Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela yokulawula amacala kahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani obhekene nezinselele zomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhileleke empikiswaneni yomthetho, indaba yobugebengu, noma engokomthetho womkhaya, ukwazi ukuthi yini ongayilindela kunganciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kusize ukuba wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi kuyo yonke inqubo engokomthetho. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu ezakhamuzini nasezephulamthetho eUnited States, ziwenza kube yindawo eyinhloko lapho amaMelika amaningi ahlangana khona nesimiso sokwahlulela.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhamba phakathi kwazo zonke iziteji zenkantolo, kusukela efayilini yokuqala ukuya ezindaweni zangemva kwecala. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo, izinqubo, nezenzakalo eziyinhloko enkantolo yombuso, uyoba okulungele kangcono ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nommeli wakho nokulawula ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimiso zomthetho.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zenkantolo KaHulumeni

Isifundazwe ngasinye sinesimiso saso sokwahlulela esizimele, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu - 90 ecala lobugebengu e - United States.

Ithonya Lezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ukuqonda lesisigaba sokubusa kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kunquma ukuthi icala lakho liqala kuphi nokuthi iziphi izindlela ongazikhetha uma ungavumelani nomphumela.

Ihhashi elisebenza jikelele lenkantolo yenkantolo liyinkantolo equlwayo, eyizinga eliphansi kakhulu lenkantolo futhi ngokuvamile iyindawo lapho icala noma icala liqala khona. Ingaba inkantolo yegunya elivamile, njengenkantolo yesifunda noma ephakeme, noma kungaba inkantolo enegunya elikhethekile noma elilinganiselwe, njengeprobate, intsha, izimoto, noma inkantolo yomkhaya.

Izinkantolo Zokulahlwa Kwecala Okulinganiselwe

Izifunda eziningi zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. Izinkantolo zendawo, ezibizwa nangokuthi izinkantolo zikamasipala, ziyizinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe ekwahluleleni amacala amancane namacala angafanele awenziwe edolobheni elithile noma edolobheni. Lezi zinkantolo zivame ukusebenza njengendawo yokungena ezindabeni ezincane ezingokomthetho.

Iziqulo ezincane zimelela olunye uhlobo olubalulekile lwezinkantolo zegunya elilinganiselwe. Kuye ngemithetho kahulumeni, izinkantolo ezincane zisingatha amacala lapho imali ephikisanayo iphakathi kuka - R2 000 no $20 000. Ezinkantolo ezincane, iziqu zivame ukuzimelela, futhi le nqubo yenziwe lula uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqulwa kwecala kwasikhathi sonke enkantolo.

Ezinye izinkantolo ezikhethekile zihlanganisa:

  • Izinkantolo zezezindawo, eziphatha ngokuyinhloko ukuphatha izakhiwo nokuncishiswa kwemithetho yefa, futhi emazweni amaningi zisingatha izindaba ezinjengokuqulwa kwecala okuncintisanayo, izicelo zokuthola imikhumbi enakekelayo, nokutholwa
  • Izinkantolo zemikhaya, ezilalela amacala ahilela ukuwinwa kwezingane nokusekelwa kwazo, ukunganakwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwamacala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ubugebengu bentsha noma ukuvinjelwa, nakuba izinkantolo eziningi zemikhaya zingaziphathi izehlukaniso, ngokuvamile ezisingathwa izinkantolo ezilawula imibuso
  • Izinkantolo zezimoto, ezisingatha ukuphambana kwezimoto nokuphulwa kwezimoto, izicelo zokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okushayela, kanye nezindaba ezihlobene nazo, kanye nezinye ezisingatha amacala amancane obugebengu ahlobene nokwephulwa kwezimoto

Izinkantolo Zommangalelwa Ovamile

Inkantolo yesifundazwe iyinkantolo ephethe isifundazwe futhi ingumhluleli wamacala ahilela umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nemithetho kahulumeni. Lezinkantolo zisingatha izindaba zomphakathi nezigebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, kuhlanganise nezigebengu, izimpikiswano ezinkulu zombango, kanye nempikiswano eyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuyinhloko zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, izindaba zomphakathi njengokuzilimaza komuntu siqu, izindaba ezinkantolo zomkhaya, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yefa nezindawo, kanye nezimpikiswano zempahla yangempela. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokulalela izindaba zendawo, njengokwephulwa kwemithetho yesifunda nedolobha.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi zingabukezwa yiqembu lenkantolo kahulumeni ephakathi nendawo. Ngokuvamile, kunenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yokudlulisa amacala, inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni, engamele isimiso senkantolo. Inani elincane lezifundazwe alinayo inkantolo ephethe inkathi ephakathi. Kulezo zifunda, abameleli ezinkantolo zesifunda ngokuvamile banelungelo lokudlulisela amacala abo ngokuqondile enkantolo ephakeme yezwe.

Imithetho Yesimiso Nokuhlukahluka

Imibuso eminingi ilingisa inkantolo yayo elawulayo engokomthetho ishaya imithetho eduze neFederal Rules of Civil Procediture ngokulungisa ukusingatha izinhlobo zamacala avela kuphela ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni (njengokuphulwa kwezimoto), futhi ilingisa izimiso zayo zokuziphatha ezikhokhelwayo ezibuswa i - American Bar Association ngokulungisa okuncane.

Nokho, imithetho ebusa izinkantolo zikamasipala yileyo emiswe imithetho kahulumeni, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, inqubo engokomthetho iyahlukahluka kuye ngokwesifundazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqonda imithetho ethile elawulwa nguwe kubalulekile ukuze uqondise icala lakho ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqala Icala Lenkantolo YaseHulumeni

Uhambo oludlule enkantolo kahulumeni luqala ngokufakwa kwezincwadi zokuqala eziqala ngokusemthethweni ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile noma ngabe ungumuntu oqala icala (ummangalelwa) noma iqembu eliqulwa icala (ummangalelwa).

Ukuqeda Ukukhononda Noma Isicelo

Icala lomphakathi liqala uma ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele. Lencwadi yesisekelo ifeza izinjongo eziningana ezibucayi: iveza isisekelo esiyiqiniso samacala, ichaza ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho okushiwoyo, futhi isho ukuthi ikhambi lokukhululeka noma ikhambi lommangalelwa elifunayo enkantolo.

Icala kumelwe lidluliselwe enkantolo efanele, okuxhomeke ezicini eziningana ezihlanganisa uhlobo lwecala, isibalo semali ephikisanayo, nokuthi kuphi noma lapho izenzakalo ezibangela ukumangalelwa zenzeka khona. Ukuphonsa enkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni noma ekudlulisweni kwecala lakho, kubangele ukulibala nezindleko ezengeziwe.

Lapho kukhishwa isikhalo, umkhangisi kumelwe akhokhe imali ekhokhelwayo, ehlukahluka ngokwemithetho nangamagama. Ezinye izinkantolo zinikeza abantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko, nakuba abafaka isicelo kumelwe babonise ubunzima obungokwezimali ngezincwadi eziningiliziwe.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Inkonzo yenqubo iyinqubo yeqembu elithile enkantolo noma enqunywe ngokusemthethweni ukunikeza elinye iqembu isaziso esifanelekile sokusungulwa kwesenzo somthetho. Inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho eMthethweni-sisekelo we-United States inqabela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise igunya lomuntu siqu kummangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa aqaphele ngokufanelekile icala lenkantolo.

