Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo e-United States kudinga ukuhlolisisa inqubo yomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinqubo eziyingqayizivele ezihlela indlela iziKhomishane ezisebenza ngayo. Phakathi kwezici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezingaqondwa kahle kakhulu zokwenza umthetho waseMelika i-monibuster, inqubo enemiphumela emikhulu yeSigele ehlanganisa izindleko eziba umthetho nendlela amandla ezombangazwe asetshenziswa ngayo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sichaza inqubo yomthetho kusukela ekuqaleni ukuya ekugcineni, ngokunakekela ngokukhethekile i-Piciebuster nendima yayo ekuthuthukiseni ukubusa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Isisekelo: Indlela Ingqungquthela Edala Ngayo Imithetho

ISishaya-mthetho igatsha lomthetho likahulumeni ophethe, elinamakamelo amabili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza wonke amandla emithetho engokomthetho eSishaya-mthetho eSishayasini samaBayaral, simisa isimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukumelelwa okuthandwayo nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Indlu inamalungu angu-435 akhonza izigaba zeminyaka emibili ukusuka ezifundeni ezisekelwe emphakathini, kanti iSigele sinezimende ezimbili zesifundazwe ngasinye esikhonza izimende zeminyaka eyisithupha.

Iqiniso lokuthi isihlongozo asinakuba umthetho ngaphandle kokucabangela nokuvuma kwazo zombili iziNdlu zoMkhandlu liwubuhle obuvelele besimiso sethu somthetho we-bidamal. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokucophelela ngezindlela eziningi ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Ukuqalisa Komthetho

Isivumelwano somthetho siyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. noma yiliphi ilungu leSishaya-mthetho – elivela eNdlu yeSigebengu noma eNdlu yabameleli – elinomqondo womthetho ungabhala umthetho, nemibono evela kumalungu oKhongolo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke nasemaqenjini ombuso.

Ilungu eliyinhloko leKhongolokazi elisekela lesi sivumelwano libizwa ngokuthi "i-sponsor," kuyilapho amanye amalungu asekela lolu mthetho ebizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". Amalungu angase adlulise umlomo futhi acele amanye egumbini ukuba asayine njengezimboni zokuqala ukuze abonise isisekelo esiqinile sokusekela lomqondo.

Incwadi evela eNdlu yabameleli ilandelwa inani, kuyilapho isigele sibizwa ngo-"S" ilandelwa yinombolo yaso. Uma seyithunyiwe, amafakthe angagcinwa eSivumelwaneni.gov, ingosi kahulumeni esemthethweni yemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukubukeza Nephawu Lobusha Bekomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, kubhekiselwa icala ekomitini ekhiwa amaqembu amalungu oMkhandlu anesithakazelo esikhulu ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezempilo noma zezizwe ngezizwe. Ekhaya, isheya libhekiswa kuwo wonke amakomiti anegunya, nakuba izikweletu eziningi zehlela ngaphansi kwekomiti eyodwa.

Lapho ikomiti ikhokha icala, lihlolwa ngokucophelela futhi amathuba ayo okudlula anqunywa, njengoba ikomiti ingase ikwazi ukusingatha ukuhlobana nokuqonda kangcono okuhilelekile. Ukuzwa kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, nabaphikisi bomthetho okumelwe babhalwe ngawo.

Uma ikomiti ivumela izindleko, ziyaqhubekela phambili. Nokho, uma ikomiti ingathathi nyathelo, isambathiso sithathwa ngokuthi "sifile". Lesi siteji sekomiti sisebenza njengesisefo esibalulekile enqubeni yokushaya umthetho.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

UmSwebi wendlu noMholi weMajority weSigele unquma ukuthi isigwebo sifika nini ngaphambi kwendikimba egcwele yempikiswano nokulungisa futhi bese siphela. Kunemithetho ehlukene kakhulu yenqubo elawula impikiswano eMzini nempikiswano eSigeqe.

Impikiswano ilinganiselwe futhi ihlelwe kahle. Uma ingcabo idlula ngenani elivamile (218 labangu-435), ingeniswa eNdlu yeSigele. Nokho, iSigele sisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene kakhulu evumela ukuphikisana okubanzi, futhi yilapho i-filbuster iqala khona ukusebenza.

Uyini Umthakathi?

