Igunya Lachazwa: Livelaphi?

Igunya ligcwele zonke izinga lokuxhumana kwabantu, kusukela ekilasini kuya egumbini lokufundela, kusukela emikhayeni enamandla kuya ekubuseni komhlaba wonke. Ukuqonda lapho igunya livela khona kubalulekile kubafundi, othisha, nochwepheshe ngokufanayo, njengoba lithonya ukusebenzelana kwethu nokwakheka esikwenzayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imithombo eyisisekelo yegunya, sihlola ukusikisela kwalo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi sixoxa ngendlela igunya elibekelwa ngayo inselele futhi lishintshwe ngayo emphakathini wanamuhla.

Izisekelo Zegunya

Igunya, eliyisisekelo, libhekisela emandleni angokomthetho umuntu noma inhlangano ewaphethe phezu kwabanye. Ngokungafani negunya eliwunya noma ukuphoqelelwa, igunya lisho isilinganiso esithile semvume noma ukuqashelwa yilabo abangaphansi kwayo. Isimiso sesayensi yezenhlalo evelele, esimiswe nguMax Weber, siveza izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zegunya: isiko, isihemu, nesigunyaza. Nokho, ulwazi lwamanje luqaphela imithombo eyengeziwe njengochwepheshe negunya lokuziphatha, ngamunye ofeza indima ehlukile ekulolongeniseni uhlelo lwezenhlalo.

Igunya Elingokwesiko

Igunya lendabuko lisekelwe emasikweni amisiwe, emikhubeni, nasemiphakathini emide. Ivame ukuzuzwa noma ukudluliselwa ezizukulwaneni, njengoba kuboniswa kumankosi, ezikhulwini, nakubaholi benkolo. Loluhlobo lwegunya lwamukelwa ngoba "lulokhu lunjenalokhu]." Ngokwesibonelo, umdala wesizwe angaphatha igunya ngenxa yobudala nohlu lozalo, hhayi ngenxa yanoma yiluphi ukhetho olungokomthetho noma ukukhomba komuntu siqu. Ezimisweni zemfundo, igunya elingokwesiko lingavela ngenhlonipho enikezwa abafundisi abakhulu noma esikoleni ngokwaso njengenhlangano ehlala njalo.

Nakuba igunya elingokwesiko linikeza ukuzinza nokuqhubeka, lingamelana futhi noshintsho oludingekile.Izinhlangano ezithembele kakhulu emasikweni zingase zilwele ukuzivumelanisa nezindinganiso ezintsha noma ubuchwepheshe, okuholela ekuxabaneni phakathi kwalabo abasekela izindlela zakudala nalabo abaphoqelela intuthuko.

Igunya Elinamandla

Igunya elinamandla lisuka ezimfanelweni zomuntu siqu — uzibuthe, ukubona, noma ikhono lokushukumisa abanye. Abaholi abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr., Mahma Gandhi, noma Nelson Mandela ebonakalisa amandla anamandla angavamile, njengoba amandla abo ayevela esibonelweni sabo somuntu siqu nasekuqondeni kokuziphatha kunokuba athathwe kunoma isiphi isimo esingokomthetho. Ekilasini, uthisha onamandla angafaka abafundi ithonya, hhayi ngemithetho noma amamaki, kodwa ngesifiso nangendlela yokuxhumana.

Nokho, igunya lezentengiselwano aliqinile ngokwemvelo. Liboshelwe kumuntu futhi ngokuvamile liyaphela uma lowo muntu eshiya indawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlangano ezakhelwe abaholi abanamandla anamandla zivame ukubhekana nobunzima obulandelanayo. Ukukhuthazela, igunya lezentengiselwano kumelwe libe yi- enziwa i- — lihunyushelwe ezimweni eziqinile, njengesimiso se-bureaucratic noma uhlelo lwezimfundiso ezilotshiwe.

Igunya Elingokomthetho

Igunya lokubusa ngokomthetho liwumgogodla wezikhulu zanamuhla zombuso, ohulumeni, nezimiso zomthetho. Lisekelwe emithethweni emisiwe, ezimisweni, nasezindinganisweni zezikhulu. Kulesi simiso, igunya linamathele ehhovisi, hhayi kumuntu. Umahluleli, iphoyisa, noma uthisha omkhulu wesikole unegunya ngenxa yendima yabo emisiwe, hhayi ngenxa yesikhundla somuntu siqu noma isikhundla esizuzwe njengefa. Loluhlobo lwegunya lubalelwa, alunabuntu, futhi lwakhelwe ngemithetho esebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke.

Igunya lokubusa ngokomthetho liyisimo esivame kakhulu emiphakathini yentando yeningi yanamuhla. Linikeza iziqondiso ezicacile zokwenza izinqumo, ukulandisa, nokulandelana. Kodwa lingaba eliqinile, ngezinye izikhathi elihlukile kulezo ezihloselwe ukukhonza. Uma imithetho ilandelwa ngaphandle kokucabangela umongo noma uzwela, igunya lingalahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwalo emehlweni ababuswayo.

