele, uhulumeni wakha amazinga amabili noma ngaphezulu kahulumeni onegunya elizimele ngalinye ezingxenyeni zawo. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela kokubili ubunye nokwehlukahlukahluka: uhulumeni wezwe usingatha izindaba ezikhathalelanayo, kuyilapho ohulumeni bezigodi bekhuluma ngezidingo zendawo. Ukuqonda i-hulumeni wezwe ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi zingaki izinkonzo zomhlaba ezinkulu nezinabantu abaningi kakhulu.

Izimbangela Zomlando Nezisekelo Eziyisisekelo

Ama - docures Angaphambili

Umqondo wokwahlukanisa igunya lezombangazwe ungowasendulo. Amadolobha amaGreki akha izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yama-Akaean, lapho amadolobha angamalungu ayenenkululeko yendawo lapho esebenza ndawonye empilweni yokuvikela nakwamanye amazwe. Kamuva, i-Swiss Confederacy (eqala ekhulwini le-13) yakha ukuhlangana okukhululekile kwamankankani ayehlanganyela amagunya athile kodwa ehlala ezimele kakhulu. Nokho, lokhu kuhlola kwakuqala kwakuvumelana kakhulu nohulumeni, njengoba indikimba eyinhloko yayinegunya elilinganiselwe kubantu ngabanye.

Ukukhanyiselwa NoMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States

I-constructism yanamuhla yaqala ukumiswa phakathi noKukhanyiselwa, njengoba ongqondongqondo abanjengoMontesquieu babephikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukanisa amandla kwasiza ekulondolozeni inkululeko. Isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu safika ngo-1787 ngokudwetshwa koMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Abakhi babhekana nenselele eyingqayizivele: ukwakha uhulumeni wezwe onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba ugcine irepublic entsha ihlangene ngesikhathi ilondoloza ukuzibusa kwezwe. Ikhambiso labo kwakuyisimiso sikahulumeni, esiningiliziwe eMthethweni, esibala imibuso kahulumeni wombuso futhi sigcine eminye imibuso (njengoba kamuva i-Demendement).

Amaphepha Ohlelo Lokuhlela

Ukuze anxuse izifunda-zwe ezingakholelwa ukuthi i-ravince the Constitution, u-Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay babhala uchungechunge lwezindaba ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-Federalist Maper. Amaphepha No. 10 no-5 ayafundisa kakhulu: uMadison waphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu enamaqembu amaningi ingavimbela noma iliphi iqembu ukuba libuse, nokuthi ukuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kombuso nohulumeni kwanikeza isixwayiso esengeziwe ngokumelene nobushiqela. Lempikiswano iyaqhubeka iyisisekelo senkolelo ye-soshalitistmental Papers namuhla. Ungafunda umbhalo ogcwele we-Foperastriscris ku-Press [[[FLT:]]

Amabhukwana Ayisihluthulelo Athonya Umphakathi

  • Magna Carta (1215): Nakuba kungelona ibhukwana likahulumeni, yamisa isimiso sokuthi amandla ombusi alinganiselwe umthetho(a umqondo osekela umthetho- sisekelo womthetho-mthetho.
  • Izimpawu ze-Confederation (1781): Lomthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wase-U.S. wakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka ophakathi nezifunda ezizimele, ebonisa ubuthakathaka besimiso sokubambisana nokushukumisela ukushintshela kuhulumeni.
  • United States Constitution (1787): Ipulani eyisisekelo yesimiso sombuso wanamuhla, idala ubukhosi obubodwa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bamazwe.
  • Iphepha lomphakathi (1787-1788): yanikeza isivikelo esicatshangelwayo nencazelo esebenzayo yesimiso sikahulumeni esihlongozwayo.

Izici Ezivelele Zezimiso Zokuxhumana

UFederalism akasona isifanekiso esilingana nesilinganiso esisodwa, kodwa zonke izimiso zikahulumeni zangempela zinezici ezithile zokwakha.

