Inkinga Eyinhloko Yokubusa

Umbuzo owodwa uthinta inhliziyo yazo zonke izimiso zezombangazwe, kusukela emkhandlwini wedolobha wendawo kuya eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha weZizwe Ezihlangene. Ukubusa akuyona nje inqubo eyisisekelo yezinhlangano nezinqubo; iyinqubo eyisisekelo lapho igunya lisetshenziswa khona, kwenziwa izinqumo, futhi kunikezwa imithombo. Kubafundi besayensi yezombangazwe, izakhamuzi, nomlando, ukuqonda ukwabiwa kwamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo, ukuthi kungani izimiso ezithile zilandelwa, nokuthi izakhamuzi zingazithonya kanjani ikusasa lazo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izilinganiso eziningi zamandla okulawula, izakhiwo eziwusebenzisayo, amandla okubumbayo, kanye nomphumela ongathi sína okunayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Umbono Wamandla Ekubuseni

Amandla awumkhondo oshelelayo. Ekulawuleni, kungachazwa njengekhono lokuthonya noma ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabanye, ukumisa izinqumo, nokwenza izinqumo ezibophayo emphakathini noma kumbuso. Isazi sezenhlalo saseJalimane . Ama-Max Weber achazwa ngokudumile ngokuthi amandla okuthi umuntu odlala ebuhlotsheni obungokwenhlalo uyakuba sesimweni sokufeza intando yakhe siqu naphezu kokumelana.

  • Amandla angokobuProtalical:[ Igunya elingokomthetho lokwakha imithetho, ukuyenza iphoqelele, nokuphikisana ngezinqumo. Lena indlela ebonakalayo kakhulu, ebekwe emahhovisi anjengabamongameli, abaphathi-master, abamisi-mthetho, nabahluleli.
  • Amandla ezomnotho: ukulawula imithombo yezinto ezibonakalayo /kaputeni, izwe, ubuchwepheshe, nezisebenzi. Izinhlangano, izinhlangano zezimali, nabantu abacebile bangahlela isimiso ngokutshala imali, ukufaka izintambo, ngisho nosongo lwendiza enkulu.
  • Igunya lobukhosi: Ikhono lokuthonya izindinganiso, izindinganiso, nokuziphatha. Izinhlangano zenkolo, izimiso zemfundo, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi zisebenzisa amandla ezenhlalo ngokulungisa lokho okubhekwa njengokumukelekayo noma okufiselekayo.
  • Amandla angokomthetho: Ikhono lokuchaza incazelo, ukuma, nenkumbulo ehlangene. Iziphumo ze-media, izingcweti, nezinhlangano zezempucuko (ama-museum, amayunivesithi) zisiza ekwakheni izindaba ezisekela igunya lezombangazwe.
  • Amandla agunyazayo: Ukusetshenziswa noma usongo lokuhlasela. Ibutho lezempi, amaphoyisa, kanye nezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha zisekela ubudlova obungokomthetho ezifundazweni eziningi, amandla angasekela ukuhleleka noma acindezele ukungavumelani.

Lezizinhlobo zamandla azivamile ukusebenza ngokuzihlukanisa. Ziyavumelana, ziqinisana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zingene ezimpini. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano ecebile ingase isebenzise amandla ayo ezomnotho ukuze isekele iziqondiso ezilungile (amandla ezombangazwe) kuyilapho futhi ixhasa izimali zokusekela amathangi amisa inkulumo yeningi (amandla emvelo). Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kuyisihluthulelo sokuphendula ukuthi ubani ngempela onegunya kunoma isiphi isimiso esinikeziwe.

Izinhlobo Zokubusa Nezakhiwo Zawo

Indlela amandla ahlelwe ngayo ngokwezimiso iyahlukahluka kakhulu embulungeni yonke. Ososayensi bezombangazwe bavame ukuhlanganisa izimiso zokubusa ngezindlela eziningana ezingcono, nakuba izibonelo zezwe langempela zivame ukuhlanganisa izici.