Igunya Lochwepheshe

Igunya lobungcweti lisuka olwazini olukhethekile, ikhono, noma ulwazi. Odokotela, ososayensi, onjiniyela, nothisha abanolwazi bonke banegunya elingochwepheshe ezindaweni zabo. Ngokungafani negunya lomthetho, igunya elingochwepheshe aliboshelwa esikhundleni esingokomthetho — isazi sesayensi edumile sinegunya ngisho nangaphandle kwendima yaseyunivesithi. Ekilasini, uthisha unekhono lakhe endabeni yabo liwumsuka oyinhloko wegunya labo. Abafundi bathambekele kakhulu ukwamukela isiqondiso kothile abambheka njengonolwazi.

Nokho, isikhulu esiqaphile sibhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele enkathini yokwaziswa. I-inthanethi inikeza isilinganiso esikhulu sokwaziswa, okunganika abantu amandla okubuza iziphakamiso. I-Mishprocence nokuncishiswa kwethemba ezinhlanganweni kuye kwayiguqula indawo, kwenza ibaluleke kakhulu ochwepheshe ukuba baxhumane namaqiniso kuphela, kodwa nezinqubo abafinyelela ngazo iziphetho zabo. Ukunyukela kakhulu egunyeni lochwepheshe nezinselele zabo, i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[ inikeza ukuca kwamagama anzulu ngegunya kanye nezindlela zalo zefilosofi.

Igunya Lokuziphatha

Igunya lokuziphatha linamandla atholakala ngokusebenza ngokuvumelana nezimiso zokuziphatha noma ngokuba nedumela lobuqotho. Amaphuzu anjenge-Dalai Lama noma abaholi bomphakathi anegunya lokuziphatha ngisho noma kungekho mandla ezombangazwe noma angokomthetho. Esikoleni, umfundi osekela ngokuqhubekayo ngokulunga angathola igunya lokuziphatha phakathi kontanga. Igunya lokuziphatha ngokuvamile liyilona elibuthaka kakhulu nelinamandla kakhulu: lingancishwana ngoba lingalahleka esimweni esisodwa sobuzenzisi, kodwa linamandla ngenxa yokuthi liyala inhlonipho nokwethembeka okungekho mthetho ongakuphoqelela.

Ukufuna Igunya

Ukuqonda lapho igunya livela khona kusenza sikwazi ukubona indlela elisebenza ngayo.

Amandla Anamandla

Igunya liveza amandla ngokungagwegwesi. Labo abanegunya bayakwazi ukuthonya izinqumo, ukuhlukanisa imithombo, nezimiso. Ekilasini, igunya lothisha lihlela lokho okufundiswayo, indlela izingxoxo ezivuleka ngayo, futhi abaphi amazwi azwakala ngayo. Lamandla angaba nempilo uma bekhuthaza inhlonipho nokubambisana, kodwa futhi angaholela ekuncikeni noma ekucinyweni kwemicebo. Ukusekela umthombo wegunya kusiza kokubili labo abasemandleni kanye nalabo abangaphansi kwalo ukuba baqonde imingcele yalawo mandla.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Igunya nokulandisa kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zemali efanayo. Igunya elingokomthetho lihambisana nomthwalo wemfanelo. Uthishanhloko osebenzisa igunya lakhe ukuphoqelela izinqubo zesikole unomthwalo wemfanelo ebhodini lesikole, abazali, nabafundi. Uma igunya lisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulandisa — kungaba kuhulumeni, ibhizinisi, noma imfundo — liguqukela ekubeni iphoyisa. Amasheke namagebe, ukwenza izinqumo ezicace, nezindlela zokuveza incazelo zibalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukufaneleka kwegunya.

Ukuhleleka Komphakathi

Igunya lisiza ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi ngokumisa iziqondiso ezicacile zokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lwegunya elamukelwe, amaqembu angangena esiyaluyalwini noma engxabanweni. Ezikoleni, amagunya anikeza indawo elindelekile lapho ukufunda kungenziwa khona. Ngezinga elikhulu, igunya likahulumeni limisa imithetho evikela amalungelo nokuxazulula izingxabano. Kodwa ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo kumelwe kulinganiswe ngokuvumelana nezimo. Uma igunya liba eliqinile, lingavimbela ukusungula nokukhuluma komuntu ngamunye.

Ukuba Imvume Nokuvuma

Iphuzu eliyinhloko ekuqondeni igunya lingu ubuciko. Ukuze igunya liphumelele, kumelwe libhekwe njengelifaneleyo yilabo abangaphansi kwalo. Ukushaya umthetho ngokuvamile kusuka enhlanganiseni yemithombo echazwe ngenhla — isiko, isthrimmatic, iscritime, ubuchwepheshe, nokuziphatha. Uma umthetho uqeda, igunya liyaphikiswa. Lokhu kungabonwa emagunyeni aphikisana negunya lezinhlangano njengamaphoyisa noma uhulumeni. Umsebenzi wesazi sezombangazwe uDavid Hume ngemvelaphi yegunya futhi unikeza uhlakaniselo oluwusizo lokuqonda lezi zenzo ezinamandla. Ngoba, ufunda ngokuqhubekayo, [FLDilosophy] u-Dilosophyse.[Fophyseston''''''

Igunya Emfundweni

Uhlelo lwemfundo lunikeza inkundla ecebile yokuhlola igunya elisebenzayo. Izikole ziyizindawo ezisemqoka zomphakathi, lapho izinhlobo eziningi zegunya zisebenzelana khona: ezothisha, abaphathi, izindinganiso zemfundo, ngisho nabafundi ngokwabo.