  • I-Constitutional Division of Powers: Umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe unikeza isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni ngokuqondile imibuso. Uhulumeni wezwe uphatha izindaba zangaphandle, isivikelo, nezentengiselwano zamazwe, kuyilapho imibuso ilawula imfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, nokusetshenziswa kwezwe. Lengxenye iphoqelelwa yinkantolo ephakeme noma inkantolo engokomthetho.
  • [[NT.:0] Isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni sinegunya elizimele esifundeni saso. Izifunda zingadlulisa imithetho yazo, intela ye-levy, futhi zimise izikhundla zazo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni ophakathi,
  • Ukudluliswa kwama-Unit e-National Degree: Ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni, amaqoqo amelelwe esishaya-mthetho se-biamaral. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele sase-U.S. sinikeza umbuso ngamunye ummelelo olinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaphi inani labantu, kuyilapho iNdlu yabameleli iveza inani labantu.
  • Izimiso ze-Federal zidinga izinqubo zokubambisana nezokuxabana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinqubo ezihleliwe zezinhlelo ezihlanganyelwayo, iziphakamiso, nokubukezwa kokwahlulela kwezingxabano ngendawo engaphandle.
  • Imithetho elawulayo: Ngokuvamile, amandla anganikezwanga uhulumeni ophethe agcinelwe izifundazwe. Lesi simiso sicacile esiGuqulweni seshumi: "Amagunya angawaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yiwo eUnited States, agcinelwa e-United States ngokulandelana, noma kubantu."

Izinhlobo ZobuFederali: Ukusuka Ekakheni Elisemzimbeni Kuya Emabula

Izazi ziye zathola izindlela eziningana zokusebenza kwezimiso zikahulumeni, lezi zinhlobo azizona izigaba eziqinile kodwa ziyizingilazi eziwusizo ezisizayo ekuqondeni inkathi namalungiselelo ahlukahlukene.

I - Dual Federalism (I - Layer Cake)

Kuhulumeni wombuso ombaxambili, ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni banemibuso ehlukene ngokusobala, njengezingqimba ezihlukene zekhekhe. Uhulumeni wezwe usingatha lezozindaba ezihlelwe ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo, kuyilapho amazwe ephatha zonke ezinye izinto. Lo mklamo wabusa e-United States kusukela ekusungulweni kuze kube inkathi ye-New Deal. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme MCulloch v. Maryland[ [1819] waqala ukufipha imigqa, kodwa inzuzo yezimbulunga ezihlukene yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yikhulu lama-20.

Ukubambisana (I - cake Engantengantengi)

Phakathi ne-Great Depression ne-New Deal, uhulumeni washintsha waba i-product yokubambisana. Ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni baqala ukusebenza ndawonye ngezinkinga ezivamile, bahlanganyela ekuxhaseni nokuphatha imithwalo yemfanelo. Isingathekiso sekhekhe lemabula sihlanganisa imisebenzi: izinhlelo ezihlangene, nezindinganiso zikahulumeni zezinhlelo ze-social Security, Medicare, ne-Ceavil Air Act zonke zisebenza kule nqubo.

Inhlangano Encintisanayo

Ezinye izazi zichaza ubuzwe banamuhla njengobuncintisana. Amazwe ancintisana kakhulu ngamabhizinisi, imisebenzi, nangezakhamuzi ngokunciphisa intela, ukunciphisa imithetho, noma ukunikeza izisusa. Lomncintiswano ungabangela ukusungulwa kwezindawo zokubusa (_ngokwesibonelo, izakhiwo zomthetho-mthetho noma izimboni ezilawulwayo zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola izinqubo. Abagxeki bakhomba "ekugcineni kwephansi" ekusebenzeni noma ezindinganisweni zendawo ezungezile.

UbuFederalism

I-Fiscal unistism ihlola amalungiselelo emali phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. I-Federal noma ohulumeni bezwe bavame ukunyusa inzuzo enkulu kunaleyo abayidingayo ngezinjongo zabo, futhi bathumela izimali emazweni nasezindaweni ngezipho. Lemali ingaba nemibandela (imibuso efuna ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile) noma iziphakamiso (ukuvuselelwa kwemibuso). Ukulinganisela kokulawula kuyindaba yempikiswano yezombangazwe engapheli.