I-filbuster icebo elisetshenziswa eSigele sase-United States ukuba libambezele noma livimbele ukuvota ngesilinganiso esithile ngokuvimbela ukuphikisana ngakho ekuphetheni. I-finbuster ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezici ezivelele ze-procedro yeSigele, kuhlanganise nanoma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwamacebo okuvimbela isilinganiso ngokusivimbela ukuba singangeni ekuvotini.

Igama ngokwalo linemvelaphi ethakazelisayo. Igama elithi filbuster lisuka egameni lesiDashi elithi vrijbuiter, elisho i-flootbooter noma i-parrie, ukungena ngesiNgisi nge-flibussier ne-Spanish bussier futhi ekuqaleni lasetshenziselwa ukuchaza umuntu owaba ingcebo noma owahileleka ekusebenziseni inzuzo. Igama kamuva laqala ukuchaza isithiyo sezombangazwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Ama - pilibuster Akwazi

Ithuba lezingane likhona ngoba imithetho yeSigele ibeka imingcele embalwa elungelweni likaSenator namathuba enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, kuSenator ofuna ukuqashelwa ngokuvamile ukuba nelungelo lokuya phansi uma kungekho omunye uSenetor okhuluma, futhi khona - ke lowo Mphathi angase akhulume isikhathi eside uma efisa.

ISigele asinamithetho eqondile yokushaya i-banbuster; kunalokho, amathuba okuzala akhona ngoba imithetho yeSigele ayinayo imithetho ebeka imingcele eqondile emalungelweni oSenator namathuba enqubweni yomthetho. Lokhu kungabikho kwemingcele kudala indawo yempikiswano ebanzi.

Ama-pilibuster anamuhla

AbaseFilibuster ngokwesiko babehilela izinkulumo ezinde lapho umphathi wenkampani ezama khona ukuvimbela ukuvota ukuba kuphumele phansi, enomphathi wenkampani ophethe phansi ngokuma nokukhuluma isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, ngezinye izikhathi ebusuku. Lokhu kwathandwa kuyifilimu ka - 1939 uMnu. Smith Goes eya eWashington.

Nokho, isimo sama-finbuster sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngawo-1970. ISigele samukela isimiso semikhondo emibili esavumela igumbi ukuba liqhubeke nenye ibhizinisi ngesikhathi i-finbuster isasele. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, abakhomi benhlangano baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa "isicatshulwa" se-filbuster, lapho noma nini iqembu lama-intshi angu-41 noma ngaphezulu lisongela khona i-monicbuster, umholi weSigele uvame ukwenqaba ukubiza i-vhoti.

Njengoba ama - filbuster engasadingi ukuba abambalwa babambe iphansi futhi baqede wonke amanye amabhizinisi, usongo lwengane olumane nje luye lwashintsha kancane kancane.

Umlando We - Filibuster

Imvelaphi Yasekuqaleni

I-filbuster inomsuka ojulile emlandweni wemithetho yaseMelika. Isu lokusebenzisa izinkulumo ezinde ukuze libambezele ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho lavela esiqenjini sokuqala kakhulu seSigele, i-Pennsylvania u-William Maclay ebhala ngo-September 22, 1789, ukuthi umklamo wamaVirginia "wawuwuwukuxoxa ngesikhathi, ukuze singasidlulisi isikhwama.

Nakuba kwakunezibonelo ezimbalwa kakhulu zomkhuba ngaphambi kwawo-1830, icebo "lokukhuluma ngesikweleti kuze kufe" lalivamile phakathi nendawo ukuze lithole ilebula elinemibala egqamile `i-finbuster'. Ngo-1841 i-Democratic i-democratic encane yazama ukukhipha iwashi ngencwadi yokumisa ibhange lesizwe, futhi yakhungathekisa umqondisi we-Whig uHenry Clay wasongela ukuguqula imithetho yeSigele ukuze kunciphe impikiswano.

Ukusungulwa Kwezinhlayiya

Ngaphambi kuka-1917 imithetho yeSigele ayizange inikeze indlela yokuqeda impikiswano futhi iphoqelele ukuvota ngesilinganiso esithile. AmaFilibuster aqala ukuvame kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20, futhi isilinganiso esikhulu somsebenzi okumelwe wenziwe esiqeshini ngasinye sasho ukuthi isigele esiphethe abantwana babantwana sasingaphazamisa intuthuko yomzimba futhi sizuze inkululeko.