Intando yeningi

Kuyintando yeningi, amandla anikezwa abantu. Izakhamuzi zisebenzisa ubukhosi ngokhetho, ama-codemokrati, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Nokho, ukusakazwa kwamandla angempela phakathi kwedemokrasi akulingani. Idemocracy igxila kakhulu emagunyeni akhethiwe, angaphansi kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States, isebenzisa isimiso samagunya ahlukene nge-magedellary, i-babraveral, ne-democracy sebutholiary. Kodwa ngisho nasebusweni bobukhondlali obusekeli bemibuso yentando yeningi, imali ethotyelwe ezombangazwe, ithonya lemithombo yezindaba, nevoti elingenabungako ingatshekela emalungwini aphezulu.

Umbhali

Imibuso yabaphathi igxilisa amandla kumholi oyedwa, i-junta encane, noma iqembu eliphethe. Kukhona izithiyo ezimbalwa ezingokomthetho ekusebenziseni amandla, futhi ukuphikiswa kuncishiswa ngokucusumbula, ukuqapha, nokuphoqelela. IChina ibeka isifunda sombuso wanamuhla wobukhomanisi lapho iQembu lobuKhomanisi laseChina linegunya eliphelele kuwo wonke amagatsha kahulumeni, amabutho, nezomnotho. Amandla ageleza asuka phezulu, anezindlela ezilinganiselwe zokungenela kwezakhamuzi. Nokho, ngisho nezimiso ze-demoricial kumelwe zisebenzise ukufaneleka; ngokuvamile zithembele ekusebenzeni ngekhono (ukuthuthukisa ukuchuma kwezomnotho), ubuzwe, noma ukuphatha ukhetho ngokucophelela.

Umbusi

Izingubo zombuso ezilawula umbusi ofuzo-a inkosi, indlovukazi, umbusi, noma i-Profester. Amamonarch aphelele, njengeSaudi Arabia, anika inkosi igunya elicishe linganqandwa ngokomthetho, ubulungisa, nesimiso. Imibuso yomthetho-sisekelo, njenge-United Kingdom, ilinganisela amandla ombuso wobukhosi, igcinela amaphalamende akhethiwe izinqumo eziningi. Inkosi ivame ukugcina indima engokomfanekiso njengenhloko yezwe kuyilapho amandla angempela ekhona kungqongqoshe nomphathi omkhulu.

I - oligarchy

I-Oligarchy isho ukubusa kwabambalwa − ngokufanekiselwa abacebile, abacebile, abacebile, noma abaphethe iqembu elithile. I-Olen Sparta ne-Riphabliki yamaRoma yayinezakhi zobu - oligarchy. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, abanye abahlaziyi baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nemibuso emisiwe yentando yeningi iqala ukuba yizigebengu, njengoba izikhundla zezomnotho kanye nezithakazelo ezihleliwe zisebenzisa ithonya elingenakulinganiswa kwemithetho, njengoba kufakazelwa ososayensi bezombangazwe abanjengoMartin Gillens neBenjamin Page. Iqiniso le-oligarchism lingasenziwa ngemuva kwezindawo zentando yentando yeningi, ngokhetho noma ukubuswa yimali.

Izinhlobo Ezihwaqambile

Amazwe amaningi awafuni ukuhlaziywa. Imibuso yentando yeningi ne-demokrati ihlanganisa izici. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Russia ngaphansi kukaVladimir Putin, yenza ukhetho oluvamile kodwa icindezela imithombo yezindaba nezikhulu eziphikisayo eziphikisayo kodwa ilawula izinhlelo zezentando yeningi ezingokomthetho. IVenezuela ilondoloza isakhiwo sentando yeningi kuyilapho umphathi enqwabelene amandla amakhulu, ukuncishiswa nokulinganiselwa. Ukuqonda imibuso ye-proteni kufuna ukuba ibheke ngalé komthetho ukuthi ubani ngempela olawula amabutho ezokuvikela, isayensi yezomthetho, nezomnotho.