Izinzuzo Zobuzwe

UbuFederal bunikeza izinzuzo eziningana eziqashelwa kabanzi ezichaza isizathu sokuba izizwe eziningi ezinkulu, ezihlukene zamukele lokho.

  • Indawo ezungezile i-Responsive and medication: Ohulumeni besifunda bangavumelanisa izimiso zezimiso nezidingo ezithile nezindinganiso zemiphakathi yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zezindawo ezinkulu zezolimo zingahlela amalungelo amanzi, kuyilapho izifunda zasemadolobheni zigxila ekuthuthweni nasezindaweni zokuhlala. Izakhamuzi zivame ukuzizwa zihlobene kakhulu nohulumeni wendawo futhi zingahlanganyela ngokuqondile.
  • Isikhonkwane noManyano kuMandla Aphakathi: ngokuhlukanisa ubukhosi, uhulumeni wakha olunye ungqimba lwezinhlolo nokulinganisa. Uhulumeni wesizwe noma imibuso ngeke ilawule muntu. Loluhlelo lusebenza njengesivikelo ekubuseni ngonya, njengoba kungekho muntu ongathatha lonke igunya elibusayo.
  • Izikhulu ze-demokrase: UMahluleli uLouis Brandeis wabhala ngodumo ukuthi "umbuso, uma izakhamuzi zikhetha, ungasebenza njengendawo yokucwaninga; futhi zama ukuhlola okuqanjiwe kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ngaphandle kwengozi kulo lonke izwe." Izwe lingahlola izimiso ezinjengokubekwa ngokomthetho, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yendawo yonke, noma izindlela ezintsha zokuvota ngaphambi kokuba zibhekwe njengesizwe.
  • Izakhamuzi ezithathelwe phambili Ukuhlanganyela: amazinga amaningi kahulumeni asho amathuba engeziwe okuthembisana komphakathi. Amabhodi esikole sendawo, izishaya-mthetho zombuso, nezikhomishane zesifunda zinikeza izindawo zokungena ezifinyelelekayo zezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuthonya isimiso.
  • Ukuhlukahluka kohlobo: Emazweni anezinhlanga, ulimi, noma izindawo ezivamile ezihlukile − njenge Canada (Quebec) noma iNdiya ("federalism] ivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba azilawule, anciphise ukucindezela kwe-secesionssion futhi athuthukise ukuzinza.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Isimiso sokulwela ukubusa sinezithiyo nezinselele eziphawulekayo ezingabangela ukuba ukubusa kube nzima.

  • Iziphakamiso zegunya nempikiswano engokomthetho: Phezulu kwemithetho eshaya izandla ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ezimpikiswaneni. Imibuzo ephathelene naliphi izinga likahulumeni elinamandla okulawula ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, noma i-intanethi yezindaba zomuntu siqu igcina isenkundleni. Izindleko nokungaqiniseki kokubhaliswa kungaphazamisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso eziphumelelayo.
  • Ukulingana phakathi kwamaUnit: Amazwe anezomnotho ezicebile anganikeza izikole, izakhiwo, kanye nokunakekela impilo kunezifunda ezimpofu. Lokhu kungaholela ekutheni ukuphila okungalingani kwezakhamuzi kuxhomeke ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo kuphela. Izinhlelo zesizwe zizama ukudambisa lezi zimo ezihlukene, kodwa igebe liyaphikelela.
  • Ukuhlasela ne-Bureaucratic Overbarch: Izakhamuzi zingakuthola kunzima ukuhamba ngezindlela zikahulumeni. Umuntu ofuna usizo ngenzuzo yokungasebenzi kungase kudingeke asebenzelane nohulumeni, umbuso, nezinhlangano zesifundazwe, ngasinye sinemithetho nezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kunkimbinkimbi kunganciphisa ukulandisa.
  • Ukungavumelani kwezimiso zomphakathi phakathi kwenkathi yonyaka: kunganzima ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha eziphuthumayo. Umqedazwe weCHOVID-19 udalula izinkinga zokubambisana phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni eUnited States, njengoba imibuso yancintisana ngokuthola izinto zokwelapha futhi yakhipha iziyalezo ezingqubuzanayo zokuhlala ekhaya.
  • I-Gridlock kanye no-Policy Frogimentation: Amandla aphucukile kangangokuba inguquko enkulu ingathatha ijubane noma ingaba yize. Ngokwesibonelo, imisebenzi yezesisekelo sezwe ingadinga ukuvunyelwa kwezwe nakohulumeni bendawo abaningi, okuholela emashumini eminyaka okulibala.