Ngo-1917, ngokukhungatheka okukhulu nangokunxuswa nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson, abameli bamukela umthetho (Umthetho Wase-Sante 22) owavumela iSigele ukuba sivuselele ukuhlaseleka futhi sinciphise impikiswano ngenani eliphindwe kathathu. Lomthetho wabekwa okokuqala ekuhlolweni ngo-191919, lapho iSigele sacela ukunqanda i-nfillbuster ngokumelene nesivumelwano sase-Versailles.

Nokho, ngisho nalapho sekubusa i - rableture entsha, ama - filbuster ahlala eyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvimbela umthetho, njengoba kwakunzima ukuthola amavoti amabili namathathu, njengoba iSigele sasingagunyaza ukuvuselelwa kwe - marate ngokuphindwe kahlanu kuphela eminyakeni engamashumi amane eyalandela.

Umda Wanamuhla Ongama - 60 Evote

Ngo-1975 iSigele sanciphisa inani lamavoti adingekayo ukuze amahlule amabili-ntathu ama-senea avote ama-feath amathathu akhethwe futhi afungwe ngokufanelekile, noma ama-60 esigaba seSigele esiyikhulu. Lokhu kwenza kwaba lula ukuqeda ama-Parenbuster, kodwa kwakusadinga ukuthatha i-aspermaor kunayiningi nje.

Nakuba kudinga amavoti angu-51 kuphela ukudlulisa isikweleti ngemva kokuphela kwempikiswano, kudinga amavoti angu-60 ukuqeda leyompikiswano, nalomgoqo wama-60, owaziwa ngokuthi 'umthetho,' ukuba imfuneko ewumthetho owenziwe ngokushaya umthetho omkhulu eSigele.

Indlela Ukuhlobisa Okusebenza Ngayo: Ukuqeda I - filibuster

UBusa Besigele u - XXII, okwaziwa ngokuthi umthetho wamahlule, kwenza amaSeniator akwazi ukuqeda i - finbuster kunoma iyiphi indaba exabanayo iNkathi Ephethe, njengoba abaHluleli abayishumi nesithupha beqala lenqubo ngokuthatha isinyathelo ukuze baqede lenkulumo - mpikiswano.

Ezimweni eziningi, iSigele asivoti kulokhu kunyakaza kuze kube usuku lwesibili lwesimiso ngemva kokunyakaza, bese kudingeka amavoti okungenani angu - 35 abo bonke abaHluleli (ngokuvamile abangu - 60) ukuze kuvuselelwe amahlule.

Umphumela oyinhloko wokuvuselela amahlule emibuzweni eminingi uwukubeka amahora aphindwe ka - 30 angeziwe okucabangela lowombuzo, njengoba kuhlanganisa lenkathi yamahora angu - 30 echithwa yizimemezelo zokuvota, izingcingo ze - quotam, nezinye izenzo, kanye nesikhathi esisetshenziselwa ukuphikisana.

Uma nje ihluleke selincengwa, izikweleti ezinkulu eziningi zingaphansi kwamabele amabili noma amathathu ngaphambi kokuba iSigele sivote, futhi ngisho nezindleko ezixhaswe yi-60 noma ngaphezulu zingalitshazwa yi-panetuster. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo yokukhubazeka ingaba isikhathi sokuzibamba ngisho noma kunokusekelwa okwanele kokunqoba i-banbuster.

Abahlanzi Abadumile Emlandweni Wezigele

Nakuba abahlali bezingane banamuhla bewusongo oluthule, umlando uye wabona izibonelo eziphawulekayo zama - filbuster akhulumayo ezakhanga ukunakekela komphakathi.

Ngo-1917, umongameli we-Wisconsin uRobert La Follette wasebenzisa i-monilbuster ukuba afune ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile phakathi nesikhathi sempi. Phakathi nawo-1930, i-Senator Huey P. URead wayisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo i-monitor ekukhokheleni izikweletu ayecabanga ukuthi uthanda izicebi kunabampofu. Ngo-1950, isigele se-Oregon uWayne Morse sasebenzisa i-monia ngokudume ngokudume ukufundisa umphakathi ngezindaba ayezibheka njengezithakazelayo.

I-Strom Thurmond filbuster yaseNingizimu Carolina yalwa noMthetho wamaLungu ka-1957 ka-18. Amashumi eminyaka, lokhu kwakuyirekhodi lenkulumo ende kakhulu. Nokho, i-New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker yaphula lowombhalo ngoApril 2025, ikhuluma amahora angaphezu kwangu-25.