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nale mithetho, izinkantolo zifuna ukuba abamangalelwa bahlelwe ngokubizwa kwenkantolo kanye nekhophi yesikhalo sabaphathi. Lamaphepha abizwa njengenqubo. Imvume iyincwadi yenkantolo esemthethweni egunyaza ummangalelwa wamacala futhi inikeza ukwaziswa ngokuthi angasabela kanjani nokuthi kunini.

Inkonzo efanele yenqubo ayiyona nje imfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo. Inqubo efanele ibalulekile ekusekeleni inqubo efanele futhi ivumele amaqembu ukuba asebenzise ilungelo lawo ukuzwakala enkantolo. Uma inkonzo ingaqediwe kahle, inkantolo ingase ingabi nagunya phezu kommangalelwa, futhi noma isiphi isahlulelo esitholakele singangasebenzi.

Izindlela zenkonzo ziyahluka-hluka ngokwezwe kodwa zihlanganisa inkonzo yomuntu siqu (ukuhambisa izincwadi kummangalelwa), ukubuyisela (izincwadi zomuntu onecala komunye umuntu ekhaya noma emsebenzini), noma inkonzo ngeposi kwezinye izimo. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukunyatheliswa kwamaphephandaba abamangalelwa abangenakufakwa ngemva kwemizamo yenkuthalo.

Ukusabela Komlweli

Uma esesebenze kahle, ummangalelwa uba nesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphendula isikhalo − izinsuku ezingama-20 kuya kwezingu-30, kuye ngemithetho kazwelonke nangendlela yokusebenza. Ummangalelwa unezindlela eziningana zokusabela:

  • Ihele impendulo: Lencwadi iphendula ukumangalela ngakunye ekukhonondeni, kungaba ukuvuma, ukuphika, noma ukusho ukuthi ummangalelwa akanalo ulwazi olwanele lokuvuma noma lokuphika icala. Impendulo ingaqinisekisa ukuthi isiqinisekiso siyavuma / qqqh. "Izizathu eziqinile zokungahluli ummangalelwa noma uma kuyiqiniso."
  • Uhele Umzamo Wokulahla: Esikhundleni sokuphendula, ummangalelwa angafaka umphikisi ephikisa ngokuthi isikhalo kufanele sisuswe ngenxa yezizathu ezingokomthetho, njengokungagunyazi, inkonzo engafanele, ukuhluleka ukusho ukusho okusemthethweni, noma ukuphela komthetho wokulinganiselwa.
  • Ihele i-counterclaim: Ummangalelwa angazisholo ngokumelene nomphathi wecala, ozoxazululwa enkantolo efanayo.
  • Ungakwenzi lutho: uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula phakathi nesikhathi esidingekayo, ummangalelwa angacela isahlulelo esiphelele, avumele inkantolo ukuba ibuse emseni wommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela.

Isabelo Secala Nokuqedwa Kokuqala

Ngemva kokuba icala seliqulwe, inkantolo inikeza inombolo eyingqayizivele yecala eyosetshenziswa ekulandeleni zonke izincwadi nezindaba.

Izinkantolo eziningi zithatha umhlangano wokuqala wokuphatha amacala noma ukuhlela umhlangano ekuqaleni kwale ngqungquthela. Phakathi nalengqungquthela, ijaji lihlangana nabameli (noma amaqembu azimele) ukuze limise izikhawu zosuku lwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zecala, kuhlanganise nokuthola, ukunyakaza, nokuqulwa kwecala. Lolu hlelo lokuhlelwa kuba yimapu yendlela yokulilungisa futhi lusize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi icala liqhubeke kahle.

Izindlela Zokuthola Nokuthola Izenzakalo Zangaphambi Kwenkathi

Isigaba sangaphambi kwezokuhlolwa sivame ukuba ingxenye ende nenzima kakhulu yokuqubuka. Phakathi nalenkathi, bobabili bazama ukuqoqa ubufakazi, bamise izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo, futhi balungiselele ukuqulwa kwecala noma ukuxazululwa. Inqubo yokuthola izinto iyingxenye eyinhloko yomsebenzi wangaphambi kokuhlolwa.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokuthola

Ezenzweni zomphakathi, inqubo yokuthola ibhekisela kulokho okusetshenziswa amaqembu angaphambi kokuhlolwa ukuze kuqoqwe ukwaziswa ekulungiseleleni ukuqulwa kwecala. I-Federal Miles of Civil Procediture inemilungiselelo yokuthola izinto ezikhululekile kakhulu, futhi izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zilandela inguquko efanayo esekelwe kwi-FRCP, iSahluko V, "Depositions & Discovery".

Ukuvubukulwa kwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile ngokunikeza bobabili ubufakazi obuzosetshenziswa ecaleni elithile. Kuvumela ohlangothini ngalunye ukuba lubukeze imibhalo, ubufakazi, kanye nokwaziswa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ngakho akumangalisi. Ngokunikeza ubufakazi kusenesikhathi, ukutholakala kusiza inkantolo nabaphethe bagxile ezimpikiswaneni zangempela futhi bakhuthaze isinqumo ngokuxazulula noma ukuqulwa kwecala.

"Ubufakazi" yigama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza inqubo lapho abaphethe bethola khona ukwaziswa nobufakazi ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezisemacaleni. Kungahlanganisa ukudlulisa izinkulungwane zezincwadi nama-imeyili kanye namahora ofakazi abangase bangasho lutho ekugcineni. Kodwa kuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umbhanqwana ofihla ibhola futhi wonke amaqiniso ahlobene necala avezwa.

Indawo Yokuthola

Ngokwe-Umthetho 26(b)(1), "Izikhungo zingathola ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nento engekho ekhona evumelana nokufuna noma iziphi iziphi izikhululo noma ukuzivikela." Lokhu kubanzi kusho ukuthi izibalo zingacela ukwaziswa okungase kungakholeki uma kuqulwa kodwa kungaholela ekutholeni ubufakazi obungaqondakaliyo.

Ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Federal we-Civil Procediture 26(b)(1), ubukhulu bokuthola okuvunyelweyo budlulela ku "noma yiziphi izinto ezingezona ezivumelekile ezivumelana nokuzisho noma ukuzivikela kwanoma yimuphi umkhakha noma ukuzivikela okuvumelana nezidingo zecala." Indinganiso yokulingana, yenezelwe ekuMthethweni 26 ngokususa i-FRCP ngo-2015, idinga izinkantolo ukuba zilinganise izici eziyisithupha: ukubaluleka kwempikiswano, isilinganiso sempikiswano, ukufinyelela kweqembu ekutholeni ukwaziswa, ukubaluleka kokuthola izinto, ukuxazulula kwamaqembu, futhi ukuthi umthwalo wokuthola okuhlongozayo ungcono kangakanani.

Izingxingu zokuqala

I-FRCP Lagure 26(a)(1) idinga izimemezelo zokunikeza ukwaziswa kokuqala ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuveza kumelwe kuhlanganise amagama nokwaziswa kothintana kwabantu okungenzeka babenokwaziswa okutholakele, incazelo nencazelo (noma incazelo ngokwezigaba nendawo) yezincwadi ezihlobene, ukulinganisela umonakalo, nanoma iziphi izivumelwano zomshuwalense ezisebenzayo.