Indima Yezinhlangano Ekusakazeni Amandla

Iziqu ziyimithetho ehleliwe nengahleliwe, izinhlangano, nezinqubo ezilawula isimiso. Zinquma ukuthi amandla atholakala kanjani, asetshenziswa kanjani, athunyelwe, futhi anyanzelwa kanjani. Izinhlangano eziyinhloko zokubusa kwanamuhla zihlanganisa:

  • [ I-legislature: Indikimba yokwenza umthetho (ingqungquthela, ingqungquthela yesizwe). Imithetho imelela izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, isimiso sengxoxo, futhi igunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Amandla ayo ayahlukahluka-hluka-hluka-hluka.] Okunye kuyizitembu zenjoloba zesikhulu.
  • Isenzo: Igatsha elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho nokuphatha umbuso. Omongameli, abaphathi-hulumeni, amakhabethe, nezisebenzi zomphakathi bakha isikhulu. Ezimisweni zomongameli umphathi ngokuvamile uzimele; ezimisweni zephalamende umphathi uthathwa kusishayamthetho futhi ulandiswa kuso.
  • judiciary:[ Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho futhi zibukeze umthetho - sisekelo wazo. Ijaji elizimele lingahlola isikhulu esiphethe nomthetho-mthetho ophethe. Izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, njengeNkantolo ePhakeme ye-U.S. noma iNkantolo ye-Federal Constitution, isebenzisa amandla abalulekile ngokubukeza.
  • Inhlangano yokuphatha ehlala njalo efeza imisebenzi kahulumeni]. Abaphathi banganqwabelana amandla anele ngobuchwepheshe, ukulawula ulwazi, nokusebenzisa izimiso. Max Weber wabona iziphathi-mandla njengesakhiwo segunya elinengqondo, kodwa abacusumbuli baphawula ukuthi zingaba isimo esingenakulinganiswa "esijulile"."
  • I-Federalism ne-Dvolution: Ezimisweni zikahulumeni (United States, Jalimane, eNdiya), amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nesifunda. Lokhu kusakazeka kwegunya kudala izikhungo eziningi zikahulumeni, kunikeza izakhamuzi nabadlali bendawo amathuba engeziwe okuthonya inqubo.

Izinkundla azizona izinkundla zokungathathi hlangothi; zibonisa futhi ziqinisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla akhona. Ngokwesibonelo, isishaya-mthetho esiklanyelwe ukudlulisa izindawo zasemaphandleni ezikhona, sinikeza ithonya elikhulu kulezo zindawo. Ukuqonda umklamo wenhlangano kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ubani onegunya nokuthi lingashintshwa kanjani.

Amandla Anamandla: Indlela Ithonya Elisetshenziswa Ngayo

Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho, amandla asebenza ngezinqubo ezinamandla.

Umbono Womphakathi

Kuyintando yeningi, umbono womphakathi unamandla amakhulu. Izikhulu ezinganaki ukulawulwa kwemizwelo ethandwayo zisengozini yokunqotshwa ekuhloleni. Nokho, umbono womphakathi ungasetshenziswa ngenkulumo - ze, ukudukiswa, nokuthungatha kwemithombo yezindaba. Imikhankaso yanamuhla yezemishini nemithetho yezokuxhumana yezenhlalo yenze kwaba lula ukuguqula u-(ne-apulain projectsmes) nokwenza imibono ye-public.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nokuzilibazisa