Ama-pilibuster abonakala ewusizo kakhulu kubaphathi be-senet baseningizimu abafuna ukuvimbela umthetho wamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nezikweletu ezilwa nokubulala izikweleti. Lomlando okhathazayo uye waholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngendima ye-monilbuster eMelika yentando yeningi.

Eziyingqayizivele EFilibuster

Akuwona wonke amabhizinisi eSigele angaphansi kweReaubuster.

Ukuthungathwa Kwezinombolo Nendlela Yenuzi

Ngo-2013, amaDemocrates ashintsha imithetho yeSigele ukuze kuvunywe ukuqinisekiswa kwezikhundla zegatsha eziphetheyo nezeziqu zeNkantolo ezingezona ezezikhundleni zecala, futhi eminyakeni emine kamuva, amaRepublic aseSigeqe andisa lolu shintsho ukuze ahlanganise ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Zombili lezi zinguquko zacela lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi icebo lenuzi, noma ukudukiswa komthetho ukuze kunqotshwe isithiyo esincane.

Ngo - 2013 nango - 2017, iSigele sasebenzisa indlela yenuzi ukuze simise uchungechunge lwezandulela ezanciphisa isilinganiso sokufakelwa kwemijovo efakwa engxenyeni ephansi yemijovo, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kungaqinisekiswa ukuhlobana ngaphandle kokusekelwa abashayeli bama - senator abangu - 60, nakuba kunjalo kungase kwephuzelwe udedangendlale.

Icebo lenuzi lisebenza ngenqubo ye-procedal. Icebo lenuzi lingasetshenziswa yi-senet ukumisa iphuzu lokumisa umthetho omile, isikhulu esiwengamele sikhubaze iqophelo lokuhleleka elisekelwe emithethweni nasendulweni yeSigele, futhi lesisinqumo ngalesosikhathi sidluliswa futhi sigumbuqelwe yivoti elivamile, simisa isibonelo esisha.

Ukubuyisana Ngemali

Ikhala elingapheli ezindabeni ezithile liye laholela ekusetshenzisweni kwemithetho yokubuyisana kwemali ukuze kunqandwe izithiyo zegumbi, nezindleko zokubuyisana ezikwazi ukudlula ngamavoti angu-51 kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nemfuneko encishisiwe ye-comeo 60-vote ebekwe ngu-nfillbuster.

Kuye kwamiswa imithetho eminingi yokubeka imithetho ukuze kuvinjelwe izinga lezingane ezizalwayo ngokubeka isilinganiso sesikhathi esizenzekelayo senkulumo - mpikiswano yeSigele yemibuzo ethile, kuhlanganise noMthetho We - Congregational Baccol ka - 1974 (owasungula inqubo yokubuyisana kwemali), i - Congregational Review Act ne - District of Columbia Home Rule Act.

Inqubo yokubuyisana ivumela umthetho othile ohlobene nemali ukuba udlule phakathi kweSigele neningi elivamile, usenze sibe isithuthi esikhangayo sezinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo. Nokho, kunemingcele eqinile yalokho okungahlanganiswa ezikweletini zokubuyisana, ezilawulwa "Umthetho we-"Byrd" olinganisela amalungiselelo angahlelwanga ngokuyinhloko.

Ithonya Le - filibuster Ekubekeni Imithetho

Amandla Okufinyelela Ebuntwaneni

I-filbuster ngokuyisisekelo iguqula ukulingana kwamandla eSigele. Ezimweni eziningi amahlule adinga ingxenye enkulu yesithathu yama-senator akhethwe ngokusemthethweni futhi afungwe ngephimbo (amavoti angu-60 uma kungekho zindawo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa), ngakho ama-senator ambalwa angavimbela isilinganiso, ngisho noma esekelwa yiningi elivamile.

Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elikhulu eqenjini elincane. Ikhono lamaSenator lokuhileleka kumabele linethonya elikhulu nelisakazeke kabanzi endleleni iSigele esiqhuba ngayo ibhizinisi laso phansi, futhi umholi weningi angase anqume ukungalibizi isaziso sokucatshangelwa phansi phambi kwengane esongelwayo.

Ingabe Kukhuthaza Ukuyekethisa Noma Ukudala Isibopho Sokushada?

Ithemba le-finbuster linganxenxa abasekeli bemali ukuba bamukele izinguquko ezimalini abangayisekeli kodwa ezidingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe i-monibster yangempela. Abasekeli be-monilbuster baphikisa lokhu ngokukhuthaza ukuyekethisa kwe-bipartisan futhi kuvimbela iningi ukuba livimbele i-imprine.