Ngokwe-Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, ummeli kumelwe aqale umhlangano phakathi kwamaqembu ngemva kokuba kudluliselwe isikhalo kubamangalelwa, ukuba ahlele inqubo yokuthola. Amaqembu kufanele azame ukuvumelana ngesimiso esihlongozwayo sokuthola, futhi athumele iCebo Discovery Preven enkantolo ezinsukwini ezingu - 14 ngemva kwengqungquthela.

Izindlela Zokuthola

Ngemva kwalokho, inqubo eyinhloko yokuthola iqala ehlanganisa: ukuthola kokuqala, ukuphothula, ukuphenya, isicelo sokungeniswa (RFA) nesicelo sokukhiqiza izincwadi (RFP). Ngalinye lala mathuluzi lifeza injongo ethile ekuqoqeni ukwaziswa nokwakha indaba yakho.

Ukungenela

Imibuzo ebhaliwe omunye ethumela komunye, ecela izimpendulo ngaphansi kwesifungo. Lemibuzo ibalulekile ekutholeni amaqiniso ayisisekelo, njengobufakazi nezinsuku eziyisihluthulelo. Imibuzo yokuphendula ibhalwe ebhekiswe eqenjini eliphikisayo, okumelwe liphendule ngaphansi kwesifungo. Umthetho ka-FRCP u-33 ulinganisela ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uzoba ngu-25 uma inkantolo ingamvumeli ukuba aphendule.

Ukungenela kusiza kakhulu ekutholeni ukwaziswa kwesizinda, ukuhlukanisa ofakazi namaphepha, nokumisa uhlobo lwezenzakalo zomunye umuntu. Zingashibhi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokuthola futhi zingalungiselelwa ngaphandle kolwazi olunzulu olungokomthetho, nakuba ukudweba ngokucophelela kubalulekile ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuwusizo.

Izicelo Zokukhiqizwa Kwamadokhumende

Izicelo ezisemthethweni zezincwadi, ukwaziswa okugcinwe nge-electronic (ama-email, izivumelwano, imibhalo, noma obunye ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Zombili izinhlangothi kumelwe ziveze izinto ezifanele, ezingagunyaziwe ukuze zihlolwe. Kulokhu kuhlola, ukutholakala kwemishini (imvume) yezobuchwepheshe kuye kwabaluleke kakhulu njengoba ibhizinisi nezokuxhumana komuntu siqu kuvela ngemishini.

Izicelo zezincwadi zingafuna izinhlobonhlobo zezincwadi ezihlanganisa izivumelwano, izincwadi, amarekhodi emali, izithombe, amavidiyo, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, imiyalezo ye-message, ne-imeyili. Ocelayo kumelwe achaze imibhalo eqondene neyakho, futhi iqembu eliphendulayo kumelwe likhiqize imibhalo njengoba igcinwa ebhizinisini elivamile noma ihlelwe ukuze ihambelane nezigaba ezisesicelweni.

Izicelo Zokuvunyelwa

Izicelo ezibhaliwe ezicela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso akhethekile. Lezimpikiswano ezimcabangelwe ukuqulwa kwecala ngokucacisa ukuthi yini ngempela ephikisanayo. Izicelo zokuvuma zingamathuluzi anamandla ngoba noma isiphi isici esivunywayo simiselwe izinjongo eziqinisekile, sisusa isidingo sokuqinisekisa leloqiniso lapho kuqulwa icala.

Uma omunye ehluleka ukuphendula izicelo zokuvuma esikhathini esidingekayo, izindaba zithathwa njengezivunywayo. Lokhu kungaba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo, okungase kuphumele ekuvumeni amaqiniso abengadinga ubufakazi obuningi.

Ukubekwa Kwezindawo

Imibuzo ye-oral, epherson (noma ekude) yeqembu noma ufakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo, nentatheli yenkantolo ibhala amagama onke. Imibono ingasetshenziswa ekuhlolweni futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwecala nasekulondolozeni ubufakazi. Izingxoxo zifana nezingxoxo eziqhutshelwa ngaphansi kokufushaniswa kwentatheli yasenkantolo, abameli bazo zonke izigigaba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi omunye umbutho ngokwakhe. Ukufakaza kungabuza lo fakazi abaphikisayo noma abahlukene besithathu imibuzo eklanyelwe ukuthola ukwaziswa okuhlobene noma ukuvala kwabo ubufakazi obufunzekile obuthi bungasetshenziswa kamuva uma bezama ukushintsha izimpendulo zabo.

Iziphakamiso zilinganiselwe eshumini eqenjini ngalinye, ngaphandle kokubekwa isikhathi eside ngaphezu kwamahora ayisikhombisa ngosuku, nakuba izinkantolo zingayiguqula lemingcele. Izimvume ngokuvamile ziwuhlobo olubiza kakhulu lokuthola ngoba zidinga isikhathi sommeli, izindleko zezikhulu zasenkantolo, futhi ngokuvamile izindleko zokuhamba.

Naphezu kwezindleko, izimali ezigciniwe zibalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthembeka kofakazi, ukuthola izimpendulo ezizenzakalelayo ezingase zembule ubuthakathaka endabeni yesinye, ukulondoloza ubufakazi bofakazi okungenzeka abatholakali lapho kuqulwa icala, nokuqoqa ukwaziswa okungasetshenziswa kofakazi ababodwa abashintsha ubufakazi babo kamuva.

Ama - “pumpoena ”

Imithetho yenkantolo efuna ukuba abangekho emabhange (njengasemabhange noma izisebenzi zangaphambili) bakhiqize amabhukwana noma bavele ezindaweni ezigciniwe. Ama-Subpoena anwebela ukufinyelela kokuthola izinto ngalé kwamaqembu ngokwawo, avumela ukuba ukwaziswa okunikezwa abaqashi besithathu, abaqashi, abaqashi bezokwelapha, izikhungo zezimali, nabanye ofakazi.

Izikhathi Nezinombolo Ezifile Ezitholakalayo

Ukuhlolwa kwezikhathi kusebenza ngaphansi kwemigqa eqinile ehlukahluka ngokwemithetho. Ukuthola ngokuvamile kuqala ngemva kokuncenga kokuqala (ukudazulula nempendulo) futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ngokuvamile, ezinkantolo zikahulumeni waseVirginia, amaqembu anezinsuku ezingu-21 zokusabela lapho kutholwa izicelo. Lokhu kuqina kakhulu kune-wistomline (okuvame ukuba izinsuku ezingu-30).

Zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zimisa isikhathi sokutholwa, esimiswe ngokuhleleka ngaphansi koMthetho we-FRCP 16. Ubufakazi abuvezi ngaphambi kokuba ukunqamuka kukhishwe enkantolo. Amadili afuna ukwandiswa kumelwe abonise imbangela enhle.