Umkhuba Wokuzibandakanya Kwabantu Emhlabeni Wonke

UFederalism uyisimiso sokuphila esiqhutshwa emazweni amaningi, ngasinye sivumelanisa izimiso eziyisisekelo nemilando nezimo zaso eziyingqayizivele.

United States

Isimiso sikahulumeni esiqhubekayo esidala kakhulu, iU.S. iye yavela kuhulumeni ohlangene kuya kowokubambisana. Ukukhathazeka ngokulinganisela kwamandla kuyaqhubeka, njengoba amacala amuva eNkantolo Ephakeme ekhuluma ngegunya likahulumeni lokunakekela impilo (uMthetho wokunakekela i - Affordcable Care Act), ukufuduka, nomthetho wendawo ezungezile.

Canada

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseCanada, esakhiwa yi-British North America Act ka-1867, sahlukanisa amagunya phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nezifundazwe eziyishumi. Umbuso we-Canada uhlukanisa imibuso yawo enamandla yesifunda phezu kwemithombo yemvelo nemfundo, futhi uhlukanisa isikhundla esikhethekile seQuebec, enesimiso somthetho wezwe esihlukile futhi ithuthukisa ulimi nempucuko yaseFrance.

EJalimane

I-Basic Law yaseJalimane (1949) yakha irepublic kahulumeni enezifunda ezingu-16 (Länder). Uhulumeni waseJalimane uphawuleka ngesimiso se-"cooperative unist" neBundesrat (indlu engaphezulu) emelela ohulumeni bezwe ngokuqondile. I-Länder inemithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu yokuphatha, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa imithetho eminingi kahulumeni.

Australia

ICommonwealth Constitution yase-Australia (1901) yakha isimiso sikahulumeni esinezifunda eziyisithupha nezimbili. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima eyinhloko ekuchazeni ukulinganisela kwemibuso. I-Australia isebenzisa futhi kakhulu i-fiscal sonialism, uhulumeni uqoqa imali eningi futhi uyidlulisele emazweni ngenkokhelo ehlangene.

ISwitzerland

ISwitzerland ingenye yezimiso zikahulumeni ezihlonipheke kakhulu emhlabeni, ezinezintambo ezingu - 26 ezilondoloza amandla amakhulu, kuhlanganise nentela, imfundo, nokunakekela impilo. Imibuso yaseSwitzerland nayo inamathuluzi aqondisayo entando yeningi anjengezikhundla kanye nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo ezisetshenziswayo kokubili emazweni nasemizileni yezwe.

eNdiya

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseNdiya, esamiswa ngo-1950, sivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "i-quasi-federal" ngenxa kahulumeni onamandla ophethe. Umthetho-sisekelo uhlela inyunyana, umbuso, nezikhonzi ezivumelanayo, kodwa uhulumeni wenhlangano unamandla okwakha imibuso emisha futhi ungaphoqelela ukubusa kukaMongameli ezweni elithile. Naphezu kwalokho, izifunda zikahulumeni zinenkululeko ephawulekayo ezindaweni ezinjengezephoyisa, ezolimo, nezokubusa kwendawo.

IUnitary neConfederal System

Ukuqonda ubuhulumeni kulula uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswayo.