Amaqembu ahleliwe `Izikhungo, izinyunyana, izinkampani ezingochwepheshe, inzuzo engakhiqizwanga . I-Lobbing iyimboni ephambili emazweni anjenge-United States, lapho izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi zisetshenziselwa khona ukuguqula imithetho nezimiso unyaka ngamunye. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuncishiswa kwamandla ezithakazelweni ezicebile ngokulahlekelwa kwezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ukucwaninga kwezombangazwe njengoLarry Bartel kubonisa ukuthi abaholi be-U.S. bathathela kakhulu ekufuneni izithakazelo zabacebile kunalezo zezakhamuzi eziphansi.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nokuxhumana

Izinhlangano zezokusakaza zinquma ukuthi iziphi izindaba ezihlanganiswayo, ukuthi zifakwa kanjani, nokuthi ubani othola indawo yesikhulumi. Lokhu "agenda-seagint" kuhlela lokho umphakathi ocabanga ngakho nendlela oqonda ngayo izimpikiswano. Ukuvela kwezokuxhumana kucebe izibukeli, kudala amagumbi okusakaza amanothi futhi kwenza ukuba kusakazeke. Ohulumeni basebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ukuveza amandla athambile.

Ubuhlobo Bomhlaba Wonke

Ukubusa kwembulunga yonke akuyona into eyodwa; amandla asakazwa phakathi kwemibuso, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke (UN, IMF, World Bank), izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nabadlali abangewona ohulumeni. Amazwe anamandla njenge-United States ne-China angathonya ngezohwebo, ngosizo, ngezivumelwano zempi, nangokucindezela kwezenhlalo. Izindikimba zezizwe njenge-European Union zidlulisela ubukhosi obuthile kumazwe angamalungu egunyeni, zidala ungwengwengwezi olusha lwe-bubusi lapho kuthengiselwa khona amandla.

Imibono Ephambene Ngamandla

Izazi ziye zasungula imibono ephikisanayo ukuze zichaze ukuthi ubani ngempela obusayo.

  • Platuralism:[ Amandla asakazeka phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ancintisanayo, amaqembu enzalo, amaqembu. Akukho muntu ophakeme oyedwa ophethe; inqubo ibonisa ukuxoxisana nokuyekethisa. Ukuhlolwa kukaRobert Dahl's weNew Haven ([[FLT:]] Ubani olawulayo?]) wathola ukuthi umagazini ohlukene wawunezabadlali abanethonya elihlukile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isigaba esincane sokubusa, esihlangene ("FLT: 1]] isigaba esincane, esilawulayo (zezomnotho, ezombangazwe, ezempi) , izinqumo eziningi. C. Wright Mills waphikisa ngokuthi "igunya eliphezulu" eMelika lalinesizinda esisodwa futhi lijikijelwa phakathi kwezikhundla eziphezulu. Muva nje, lombono uthuthukisiwe ngenxa yokugcwala kwengcebo nethonya lezinhlangano.
  • AmaMarxist namaTheories aCritical: Amandla abonakalisa izithakazelo zesigaba sesimiso sokusebenzela inzuzo. Umbuso ubhekwa njengethuluzi lokulawula amasigaba, nezimiso eziklanyelwe ukugcina isimiso sezomnotho. I-Marxists entsha njengoNicos Poulentantzas yaphikisa ngokuthi umbuso unenkululeko elinganiselwe yokulawula izinhlekelele kodwa ekugcineni ukhonza isimiso sokuhweba ngezomnotho.
  • I-Institualical Theory: iziqu ngokwazo ezibumba amandla. Indlela , imithetho ehleliwe, namasiko enhlangano anqanda lokho abadlali abangakwenza. Izazi zezemfundo zakudala zihlola indlela izinqumo zakudala ezidala ngayo imiphumela yokuvala eqhubekisela phambili izakhiwo ezithile zamandla.

Ngokuvamile, amandla agxila kubantu abavelele kodwa futhi athonywa izinhlangano zezenhlalo, umbono womphakathi, kanye nemingcele yezinhlangano.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekubuseni

Izibonelo ezicacile zicacisa indlela lemiqondo esebenza ngayo ezimisweni zangempela zezombangazwe.