Ukungafinyeleli isikhathi sokuthola izinto ezifinyelelwe kungaba nemiphumela engathi sína, kuhlanganise nezijeziso, ukukhipha ubufakazi, noma ngisho nokuxoshwa kwezimfuno noma izisekelo zokuvikela. Ukuhlala uhlelekile futhi usabela ngokushesha ekutholeni izicelo kubalulekile ekuvikeleni izithakazelo zakho lapho kuchazwa.

Amalungelo Nezivikelo

Ukuthola ukwaziswa akuhlanganisi konke, ukuxhumana okukhethekile — kuhlanganise nezokuxhumana okuwummeli nomkhiqizo womsebenzi olungiselelwe ukulindele ukuphethwa — kuvikelwe ekwambulweni okuphoqelelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho kaFederal Rule of Evidence 502 nemithetho kahulumeni ewubuhlanya.

Imfundiso yesizalo ivikela izinto ezingokoqobo (futhi ezinye ezingaqondakali) ezidalwe ngokulangazelela ukubekwa kwecala (umz., i-memorandum evela kummeli ochaza icebo lakhe kulendaba). Ukuvikela umkhiqizo womsebenzi kucatshangelwa ngesithakazelo sobulungisa ngoba ukutholwa komkhiqizo onjalo kungadalula icebo eliphelele elingokomthetho lommeli ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Uma egodlela amabhukwana asekelwe ekukhetheni, amaphathi kumelwe akhiqize amarekhodi achaza amarekhodi achaza amarekhodi futhi achaze isisekelo selungelo. Ukwehluleka ukugcizelela ilungelo ngokufanele kungaphumela ekulahleni, kufuneni ukudalulwa kokwaziswa okuvikelwe ngenye indlela.

Ukuthola Izingxabano Nokuphoqelelwa

Izinkantolo zilindele ukuba abantu bafune "izwi futhi bahlangane" ngokholo oluhle ngaphambi kokuphoqelela. Lokhu kusho ukuzama ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye ngokuthola izinto ngaphandle kokungenela kwenkantolo. Izimpikiswano eziningi zokuthola izinto zihilela ukuphikisana nezicelo ezibanzi, eziwumthwalo ongafanele, ukufuna ukwaziswa okukhethekile, noma ukucela izinto ezingadingekile.

Uma abahilelekile bengenakukwazi ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokuxoxisana, bangase bathathe amafasidi ukuze baphoqe (ukucela inkantolo ukuba ifune omunye umuntu aphendule ekutholeni) noma ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze kuvikelwe (ukucela inkantolo ukuba ibeke imingcele noma inqabe okuthile okutholakele). Izinkantolo zinamandla okuphoqa izijeziso eziningi zokuthola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemali, kusukela ezijezisweni zemali kuya ekususweni kobufakazi kuya ekususweni kwesinqumo esiphelele.

Ithonya Lokuthola Imiphumela Yamacala

Ngokwesiko, imicimbi eminingi yombango eUnited States ixazululwa noma ixazululwe ngemva kokutholakaliswa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Ngemva kokuthola, izinhlangothi zombili zivame ukuvumelana ngamandla alinganiselwe nobuthakathaka bohlangothi ngalunye futhi lokhu ngokuvamile kuphumela ekunqandeni izindleko nezingozi zecala.

Icala elingokomthetho liyisizathu esivame ukubangela ukuba ukwaziswa okwambulwa phakathi nokutholakala kunikeza bobabili amacala abo ukubheka okungokoqobo ngamathuba abo aqulwa, kukhuthaza ukuxoxa ngezingxoxo nesinqumo ngaphandle kwezindleko nokungaqiniseki kwecala.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Kuyo yonke inkathi yangaphambi kwenkantolo, amaqembu angathatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ukuze axazulule izindaba ezingokomthetho noma ezingokwenqubo. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • Ukunquma ukulahla: Isu lokusho ukuthi ukukhononda akukwazi ukusho isikhalazo esingokomthetho esisemthethweni noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinagunyazo igunya lokulawula
  • [[NT.:0] Ukuqulwa kwesinqumo sesifushaniso: Ama-Ague ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela kweqiniso eliphathekayo nokuthi umthuthi unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho, kungaxazulula lonke icala noma izimpikiswano ezithile ngaphandle kokulingwa
  • Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ukuba bunganikezwa lapho kuqulwa icala
  • [ i-Motion ukuhlanganisa: icela ukungenela kwenkantolo ukuphoqelela ukuvumelana nezicelo zokuthola
  • [[UMTL:0] Umjongo wokuzivikela: ufuna ukulinganisela noma ukuvimbela ukutholakala okuthile

Enye indlela evamile yesinqumo ngaphandle kokuqulwa icala ukuthatha isinyathelo sokukhipha isahlulelo esifushane noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokusilahla.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokulungisa noma ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Nakuba kungamaphesenti ambalwa kakhulu afinyelela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqonda inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuhlawulweni.

Ukukhethwa Kwecala Noma Ukuqulwa Kwecala Le - benny

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, amaqembu anelungelo lokucela icala lejaji, nakuba lelilungelo kumelwe lisetshenziswe phakathi nezikhathi ezimisiwe futhi lingase lidinge ukukhokhwa kwenkokhelo yamajaji. Uma kungekho bahluleli bahluleli abacela, icala liqhubeka njengecala lebhentshi, lapho ijaji lisebenza khona kokubili njengomtholi weqiniso nommangali womthetho.

Lapho kucelwa icala labahluleli, lenqubo iqala ngokukhetha abahluleli, okubizwa nangokuthi i - voir brain. Phakathi nalenqubo, abahluleli abangase bakhonondwe amajaji nabameli ukuba baphawule noma yikuphi ubandlululo noma izingxabano ezingase zithinte ikhono labo lokukhonza ngokungakhethi. Ama-Attorney angabekela inselele abangase babangele (ukubonisa ukucwasana kwangempela) noma ukusebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele (abakhohlisi ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, imingcele yemithetho).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Uma ijaji likhethiwe futhi lifunga (noma icala lebhentshi liqala), uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izinkulumo zokuvula. Lokhu akuzona izimpikiswano kodwa kunalokho amabalazwe alokho iqembu ngalinye elilindele ubufakazi ukuba likubonise. Ummeli we-placttiff ukhuluma kuqala, alandelwe ummeli wommangalelwa. Izinkulumo zokuvula zisiza umthumeli othola iqiniso ukuba aqonde umongo nokubaluleka kobufakazi obuzonikezwa.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umlahli uveza indaba yabo kuqala, ethwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa izinkulumo zabo ngokuhlola ubufakazi (ngoba kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi izenzakalo ze-pasttiff ziyiqiniso). Ubufakazi buvela ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ubufakazi obuvela kofakazi nobufakazi obungokoqobo noma obubhaliwe.