Nokho, abagxeki bakhomba ekungasebenzini okukhulayo. Ngokwesiko, iSigele sigcinelwe kuphela izimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwaso kuye kwakhula eminyakeni yamuva, ngokuvamile kunciphisa ibhizinisi kuleligumbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-banbuster kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva kanye nokukhula kwezindawo ezibandayo eWashington, namavoti angaphezu kuka-2 500 okuqeda i-nfiblister kusukela ngo-1917, futhi angaphezu kwengxenye ayenzeka eminyakeni engu - 12 nje edlule.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa okwandayo kuye kwanciphisa ibhizinisi leSigele, ngokuvamile kumisa leligumbi ngokulawula inqubo engokwemiqondo esikhundleni senkulumo - mpikiswano yokuzitika, futhi ekugcineni, ukwenza imithetho.

Amathuba Amaningana Asezingeni Eliningi

Imali eyodwa ingabhekana nama-filbuster amaningi phakathi nohambo lwawo phakathi neSigele. Izindleko eziningi zingaba ngaphansi kwezindawo ezimbili eziboshelweyo phambi kwe-partimes phambi kwe-countain: okokuqala, i-palbuster ehambayo ukuze iqhubekele ekuhlolweni kwemali, bese kuthi enye i-palbuster ebhaliswe yona ngokwayo. Ama-filbuster amaningi angenzeka ekulungiseni kanye neminye imiklamo ye-procedro.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nomthetho osekelwa kakhulu ungabhekana nokulibala okukhulu futhi udinge ukuba amahlule amaningi ahlangane ukuze aqhutshekwe ngeSigele.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezimpikiswano

Ukuncipha kweFilibuster ngo - 2025

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokucindezela okuqhubekayo kwi-monilbuster. Abaholi beSigele saseRepublic baye benza i-jove i-jove i-joves i-doubles uma imile emfunweni kaTrump kanye no-GOP.

IRepublicans yamisa "inketho yenuzi" ukuze ishintshe imithetho yeSigele ukuze iqinisekise ingxenye ephakathi ka-48 Trump nominees, kanye nokuhamba okuvumela iSigele ukuba siqinisekise amanani angenamkhawulo kamongameli ongaphansi eqenjini elilodwa, ngaphandle kokudinga imvume yedlanzana.

IRepublicans iphawula ukuthi umnyango owenziwe ngezigaba ezingu - 60 wokukhipha umthetho omningi awukapheli, njengoba uMholi weSigele Sabefundisi uJohn Thune ethembisa ngemva kokhetho lwango - 2024 ukuthi i - finbuster yayiyohlala ingashintshi ewashini.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqashelwa njengomvikeli weqembu elincane lezombangazwe ngenxa yonya lweningi, noma ukuhlaselwa njengethuluzi lokuvimbela ukunqanda ukunqanda, ilungelo lenkulumo - mpikiswano engenamkhawulo eSigeleni, kuhlanganise nethi filbuster, kuye kwaba isici esiyinhloko sendima eyingqayizivele yeSigele sezombangazwe saseMelika.

Impikiswano nge-finbuster ngokuvamile iyashintsha kuye ngokuthi yimaphi amaqembu alawula iSigele. Bobabili ababambene baye bacela ukuqeda noma ukuguqula i-banbuster uma beyiningi, kodwa ukuyivikela lapho bembalwa. Lokhu kubonisa ukungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi komthetho weningi namalungelo amancane avezwa yi-monilbuster.

Ukufinyelela Uhambo Olungokomthetho

Uma nje isikweleti sesiya ngokuphumelelayo eSigeleni () kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokufinyelela amavoti angu - 60 okuthola amahlule noma ngenqubo evimbela ukubuyisana kwengane (nearbuster) kusamelwe iphelelise izinyathelo eziningana zokuba umthetho.

Ukuvuselela Indlu Nezigele

Uma inkantolo idlula kwenye indikimba yoMkhandlu, idlule kwenye indikimba ukuze idlule enqubweni efanayo yokucwaninga, ingxoxo, izinguquko, nokuvota, futhi lapho yomibili le mikhandlu isivotile ukwamukela isikweletu, kumelwe ilungise noma yikuphi ukungafani okukhona phakathi kwalezi zinguqulo ezimbili.