E - United States

I-U.S. i-republic yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni enesimiso sobumongameli. Amandla ahlukene ngokukhanyayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. Igatsha le-gional (iKhonsathi) limisa imithetho engokomthetho, lilawula uhlelo lwemali, futhi linegunya lokuqondisa. Igatsha eliphethe (Predentint, izinhlangano ze-operant) lisebenzisa imithetho nezimiso zangaphandle. I-jadicariary (Inkantolo ephansi nezinkantolo eziphansi) lichaza imithetho futhi lingagawula imithetho engekho emthethweni futhi lingagawula imisebenzi yezimiso zemali. Lesimiso sezokuhlola nemali siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekubuseni. Nokho, ukuhlalisa kwezombangazwe, ukuchuma kwezentengo yemithetho yeze-Punicial , ukuchitha okukhulu ekuhleleni nasekuhleleni imithetho, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene noma ukuphakama kwezimiso zezimiso zezimiso. [Foglaption:] kodwa iyaqhubeka ngokulinganayo, kodwa isilinganiso esiphambili, kodwa i-gundandandayo.[0]

i-China

I-China isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuphoqeli obunengxenye eyodwa neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina (CCP) esiqophelweni. ICCP ilawula zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise neNational People’s Congress, i- State Council (i-cabinet), i-State Council, ibutho lezempi, ne-judicary. UNobhala jikelele uXi Jining uphethe isikhundla esinamandla kakhulu, njengoba ehlangene nesombusweni wezwe, futhi uphethe i-CPP. Uhulumeni wendawo umisa izimiso zikahulumeni kodwa unemingcele elinganiselwe. Izentengiselwano yemali isungule isigaba esisha sabacebile, kodwa incikelwe ekuthandeni kweqembu. [FLT:] [FLD] [FLCP] [FULC:1] inikeza ububanzi besimiso sokulawula kwezentengiselwa kwezente (i enkulu).

United Kingdom

I-UK ingumbuso womthetho-sisekelo onesimiso sombuso wephalamende. Inkosi (iNkosi uCharles III) iyinhloko yezwe kodwa inemisebenzi eminingi yemikhosi. Amandla akhona eNdlu ekhethiwe yeCommons, undunankulu, nekhabethe. Indlu yoMbuso (ontanga abamisiwe nabafuyiwe) ingawuhlela umthetho kodwa ingevimbe kuze kube phakade. Ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya lezikhulu ne-Grenadeat (umphathi wezikhulu) akunakuvinjelwa. Umbuso we-jajicaritiary uzimele, futhi awukho umthetho olotshiweyo; kunalokho, iqoqo lemithetho, umthetho ovamile, nemihlangano emikhulu kakhulu. Igunya liba seliziwe kakhulu eWestminstern, e-Wales, naseNyakatho ne-Ireland lithole igunya elikhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya lezikhulu ne-propaldern (upties) kuvumela ukuba izikhulu eziningi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

I-Afrika eNingizimu Afrika yashintsha isuka ohlwini lwentando yeningi yaya embusweni wezizwe ngezinhlanga ngo-1994. Umthetho - sisekelo wayo ungenye yezindawo ezithuthuka kakhulu emhlabeni, ihlanganisa amalungelo abantu, i-jaji elizimele, neNkantolo yoMthetho-siseko enamandla. I-African National Congress (ANC) iye yalawula ezombangazwe kusukela kushintsho, kodwa i-idiganosticism nezenzo zokonakala zenkohlakalo kuye kwanciphisa ukufaneleka kwayo. Isimiso siphethe amandla abalulekile abalulekile, kodwa isimiso sihlanganisa ukuhlola izinto ezinjengepalethi yemithetho ehlelekile, ohulumeni bezifunda, nomphakathi ophambili. iNkanto engokomthetho-Nkathi ye-Afrika [[FLT] sikhiphe izimemezelo ezingokomthetho ezimelelweni zayo ezingokongokomdlandlayo, ezibonisa indlela izinkantolo eziphatha ngayo uhulumeni. Nokho zezomnotho, nakuba kunamandla amakhulu kwezombangazwe, ukubusa kwezombangazwe asho ngisho nokungasho ukuthi ukubusa kwezombangazwe.