Ubufakazi boFakazi bulandela indlela ehlelwe kahle:

  • Isigaba sokuhlola: Iqembu elabiza ufakazi libuza imibuzo ukuze kuvunywe ubufakazi obusekela icala labo
  • Cross-Expatration:[ Iqembu eliphikisayo libuza ufakazi ukuba lingabekele ukwethembeka noma ubufakazi babo inselele
  • Ukuhlola okuqondile: Iqembu elabiza ufakazi lingabuza imibuzo eyengeziwe ukuze licacise noma lilungise ubufakazi obungaqiniseki ngokuhlola okuphambanayo
  • Ukonakalisa okungaqondakali: kulinganiswe imibuzo eyengeziwe ngeqembu eliphikisayo

Phakathi nalo lonke leli thuba lobufakazi, abameli bangase bavuse ukuphikisa imibuzo noma imibukiso, bephikisa ngokuthi baphula imithetho yobufakazi.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esehleli (ephelele enikeza ubufakazi bawo), angase athathe isinqumo esiqondisiwe (esibizwa futhi ngokuthi isahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho), ephikisa ngokuthi ummangalelwa uye wahluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi obanele bokusekela lokho abakushoyo. Uma lokhu kuhamba kwenqatshwa, ummangalelwa unikeza icala labo, elandela indlela efanayo yobufakazi nobufakazi obugciniwe.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esesohlekeni, ummangalelwa angase anikeze ubufakazi obuphikisayo ukuze akhulume ngezindaba ezintsha eziphakanyiswe ecaleni lommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa angabe esenikeza ubufakazi obuyindida.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezeke bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Ngokungafani nezinkulumo zokuqala, izinkulumo zokuphetha ziyizigijimi ezikholisayo lapho abameli bephikisana khona ukuthi kungani ubufakazi busekela isikhundla sekhasimende labo. Umkhohlisi uphikisa kuqala, alandelwe ummangalelwa, bese ummangalelwa ethola ithuba lokuphikisa.

Impikiswano yokuphetha ivumela abameli ukuba bahlanganise ubufakazi, bafaka ubufakazi obuhle, bakhombe ubuthakathaka ecaleni lombangi ophikisayo, futhi bachaze ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani emaqinisweni anikezwayo. Leli yithuba lokugcina lokuncenga umuntu othatha iqiniso ngaphambi kokuba kuqale izingxoxo.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Ecaleni lejaji, ijaji liyala abahluleli ngomthetho okumelwe basebenze kuwo. Lezi ziyalezo zichaza izici zokusho noma ukuvikela ngakunye, umthwalo wobufakazi, indlela yokuhlola ukuthembeka kobufakazi, nezinqubo zokuzicabangela. Ama-Attorney avame ukunikeza iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo, futhi umahluleli unquma ukuthi iziphi iziyalezo ezizonikezwa.

Iziqondiso zejaji zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba zichaza umthetho okufanele usebenze kuwo. Amaphutha eziyalweni zamajaji angaba yizizathu zokudlulisa icala uma zibangela ukuba iqembu libendlululwa.

Iziphakamiso Neziphakamiso

Ngemva kokuthola iziyalezo, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu ngasese. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, izifundazwe eziningi azidingi izinqumo ezivumelanayo cishe, eziningi (njengezingu 9 kwezingu - 12 ezigqibile) zanele. Ijaji lihlola ubufakazi, lisebenzise umthetho njengesiyaliwe, futhi lifinyelele isinqumo.

Ecaleni lebhentshi, ijaji lingase likhiphe isinqumo esivela ebhentshini ngokushesha ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano noma lingase lithathe indaba ngaphansi kweseluleko futhi likhiphe isinqumo esilotshiwe kamuva.

Isinqumo noma isahlulelo sinquma umphumela wecala, kuhlanganise nokuthi ummangalelwa uyavumelana yini nalokho abakushoyo, ukuthi ummangalelwa ukhomba kunoma yimuphi ummangalelwa, nokuthi yimuphi umonakalo noma omunye ukukhululeka okunikezwayo.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekile lingase lithathe izintambo zangemva kokuhlolwa kwezezimali, njenge:

  • Motion for Justice (JNOV): I-Argues ukuthi akukho bahluleli abanengqondo ababengafinyelela isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha:[ Amaphutha adinga ukuqulwa okusha, njengokuvuma noma ukukhipha ubufakazi, iziyalezo zephutha zejaji, noma ukuziphatha okubi kweqembu noma ijaji
  • Ukuhlela uku-Alter noma Ukwahlulela okunga-amend: kufuna ukulungiswa kokwahlulela okusekelwe emangeni angokomthetho noma ayiqiniso

Lokhu kumane nje kunikeza ithuba lokulungisa amaphutha ngaphambi kokuba icala likhange, nakuba kungavamile ukunikezwa.

Ukuqhubeka Nokukhanga Kwangemva Komshado

Isiphetho secala asipheli ukuqulwa. Lowo olahlekelwayo angase abe nokukhetha kokubekela umphumela inselele ngezindlela zangemva kwe-testry noma izikhalo.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Nakuba ingekho imfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni yokuba abamangalelwa banikezwe ilungelo lokudlulisa izinkolelo zabo, ilungelo elinjalo licacile ngokomthetho ohlelweni olufanele lweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umbuso unelungiselelo elithile, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi komthetho - sisekelo noma imithetho yawo, elinikeza abamangalelwa ukudlulisa isikhalo okungenani kanye.

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, noma yimuphi angase athathe isahlulelo esibi, nakuba imithetho ethile nezikhathi ezimisiwe zihluka ngokwemithetho. Isaziso sokudlulisa icala ngokuvamile kumelwe sigcinwe esikhathini esifushane ngemva kokuthola isahlulelo, (8) ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu - 30 ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba lokhu kuhluka.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Ukudlulisa amacala akuyona imibiko noma amathuba okuveza ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, izinkantolo zihlola irekhodi lenkantolo lokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zithole ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho athinte umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • Iziqondiso ezingafanele
  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo
  • Amaphutha ekusebenziseni umthetho ongaphansi
  • Amaphutha angokwemvelo athinta ubulungisa bokuqulwa kwecala
  • Ukusetshenziswa kabi kokuqonda umahluleli oquliswayo
  • Ukuphulwa Umthetho - sisekelo

Akuwona wonke amaphutha afuna ukuguqulwa. Izinkantolo zokuhlola zisebenzisa indinganiso "yephutha elingenamcimbi" ukuqinisekisa isahlulelo ngaphandle kokuba iphutha lingathinta umphumela wecala.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ihluke kakhulu enkantolo equlweni. Izinkantolo zecala zihlukile kunenkantolo eziqulwayo, kokubili emsebenzini nasemzwelweni.' Ngokungafani nenkantolo yamacala, ngokuvamile ezungezwe umoya omatasa, inkantolo edonsa izigwegwe ivame ukuhlala esakhiweni sikahulumeni noma isakhiwo sayo, ngokuvamile nomtapo womthetho ophelele. I-décor esakhiwoni lapho izinkantolo eziphethe izinkantolo zivame ukuba yize futhi zinezici ezivamile futhi ngokuvamile ezinezici zemifanekiso yabahluleli ababebhekwa njengezibikezelo zomthetho.

Ukudlulisa izicelo kuqala lapho umdlulisi (okhangayo) efaka isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo nokulungisa iziyalezo zerekhodi lenkantolo, kuhlanganise namaphepha adluliselwe namakhophi azo zonke izincwadi ezigcinwe. U-Amperellant ube esefaka i-diploging yokuqala yokuphikisa ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo senkantolo kufanele sishintshwe noma sishintshwe.

I-appelle (umkhandlu ovikela isahlulelo) ifaka impikiswano emfushane ephendulayo yokuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo yecala kufanele siqinisekiswe. U-apnellant angafaka impendulo emfushane ephendula izimpikiswano eziphakanyiswe nge-amplee.