ISishaya - mthetho singakha ikomiti yengqungquthela yokuxazulula noma ukubuyisana phakathi kwezindlela zezimvume zendlu neSigele, futhi uma ikomiti yengqungquthela ihluleka ukufinyelela isivumelwano, isikweleti siyafa, kodwa uma kufinyelelwa isivumelwano, amalungu ekomiti alungiselela umbiko wengqungquthela nokutusa kwesivumelwano sokugcina. Bobabili iNdlu neSigeqe kumelwe bavote ukuze bavumele umbiko wengqungquthela.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Lapho womabili amakamu evota enguqulweni eyodwa yalemali bese idlula, ayidlulisela kumongameli, obe esecabangela lemali futhi angayivumela futhi ayisayine emthethweni.

Uma uMongameli engathathi isinyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, isigwebo ngokuzenzekelayo siba umthetho.

Uma umongameli ekhetha ukukhipha umthetho, ezimweni eziningi uMkhandlu ungavota ukuqeda lowomthetho futhi isikweleti sibe umthetho. Uma kokubili iSigele nendlu kudlulisa isibalo ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, iveto likaMongameli iyawuqeda umthetho, futhi lo mthetho uba umthetho.

Uma umongameli engasayini esikweletini futhi sihlala singasayinwanga lapho uMkhandlu ungasekho esiqenjini, isigwebo siyokhishwa yiphutha kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i - veto ephaketheni, futhi ngeke sishayelwe imbobo yomthetho.

Umbiko Nezenzo

Ngemva kokuba isikweletu sesibe umthetho, sabelwa inani bese sinyatheliswa e - United States i - Stomicts Faunce, enemithetho yemvelo evamile nehlala njalo ngaleso sikhathi efakwe eMthethweni Wase - United States.

Imithetho eminingi iqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zenze izenzo ezithile, njengokudala noma ukuqeda isimiso sikahulumeni, futhi ngemva kokuba umthetho usumisiwe, kuxhomeke ezinhlanganweni ukuba zinqume ukuthi lowo mthetho uyosetshenziswa kanjani. Izimo zingase zakhe imithetho yokusebenzisa umthetho, wona ngokwawo onamandla omthetho.

Umongo Obanzi: Amagophe Nokulinganisela

I - filbuster itholakala esimisweni esikhulu sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi iphuzu elithile ekusebenziseni amandla angavinjelwe.

UMongameli unethonya enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, atusa ukuba kube nemali esetshenziswa minyaka yonke yezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile usikisela umthetho, futhi mhlawumbe ngokuphawulekayo, amandla okushaya umthetho ka - veto angathinta lokho okuqukethwe yizindleko ezidluliswa uMkhandlu.

Njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kweveto kamongameli, iSishaya-mthetho sivame ukuvumelana nesikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kwakha olunye ungqimba lwengxoxo nokuyekethisa enqubweni yokwenza umthetho.

Kunezinhlolo eziningi nezilinganiso ezivimbela amandla oMkhandlu wokwakha imithetho, igatsha eliphethe likwazi ukukhetha indlela yokuphoqelela umthetho phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe yiSishaya-mthetho, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikwazi ukubusa ukuthi uKhongolose wathatha imingcele yoMthetho-sisekelo lapho emisa umthetho.

Ukuqonda Umphumela Wezwe Langempela

Ithonya le-filbuster lidlulela ngalé kwenqubo yeSigele − isimilo esingaba umthetho nendlela imifelandawo yezombangazwe eyakheka ngayo.

Izimfuneko Zobungqabavu Ezisetshenziswayo

KuyiSigele sanamuhla, izinyathelo eziningi manje zidinga amavoti angu-60 ukuba aqhubeke, ngaphandle kokuba kumiswe impikiswano ekhethekile elinganisela isikhathi sokusebenza. Lokhu kushintsha okukhulu kwecebo lomthetho. Amabhuloho kumelwe ahloselwe ukudonsa ukusekela kwe-bipartisan, noma kumelwe afaneleke phakathi kolunye lwezingalo ezihlukile ku-monicbuster.

Lokhu kuye kwaholela emasuni okwakha imithetho, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kohlelo lokubuyisana ngezindlela zokuhlela eziyinhloko nokuhlanganisa izinto eziningi eziza kuqala emthetho ongayidluli engayidonsa amavoti adingekile.