  • Isimiso sobuzwe: wonke amandla abalulekile ahlala kuhulumeni ophakathi. Ohulumeni bendawo bakhona kuphela ngokuqondisisa kwenkaba. Izibonelo: iFrance, iJapane, iUnited Kingdom (nakuba inemibuso encishisiwe eScotland, Wales, neNorthern Ireland). Izimiso zeUnitary zilula kodwa zingakushaya indiva ukuhluka kwezindawo.
  • Isimiso esigunyaziwe: uhulumeni oyinhloko uthola igunya lakhe kumazwe angamalungu, alondoloza ubukhosi obuphelele. Izinqumo zilula futhi zithatha isikhathi esifushane; izihloko zeConfederation (1781-178) ziyisibonelo esivelele. Izibonelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa i-European Union, nakuba inezici ezithile zikahulumeni.
  • Isimiso se-Federal: Isisekelo esiphakathi lapho kokubili ohulumeni abasenkabeni nakwezifunda benegunya eliqondile phezu kwezakhamuzi, futhi bengeke baqede abanye abangakaze baqede. Umthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuhlukana kwamandla.

Indima Yemithetho - sisekelo Nezinkantolo

Umthetho - sisekelo onamandla uwumgogodla wanoma isiphi isimiso sikahulumeni. Kumelwe kucace ukuthi isikhululo silungiselela ukulungisa, futhi imise indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano − ngokuvamile inkantolo ephakeme noma inkantolo yomthetho-sisekelo. E-United States, amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme ekwahluleleni (emiswe ku Marbury v. Madison , 1803]) iye yaba nenselele ekuchazeni imingcele yegunya lezwe. Imicimbi enjenge [[FLT:] MCloch.[5] [v] [5] I-Crevolust .[19] I-Intelligentium], [FLT] [FLT] , [FLT] , [FLT] .[19]

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezimpini Zokusebenzela Uhulumeni

Impikiswano eyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • I-Federal vs. UMbuso wezwe ongaphezulu kwezempilo: Ukwanda kwe-Affordible Care Act ye-Medicaid kwathathwa njengesinqumo sezikhulu yiNkantolo Ephakeme, kuholela ekukhokhelweni okuncane.
  • Ukukhipha okungokomthetho: Amazwe anjengeCalifornia aye acindezela izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha igesi kunohulumeni kahulumeni, adala izimpi zomthetho ngokuhlengwa.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Ezinye izifundazwe zizama ukuphoqelela imithetho yokufuduka (i-Arizona's S 1070), kuyilapho ezinye zisho ukuthi "izifundazwe", okuholela ekungqubaniseni negunya lezwe.
  • Imfundo kanye nokuqamba amalungelo: Izindinganiso ze-Foderal ``Anke Abafundi Abaphumeleleyo'' Act' ne-Voting Rights Act imisa izimfuneko ezizweni, kodwa ubukhulu bazo buvame ukubekelwa inselele.
  • [ I-Federalism ne-Scodetic politic: Emazweni anjengeNdiya neCanada, uhulumeni unikeza uhlelo lokulawula izinhlobonhlobo zobuzwe nolimi, kodwa futhi ungaqinisa ukuhlukana.

Isiphetho

I-Federalism ingenye yezimiso zobuchwepheshe zikahulumeni . iyifilosofi elinganisela ubunye obucacile nokuhlukahluka, amandla esizwe nokuzimela kwendawo. Kusukela ekukhanyeni kwayo okungaveli ezindaweni zanamuhla ehlukahlukane njenge-Jalimane, iNdiya, neSwitzerland, uhulumeni uye wabonakala uyisimiso esiqinile nesivumelanayo sokulawula abantu abaningi. Inikeza izinzuzo ezicacile ekumeleni, ukusungula, nokuvikela amandla aphakathi, kodwa futhi iveza izinselele eziqhubekayo zobunkimbinkimbinkimbinkimbi, nokuhlangana. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda okujulile kwemithetho yezwe kudingekile ekusebenziseni amandla ezombangazwe. Njengoba izimpikiswano ezikhona ngamandla ombuso ombuso uyaqhubeka uzenza, izimiso zobukhosi ezihlukene zikhona njengoba zinjalo kunyakaze ku 1787. Ukuhlola lemibono engeziwe, [FFFOctal Constitution] [1], i-Foctive, engcono kakhulu, i-evolution egunya elingu-uni elithembekile, [[F] [F] enyust],[3] i-E.[3]