Izincwadi ezimfushane zezobuchwepheshe ezikhomba enkantolo equlwayo neziphathimandla zomthetho, ziveza izimpikiswano zomthetho, futhi zichaze ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo sasilungile noma singalungile. Izinkantolo eziningi ze-appeltate zinezimfuneko eziqinile zokuhlela nokufaka.

Ngemva kokubekwa kafushane, inkantolo ingahlela ukuphikisana ngomlomo, lapho abameli bohlangothi ngalunye beveza khona izimpikiswano zabo futhi baphendule imibuzo evela kubahluleli abaphethe isigwebo. Uma iqembu labahluleli lihlala ukuze lizwe izimpikiswano zomlomo, ngokuvamile baphuma ngemuva kwekhethini ngesimiso esiqondile nangamazwi asodwa esiqondiswe isikhulu senkantolo. Akuzona zonke izikhalo ezihlanganisa ukuphikisana ngomlomo.

Izinqumo Zenkantolo

Ngemva kokubukeza impikiswano emfushane nenkulumo (uma kuhlelwe), inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo. inkantolo ingase isho:

  • Afrith: Isekela isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo
  • landela i-check: ushintshe isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka ungenise ukwahlulela komunye umuntu
  • `I-Remand':[ thumela icala emuva enkantolo equlweni lomthetho ukuze kuqhutshekiswe amacawa avumelana nesinqumo senkantolo yecala elithatha isigwebo
  • guqula ezinye izici zesahlulelo senkantolo equlwayo kuyilapho uqinisekisa ezinye

Izinqumo ezihlolwayo zihambisana nemibono ebhaliwe echaza ukucabanga kwenkantolo. Lemibono iba ingxenye yomthetho wecala oqondisa izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukukhanga Okwengeziwe

Ezinkantolo eziphakathi, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifune ukubukezwa inkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Nokho, ngokungafani nesicelo sokuqala, esiyindaba elungile, ngokuvamile ebukezwa yinkantolo ephakeme yezwe ngokuvamile iqashelwa. Inkantolo ephakeme inquma ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe azwe asekelwe ezicini ezinjengokuthi icala lihilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho, izingxabano phakathi kwezinqumo eziphansi zenkantolo, noma izindaba ezibonisa isithakazelo esikhulu emphakathini.

Inqubo yokufuna ukubukezwa kwenkantolo ephakeme ihilela ukufaka isicelo sokubukeza, ukunxusa kwe-certiorari, noma incwadi efanayo echaza ukuthi kungani icala lidinga ukunakwa yinkantolo. Umbangi angase afake impendulo, futhi inkantolo ephakeme inqume ukuthi ingayibuyisela yini.

Uma inkantolo ephakeme yenqaba ukubukezwa noma ikhipha isinqumo, inqubo yenkantolo kahulumeni ngokuvamile iyaphela. Ezicabeni ezingavamile ezihilela imibuzo kahulumeni, iqembu lingase lifune ukubukezwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States, nakuba iNkantolo yamukela ingxenye encane kakhulu yezicelo ezitholayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezahlulelo

Uma isahlulelo silimaza imali, kungase kudingeke ukuba iqembu elikhona lithathe izinyathelo zokuqoqa isahlulelo uma iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingakhokhi ngokuzithandela.

Izimiso zokugcinwa kokwahlulela ziyahlukahluka ngokwezwe kodwa zingase zihlanganise nalezi:

  • Ukudla i - wage
  • Imali ebhange
  • Amanga empahla engokoqobo noma engokoqobo
  • Ukuthengiswa kwempahla
  • Ukuhlola isahlulelo esikweletayo impahla neholo

Ngezinye izikhathi ukuthola isahlulelo kungaba inselele kakhulu kunokuwina icala, ikakhulukazi uma isahlulelo esikweletayo sinezinto ezilinganiselwe noma sizama ukufihla noma ukudlulisela izinto ezithile ukuze sigweme ukukhokhwa.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zikhuthaza noma zifune amacala ukuba azame elinye icala ngaphambi kokuba liqulwe.

Isiphazamiso

Ukubhekana nempikiswano kuhilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) elisiza amaqembu ukuba axoxe ngezingxoxo zawo ukuze afinyelele indawo yokuzisebenzela.

Ukukhipha imfihlo kuyimfihlo, okusho ukuthi izinkulumo ezenziwa phakathi nokuxhumana ngeke zisetshenziswe njengobufakazi uma icala liqhubeka liqulwa. Lemfihlo ikhuthaza ukuxoxa okuqotho nokuxazulula inkinga yokusungula.

Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga ukudluliswa kwecala ngaphambi kwecala, ikakhulukazi enkantolo yomkhaya, emacaleni amancane, nasemacaleni athile ezakhamuzi. Ngisho noma kungadingeki, ukunqanda ingxabano kungaba indlela ekhokhelayo yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwezindleko nokungaqiniseki kwecala.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-Arbitration iyinqubo ehleliwe ye-ADR lapho umphathi ongathathi hlangothi (noma iqembu labaqondisi) ezwa khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili futhi akhiphe isinqumo esibophekile. Ukuthatha inqubo kufana nokuqulwa kwecala kodwa ngokuvamile kungenamthetho osemthethweni, onemithetho ekhululekile nenqubo.

Ukuthatha isigwebo kungase kube okuvolontiyayo (okuvunyelwa yiqembu) noma okuphoqelelwe (okufunwa isivumelwano noma umyalo wenkantolo). Izinqumo zokunquma ngokuvamile ziwukugcina futhi zibopha, zinezizathu ezilinganiselwe zokudlulisa isikhala.

Izivumelwano eziningi zezentengiselwano zihlanganisa izigaba ezifuna ukuba izingxabano zixazululwe ngokukhipha izigwegwe kunokuba zihlawulwe. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zivumelwano zigcinwa, nakuba kunezindawo ezihlukile zokukhipha izigaba noma izimo zokungavumelani nezenhlalo.

Imihlangano Yokuhlala Kulo Mhlalandawo

Izinkantolo eziningi zihlela izingqungquthela lapho ijaji noma imantshi behlangana khona namaqembu nabameli babo ukuze baxoxe ngezindlela zokuxazulula izigwebo. Ngokungafani nezindaba, izingqungquthela zingahlanganisa isikhulu sokwahlulela esihlola amandla ecala nobuthakathaka balo noma ukusikisela izikhawu zamacala.

Imihlangano yokulungisa ingaphumelela kakhulu ngoba ukuhlola kwesikhulu sokwahlulela kunesisindo futhi kungase kusize iziphathi ukuba zihlakulele amathemba angokoqobo ngemiphumela yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kwalabo Abazimelelayo

Nakuba kungcono ukuba nommeli emacaleni amaningi asenkantolo, abantu abaningi baziveza ngenxa yesithiyo sezimali noma isimo secala labo. Izincwadi ezizimele (ezibizwa nangokuthi i-proligings) zibhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ezimisweni zenkantolo yombuso zokuhamba.