Indima Yenkulumo

Isisekelo sezinqubo ezingokomthetho sinezingxoxo ezinkulu. Cishe konke ukucwaninga nokuxoxa ngenqubo yokwenza umthetho kwenzeka ngerekhodi emihlanganweni ephakathi kwezisebenzi ezisebenzela abasizi nabameleli, amalungu omphakathi, abangenisi benzuzo nabangahwebi, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Usongo lwenhlalo luhlela lezizingxoxo, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ngisho nemali. Abakhokhi kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi bangahlanganisa amavoti angu - 60 yini, futhi uma kungenjalo, ukuthi kufanele bashintshe izicelo zabo noma baphishekele enye indlela yokushaya umthetho.

Izimpikiswano Ze - filibuster Nezimelene Nayo

Indaba Ye - pilibuster

Abasekeli be-finbuster baphikisa ngokuthi ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Ivikela amalungelo amancane ngokuvimbela iningi elingenalutho ukuba lifake inhloso yalo ngaphandle kokuvumelana okubanzi. Ikhuthaza ukucabangisisa nokuhlehla, iphoqelela iningi ukuba lixoxe nedlanzana futhi lakhe imifantu ebanzi.

I - filbuster futhi inikeza ukuzinza, yenza kube nzima ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokwenqubo ezingashintshwa lapho kulawulwa izandla zikahulumeni. Lokhu kungakhuthaza amakhambi aqinile, ama - bipartis ezinkingeni zesizwe.

Abavikeli baphawula ukuthi iSigele sasiklanyelwe ukuba sibe umzimba ozinqumela kangcono kunendlu, oneziqu ezinde nezimemezelo ezilinganayo zezifundazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingobani.

Isimo Senguquko Noma Sokuqedwa

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-filbuster isiyithuluzi lokuvimbela kunokuba ihlongoze. Bakhomba ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ukuvimbela umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi nezinye izinyathelo ezithandwa kakhulu. Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwe-banbuster esetshenziswayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, baphikisa ngokuthi, kuye kwakha i-radbock evimbela uMkhandlu ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezicindezelayo zesizwe.

Abanye abagxeki baphawula ukuthi i-finbuster ayiphathwanga eMthethweni-sisekelo futhi yayingeyona ingxenye yemithetho yokuqala yeSigele. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukufuna ukuvelela okukhulu kakhulu ngokomthetho wesimiso kululaza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi ngokuvumela idlanzana ukuba libhuntshise intando yeningi.

Iziphakamiso zenguquko zisuka ekuqedeni i - filbuster ngokuphelele kuya ekufuneni "izikhulu zokukhuluma ngezingane ezizalwayo" lapho izikhulu zesikole kumelwe zihlale khona, ukwenza izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho ezihlukile njengamalungelo okuvota noma izindleko zamalungelo omphakathi.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda i-finbuster kubalulekile kwizakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yomthetho. Uma uthintana nezikhulu zakho mayelana nomthetho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngisho noma iningi lamalungu e-sener lisekela isikweleti, lingase lihluleke ngaphandle kwamavoti angu-60.

Lokhu kulungisa amasu okusebenzisa imali. Ukwakha imifelandawonye emikhulu engadonsa ukusekela kwe-bipartisan kuba okubalulekile. Ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izimoto ezilawulayo ezivikela i-filbuster(ukubuyisana kwemali) njengokuvumelana kwemali noma ukuhlelwa kweminye imifantu kusiza abameleli ukuba babone izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokusekela izinto eziza kuqala.

I-finbuster futhi ithinta izombangazwe ezikhethwayo. Abavota kufanele baqonde ukuthi ngisho noma elinye iqembu lilawula umongameli kanye nawo womabili amagumbi omnyango weSishaya-mthetho, umnyango onama-60 omnyango oMkhandlu wesigele ungavimbela lowo qembu ukuba ubeke iziphakamiso zalo eziphelele. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhungathekeni lapho umkhankaso ungagcwaliseki, kodwa kubonisa umklamo wamasuntswana weSigele njengeseshi phezu kombuso omkhulu.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Le - filibuster

Ikusasa le-finbuster lihlala lingaqinisekile. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho iSigele sishintsha izandla, izimpikiswano ngokuguqula noma ukulisusa ziphinde zivele. Ukuguguleka kancane kancane kwe-banbuster ngenxa yokuthatha izilinganiso kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka izinguquko ezengeziwe, ikakhulukazi uma ukuhlukana kwezindawo okubangelwa ukuhlukana kwezizwe kuqhubeka kukhula.