Ithonya Lokubusa Enhlanganweni

Indlela amandla aphathwa ngayo futhi asetshenziswe ngayo ithonya eliqondile lokuphila kwabantu. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • Ubulungisa obungokomthetho: uhulumeni unquma ukuhanjiswa kwezimpahla zomphakathi("imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo, ukulondeka komphakathi. Izimiso ezinokuhlanganyela okubanzi nokulawula komthetho okunamandla zivame ukuveza imiphumela engcono, kuyilapho izimiso ezonakele noma ezihlukanisayo ziveza ukungalingani.
  • Ukuqina okungaguquguquki: ILegitte, ukubusa okuphelele kukhuthaza ukwethembana futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokulwa. Uma amandla ethathwa noma ethathwa yizicukuthwane, ukubhikisha nokwanda. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvukela kwe-Arabia Spring kwabhedlwa ngenxa yokufuna ukubusa okwengeziwe.
  • Intuthuko yezentengiselwano: Ukubusa okunempumelelo kudala indawo engokomthetho elindelekile, ivikela amalungelo empahla, futhi igcine izisekelo zezemisebenzi. Amazwe anezinhlangano eziqinile avame ukukhula ngokushesha. Ngokuphambene, amazwe asebenzisa amandla ukuze acebise umuntu ngokwakhe alahlekelwa ukukhula okuphansi nokundiza okuyinhloko.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Cicobic Accement: Umklamo wokubusa uthinta indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo. Izimiso ezilawulwayo zinikeza amathuba engeziwe okufikisa. Izifundazwe eziphethe i-outhoritarian zivame ukunqanda noma ukulawula ukuhlanganyela, ukuvimbela umphakathi wesizwe. Ukuthembisana okukhulu kuhlanganisa idemokratismenti yempilo engcono.

Ukufaneleka Kwamandla

Amandla awanele; kumelwe abonwe njengafanelekile ukuba aqine. uMax Weber waveza imithombo emithathu yegunya: ngokwesiko (esekelwe esikweni nasemthethweni wefa, njengasemoyeni); uquartic[[[FULT:3]] [osekelwe ezimfanelweni ezingavamile zomuntu, njengabaholi abaguqukelayo); ne-legal- (osekelwe emithethweni nasezimisweni, njengasemithethweni nakuhulumeni wentando yemvelo yanamuhla). Imibuso eminingi yamanje ihlanganisa lezi zinhlobo. Ukungahlulwa uma uhulumeni uhluleka ukukhipha imithetho yawo, noma ukulahlekelwa kwayo.

Isiphetho

Ubani ophethe amandla okubusa ngezindlela ezihlukene? Impendulo ayilula. Amandla asakazwa ezinhlanganweni, ezingokomnotho, ukulandisa kwezempucuko, nakumandla asemhlabeni wonke. Asetshenziswa ngokubonakalayo ngemithetho nangokhetho nangokungabonakali ngokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo nangokwemibono. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa zisebenza ngamandla ngezindlela ezihlukene, futhi ngisho naphakathi kwesimiso esifanayo, amandla ashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lobu bunzima akubalulekile nje kuphela ekutadisheni imfundo kodwa nasekwakheni isakhiwo esisebenzayo. Ukwazi lapho amandla ekhona, angahlolwa khona, angahlanganwa khona, noma ancintiswe kanjani ukuze kwakhiwe ngokulunga okukhulu nokuphumelela. Ekuphetheni, umbuzo wamandla awuyona umbuzo [[FLD:] [FL:] [FL] [1] futhi umbuzo wempikiswano.[FFLT]