Imithombo Yabaziphenduleli Abazimele

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni ziye zasungula imithombo yokusiza abameleli abazimele, kuhlanganise:

  • Izikhungo ezizisizayo nezisebenzi ezinganikeza ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokwaziswa (nakuba kungezona izeluleko ezingokomthetho)
  • Yenza amaphakethe neziyalezo zezinhlobo zezenzakalo ezivamile
  • Imithombo yama - Internet nama - video achaza izinqubo zenkantolo
  • Umthetho wokuthola imitapo yezincwadi nezincwadi zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho
  • Izinhlelo ezisemthethweni ezilinganiselwe lapho abameli benikeza khona usizo ngemisebenzi ethile

Izinhlangano ezinjenge [[QLT:0]LawHelp.org zinikeza izinkonzo zomthetho ezikhululekile neziphansi, kuyilapho izinxusi eziningi ze-bar yesifundazwe zinikeza ummeli izinkonzo ze-atracter nezinhlelo ze-probo.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa

Abameleli abazimelayo kumelwe baqonde ukuthi izinkantolo zibagcina ngokwezindinganiso ezifanayo nezigqeqeba. Abahluleli abanakho ukunikeza iseluleko somthetho noma ukunikeza iziphathi ezizimele. Imithetho yezenqubo, imithetho yobufakazi, nomthetho ophansi usebenza ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ummeli ukhona yini.

Izinselele ezivamile kuma - lituligian azimele zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqonda nokuvumelana nemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi
  • Ukunikeza ubufakazi ngokufanele nokuhlola ofakazi
  • Ukufingqa amaphepha omthetho aphumelelayo nokuthatha isinyathelo ngenkani
  • Ukuphatha izinto ezitholakalayo ngemingcele engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha
  • Ukuqaphela nokulondoloza izindaba zokukhanga
  • Ukulawula ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo kokuzimelela

Emacala ayinkimbinkimbi noma ahilela izigxobo ezibalulekile, ukuya kummeli (hhayi ngezinjongo ezilinganiselwe njengokubukeza izincwadi noma ukunikeza iseluleko esiwusizo), kungaba usizo olukhulu.

Ukuqonda Izindleko Zenkantolo Nezifebe

Ukuqonda lezi zindleko kusiza abahilelekile ukuba bahlele imali efanele futhi benze izinqumo eziqondile mayelana nokulandela noma ukuvikela amacala.

Izindleko Zezimpukane Nezinkantolo

Lemali ihluka kakhulu ngokwemvume nezinhlamvu zecala, kusukela ku - R250 ngezindaba ezincane kuya emadola amakhulu ambalwa okumangalelwa komphakathi okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ezinye izindleko zasenkantolo zingahlanganisa:

  • Ukukhokhela inqubo
  • Izincwadi zenkantolo
  • Izindleko Zokudlulisa Izinombolo Zenkantolo
  • Imali kaJury
  • Imali yoFakazi kanye nebanga eliyibanga elide
  • Izindleko zokufakaza ezingochwepheshe

Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza izintela zentela kumaqembu angenamali enkantolo. Izicelo zemali ezikhokhwayo zidinga ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe kwezimali futhi zinganikezwa ziphelele noma ngokwengxenye ngokwezimo zomfaki-sicelo.

Izindleko Zokuthola

Ukuthola izinto ezitholiwe kungabiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izindleko zingahlanganisa:

  • Imali yentatheli yenkantolo yokufaka imali (ngokuvamile u - R2,50 ngekhasi lombhalo oqoshiwe)
  • Ukuqopha ividiyo yezikhala
  • Umbhalo okhutshelwe kanye nokhiqizwayo
  • Ukusetshenziswa nokubukezwa kwezinto ezitholakala nge - electronic
  • Izindleko zokufakaza eziphambili zobufakazi nobufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala
  • Izindleko zokuhamba zezindawo ezingaphandle kwetoho

Izinhlangano kufanele zisebenze nabameli bazo ukuze zakhe izindlela zokuthola ukwaziswa okubizayo ezilinganisela isidingo sokwaziswa nezindleko zokukuthola.

I - Attorney Fees

Ama - attorney angakhokha izindleko zehora, izindleko eziyisicaba zezinkonzo ezithile, noma izindleko zokukhokhela izindleko (lapho ummeli ethola khona ingxenye ethile yanoma ikuphi ukululama).

Ezimweni eziningi, ummeli ngamunye ukhokhela intela yakhe siqu yabameli kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani owinayo. Nokho, eminye imithetho, izivumelwano, noma imithetho yasenkantolo ivumela iqembu elikhona ukuba libuyisele intela yommeli ehlwithwayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukushintshwa kwemali kuyasebenza yini endabeni yakho kubalulekile ekuhloleni izingozi ezingokwezimali nezinzuzo zokulishwampuluza.

Ukucabangela Okunengqondo Nokuziphatha Okuwuchwepheshe

Isimiso somthetho sisebenza ezimisweni zokwethembeka, ukungakhethi, nenhlonipho ngenqubo yokwahlulela. izigebengu nabameli kumelwe banamathele ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha nemithetho yokuziphatha kochwepheshe.

ISigebengu Enkantolo

Izimemezelo nabameli banesibopho sokukhuluma ngokungagwegwesi enkantolo, okusho ukuthi akumelwe basho amanga noma umthetho ngamabomu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulungisa izinkulumo ezingalungile lapho zitholakala futhi ziveza igunya elingokomthetho elimelene nesikhundla sazo.

Ukwephula umsebenzi wobuqotho kungaphumela ekujezisweni, kuhlanganise nezijeziso zemali, ukuxoshwa kwezimfuno noma izikhungo, noma isinyathelo sokujezisa abameli.

Ukuthola Isibopho

Uma ungummangalelwa ogqoke isudi yomphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulula noma kuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, kudingeka ukulungele ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngecala lakho. Ubophekile ukudlulisela ukwaziswa nezincwadi ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ukugodlela noma ukubulala ubufakazi obuhlobene nakho kungaba nemiphumela engathi sína.

Ukusakazwa kobufakazi − ukubhujiswa noma ukushintshwa okukhulu kobufakazi — kungaphumela ekutholeni izijeziso ezinzima, kuhlanganise neziyalezo ezimbi (ukutshela abasizi bejaji bangase bathathe ubufakazi obubhujisiwe njengobungamukeleki eqenjini elabubhubhisa) noma ukuxoshwa kwamacala noma izikhuselo.

Umbango Nobuchwepheshe

Izinkantolo zilindele ukuba amaqembu nabameli baziphathe ngobuntu nangomsebenzi owenziwe ngobuciko, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphatha amaqembu aphikisanayo, abameli, ofakazi, nezisebenzi zasenkantolo ngenhlonipho, ngisho nangamacala aphikisanayo.

Ukuhlukunyezwa, ukusongelwa, noma ukuziphatha okuhlambalazayo kungaphumela ekutholeni izijeziso futhi kungase kunciphise ukuthembeka kwakho enkantolo.