Ezinye izingqapheli zibikezela ukuthi ekugcineni umsunguli wezingane ozobekwa umthetho uyoqedwa, alandele indlela ebekwe yokusho amagama ashayelwe phansi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ekugcineni abasekeni bayowulondoloza, beqaphela ukuthi ngelinye ilanga bangase babe abambalwa futhi bafune isivikelo sawo.

Okubonakala kusobala ukuthi impikiswano nge-banlybuster izoqhubeka iyinhloko yezingxoxo ngendlela i-demokrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo. Ukungezwani phakathi kokubusa kweningi namalungelo amancane, phakathi kokuphumelela nokuzinza, phakathi koshintsho nokuzinza, lemibuzo eyisisekelo izoqhubeka ilawula impikiswano yezingane ezisabelebele phambili iminyaka eminingi.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho

Amaphuzu amaningana abalulekile avela kulokhu kuhlola indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo nendima ye-filbuster:

  • Inqubo yomthetho ihilela izigaba eziningi, kusukela ekusungulweni kwemvume yokuhlola amakomiti, impikiswano esesitezini, ukuhamba ngawo womabili amagumbi, nokuthatha isinyathelo sikamongameli
  • ISigele singaphansi kwemithetho eyingqayizivele evumela impikiswano ethé xaxa, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba abazalayo bavuleke
  • Ukuqeda i - finbuster nge - rambrine kudinga amavoti angu - 60 ezimweni eziningi, okudala imfuneko enkulu kakhulu yokubekwa komthetho omkhulu
  • Kukhona okuhlukile, kuhlanganise nokuhlela ukubuyisana nokukhipha imvume, okungaqhubeka ngamavoti amaningi avamile
  • I-filbuster iye yasuka ekufuneni izinkulumo eziqondile ezinwetshiwe ukuze ivumele "uthuli" lwe-filbuster olusekelwe nje ekusongeleni kokuvinjelwa
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwe - filbuster kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, kwanezela ekuvuselweni kwemithetho
  • I - filbuster ihlanganisa ukungezwani okuyisisekelo kwentando yeningi yaseMelika phakathi kokubusa kweningi namalungelo amancane
  • Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ukuze umphakathi uthembisene ngokuphumelelayo futhi ulindele okungokoqobo ngalokho uhulumeni angakufeza

Imicebo Eyengeziwe Yokufunda Okwengeziwe

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho kanye ne-filbuster, kukhona imithombo eminingana emihle. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yesigele yase-U.S. inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana nama-filbuster kanye nama-arable, kuhlanganise nomongo omlando nezinqubo zamanje.

ISiphakamiso soMkhandlu inikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi enqubweni yomthetho, kuhlanganise nezincazelo zevidiyo nemibhalo enemininingwane. i-Brennan Center yeJaji[ inikeza ukuhlaziywa komlando we-Refiblicbuster nethonya ledemokhrasi.

Congress.gov uvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele umthetho wamanje, zibone indlela abameleli bazo abavota ngayo, futhi zikwazi ukuthola yonke imibhalo yentela nemithetho. Ukuhlanganyela nalemithombo kungajulisa ukuqonda kwakho ngendlela idemokrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo lapho izindleko ziba khona imithetho eUnited States iyinkimbinkimbi ngokuklanywa, ihlanganisa izinhlolo eziningi nokuvumelana okukhulu. I-filbuster imelela enye yezihlolo ezibaluleke kakhulu, inikeza iSigele amandla amancane kakhulu okuthonya noma ukuvimbela umthetho.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekwa njengesivikelo esibalulekile samalungelo eqembu noma isithiyo esimelene nedemocratic sokuthuthuka, umzanyana uveza umthetho waseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile. Umnyango wakhona onezingxenye ezingu-60 uthinta ukuthi izindleko zingadlula kanjani, indlela imifelandawo ehlangene ngayo, nokuthi yini edingekayo. Ngakho ukuqonda i-monicbuster kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi i-democracy yaseMelika isebenza kanjani ngempela, ngokuphambene nendlela engasebenza ngayo emfundisweni.

Njengoba izimpikiswano ngekusasa le-banbuster ziqhubeka, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zinganezela ezingxoxweni ngendlela engcono kakhulu yokulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo zomthetho weningi, amalungelo amancane, ukucubungulwa, nokubuswa okuphumelelayo. Inqubo yomthetho, kuhlanganise ne-palibster, ekugcineni iveza ukukhetha ngokuthi hlobo luni lwentando yeningi esifuna ukuba nalo, futhi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sihlole futhi silungiseke ekuboneni izimo nezindinganiso ezishintshayo.