Amacebiso Awusizo Ecala Lenkantolo KaHulumeni

Ukukhipha icala lasenkantolo ngokuphumelelayo kudinga ukulungiselela, ukuhleleka, nokunaka imininingwane. Nawa amacebiso awusizo okukusiza ngenqubo:

Hlala Uhlelekile

Gcina ifayela elibanzi ngezincwadi zonke zenkantolo, iposi, izinto ezitholakele, nobufakazi. Yenza umngcele wezenzakalo ezibalulekile nophawu olumisiwe. Sebenzisa ikhalenda ukulandelela yonke imisebenzi enqunyiweyo, izinsuku zenkantolo, nokuthola i-odate, ukwakha ngesikhathi esigcinelwe ukugcinwa kokugcinwa.

Ukukhulumisana Ngokuphumelelayo

Uma unommeli, gcina ukukhulumisana njalo futhi uphendule ngokushesha lapho ucela ukwaziswa. thembeka futhi uphelele ekunikezeni ummeli wakho ukwaziswa − ilungelo elifanele lokuxhumana livikela izokuxhumana kwakho, futhi ummeli wakho udinga ukwaziswa okugcwele ukuze akumelele ngokuphumelelayo.

Lapho uxhumana namaqembu aphikisanayo noma abameli bawo, yiba nekhono futhi ubhale phansi konke ukuxhumana lapho kungenzeka.

Gcina Ubufakazi

Uma nje kulindelwe noma sekuqalisiwe, usuke unomsebenzi wokulondoloza ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ama-imeyili, imiyalezo, izikhungo zezokuxhumana zomphakathi, kanye nokwaziswa okugcinwe ngama-electal.

Ukuqonda Izindleko

Ukuqamba imilomo kuyabiza. Xoxa ngezindleko kanye nenkokhelo nommeli wakho, bese ucela ukuba ubhale izindleko njalo. Cabangela ukuthi ukululama noma umphumela kuvumelana yini nezindleko zokulishwa, futhi uhlale uvulekele ukuxazulula amathuba angase alixazulule kahle icala kunasekuqulweni.

Bhekana Namaqiniso

Awukho umbango oqinisekisiwe. Lihlole ngokuqondisisa icala lakho, ucabangele kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka. Lalela ukubheka kommeli wakho icala futhi ubhekane nemiphumela engenzeka. Lombono ongokoqobo uzokusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo eziqondile mayelana nenqubo yokuxazulula nokuhlola.

Lungiselela Ngokuphelele

Uma kuzoba khona ukugcinwa, ukuzwa, noma ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuphenya kahle kudingekile. Amabhukwana abalulekile, vuselela inkumbulo yakho ngezenzakalo ezibalulekile, futhi uprakthize ukuphendula imibuzo. Uma ufakaza, qonda ukubaluleka kokukhuluma iqiniso, ukulalela ngokucophelela imibuzo, nokuphendula kuphela lokho okubuzwayo.

Cabangela Ukuhlala

Amacala amaningi ahlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, futhi ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokuvamile kunikeza isinqumo esinqunyiwe nesinezindleko ezithe xaxa kunendlela yokuzama. Hlala ukulungele ukuxazulula izingxoxo kuyo yonke inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, futhi ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela kunikeza ithuba lokuxoxa nommeli wakho.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso Zanamuhla

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenzisa ngayo ubuchwepheshe kungakusiza ukuba usebenzise isimiso ngendlela ephumelelayo, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva.

Ukundiza Nge - electronic

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni manje ziyafuna noma zivumele ukugcinwa kwamaphepha ngemishini. Izimiso ze-E-filfir zivumela amaqembu ukuba athumele amabhukwana ku-inthanethi 24/7, athole ukuqinisekiswa okuzenzekelayo kokufaka i-akhawunti, futhi angene embhalweni wecala lekhompuyutha lenkantolo.

Izimiso ze-efilim zidinga ukubhaliswa futhi zingakhokha izindleko zentengiselwano ngaphezu kwenkokhelo yenkantolo. Ukuqonda izimfuneko zenkantolo yakho ezifihlwayo nezinqubo kubalulekile ekufakeni izincwadi ngesikhathi esifanele.

Izindawo Ezikude

Izinkantolo eziningi manje ziphethe amacala nezinye izenzakalo ngakude ngezindawo ze - video ezibonisa imidlalo. Ukugadwa kwamazwe akude kungalondoloza isikhathi nezindleko zokuhamba, nakuba kudinga ubuchwepheshe obunokwethenjelwa kanye nezimiso ezifanele zokuhlanganyela kochwepheshe.

Uma uhlanganyela ekuthatheni iqhaza ekuqeqeshiweni, qinisekisa ukuthi unendawo eqinile yokuxhumana nge-inthanethi, ukukhanya nesizinda, nendawo ethule engenaziphazamiso.

Ukuthola Imishini

Ukuqonda izibopho zakho zokulondoloza nokukhiqiza ukwaziswa okugcinwe ngama - computer kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo nangezimiso ezifanele zokusebenzisa ubufakazi obuphathelene nobuchwepheshe.

Imivubukulo Yangaphakathi

Izinkantolo eziningi zilondoloza amawebhusayithi anemininingwane ebalulekile ehlanganisa imithetho yasenkantolo, amafomu, izimfuneko zokuhlela, amakhalenda nokwaziswa ngamacala. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza nemvume yokusebenzisa i - Internet ekuquleni amacala nezincwadi ezigciniwe, zivumela amacala ukuba ahlole umsebenzi wecala futhi athole izikhwama ezibalulekile.

Ukwazi izinto zekhofi lakho elisebenzisa i - Internet kungakusiza ukuba uhlale wazi futhi uvumelane nezimfuneko zenqubo.

Isiphetho

Ukunquma amacala asenkantolo kuhilela ukuqonda isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semithetho, izinqubo nemikhuba.

Nakuba lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwecala lenkantolo, icala ngalinye lihlukile, futhi imithetho nezindlela eziqondene nombuso kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ukuthintana nommeli ofanelekayo egunyeni lakho kutuswa kunoma ubani obhekene nokuqashelwa, njengoba isiqondiso esingokomthetho esingochwepheshe singakusiza ukuba uvikele amalungelo akho, ugweme amaphutha abizayo, futhi ufinyelele umphumela ongcono kakhulu ongaba khona.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukumangalelana, usuye wakhanselwa, noma usuhilelekile kakade ekumangalelweni, ukuqonda isimiso senkantolo kukunika amandla okwenza izinqumo zolwazi futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubeni engokomthetho. Isimiso senkantolo yezwe, nakuba siyinkimbinkimbi, siklanyelwe ukunikeza imvume yokuxazulula izingxabano nokuphatha ubulungisa.

Ngokuhlala uhlelekile, ufeze izikhawu, ukhulume ngokuphumelelayo, futhi usebenze ngokubambisana nommeli wakho (uma unawo), ungaqondisa isimiso senkantolo yenkantolo yezwe ngokuqiniseka okukhulu nangokucacile. Khumbula ukuthi ukuhlaziywa ngokuvamile kuwumjaho webanga elide kunokuyisiqalo esiphezulu (hhhayiwe , ukuphikelela, nokulungiselela kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo emacaleni asenkantolo kahulumeni.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezimiso zenkantolo nezimiso zikahulumeni, cabangela imithombo ehambelayo enjenge-National Center for State Courts, enikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngemisebenzi yenkantolo yombuso, noma ingosi yegatsha lombuso lakho yemithetho nengcebo ye-overtime.