Igunya Lothisha

Othisha banesikhundla esikhethekile segunya ekilasini.

Expect:[ Uthisha obonisa ulwazi olujulile ngesihloko sabo uthola inhlonipho kubafundi. Leligunya elinguchwepheshe liqiniswa lapho othisha bexhumanisa okugcwele ezinsimweni zezwe langempela futhi bekhuthaza ukubuza.
Iminyaka yemfundo: Ekilasini ihlonyiswe othisha ngokuhlakanipha okusebenzayo — ukwazi ukusingatha ukuphazamiseka, ukulungisa izifundo, nokufunda ikamelo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kunika ukwethembeka futhi kuvumela othisha ukuba basebenzise igunya ngesizathu esicacile.
Ukusekela kobuPhovisi: Isikole sinikeza igunya elingokomthetho ngezivumelwano zomsebenzi, izimvume zezifundo, nezimiso zokuyala. Othisha abaphumelelayo basekela lokhu ngaphandle kokuncika kuso.
i-Charma and Moral Authority: Abafundisi abakhuthaza ukwethembana nokwakha igunya lobungane elidlula imithetho. Abafundi bathambekele kakhulu ekulaleleni nasekuhlanganyeleni lapho bezwa uthisha wabo ekhathalela ngobuqotho inhlalakahle yabo.

Nokho, igunya lothisha aliphelele. Kumelwe lisebenze futhi ligcinwe. Ukuncika ekuphoqeleleni noma emithethweni eqinile kungalimaza ubuhlobo bothisha nothisha. Indlela zanamuhla zokuhlobanisa, njengokufundisa okusabela ngokwesiko, kugcizelela isidingo sokuba igunya lihlangane futhi lixoxwe ngezindlela ezihlobene nenhlangano yabafundi.

Igunya Labafundi

Abafundi abamane nje bathathe igunya ngaphandle kokulisebenzisa; futhi balisebenzisa ekilasini. igunya lontanga lingaba elibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezibambisanayo:

Peer Plopeent:[ Abafundi ngokuvamile banegunya phakathi kwabafundi abafunda nabo abasekelwe ekuziphatheni kwezenhlalo, ekuthakazelweni, noma ekuqondeni ikhono. Leligunya elivamile lingaklama iqembu elinamandla, lithonye ukuhlanganyela, futhi lithinte ngisho nemiphumela yezemfundo.
Isigaba sobuPhokolo ne-Liyensi: Abafundi abahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezingxoxweni nasekuboniseni ulwazi bazuza igunya phakathi kontanga nothisha ngokufanayo. Izwi lomfundi elikhuthazayo lisusa ikilasi ekutholeni izinga eliphezulu lemfundo yentando yeningi liye emphakathini wemfundo yentando yeningi.
Indima ze-Leadership: izikhundla zobusunguli njengenxusa lesigaba, umholi weqembu, noma umongameli weqembu unika abafundi isilinganiso esithile segunya lenhlangano. Lezi zindima zifundisa umthwalo wemfanelo nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokuphatha.

Ukuqaphela igunya lomfundi akuyinciphisi indima yothisha; kunalokho, kwakha isibonelo segunya elifanayo esikhuthaza ukuthembisana, ubunikazi, nokugxeka. Ukucwaninga ngezwi nenhlangano yezwi ekilasini (Edutopia) kuqokomisa indlela othisha abangahlela ngayo amathuba abafundi okuhola izingxoxo, ukukhetha izihloko zokucwaninga, nokuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni.

Igunya Lokuphatha Nesimiso

Ngalé kwekilasi, othisha-nhloko, abaphathi, amabhodi esikole, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa igunya elilawula isimiso semfundo. Leligunya lomthetho lifakwe emithethweni, ekuhleleni imali, nasezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho. Nakuba kudingeka ukuze kuvumelane futhi kubekelwe isibopho, igunya eliphezulu ngezinye izikhathi lingaphikisana nezidingo zekilasi ngalinye. Abaholi besikole abaphumelelayo balinganisela igunya lokuphatha kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezibambisana, okuhilela othisha nabafundi ekuthuthukiseni amasiko esikoleni.

Izinselele Egunyeni

Igunya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi livelaphi, alikho elihlala likhona. Lihlale lihlolwa, libuzwa futhi liphinde livuselelwa.

UbuCristicism kanye noMthetho Crises: Lapho izibalo zeziphathimandla zihluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zezimiso zokuziphatha noma zingazibambi, ukufaneleka kwazo kuyalulazwa. Ukugxeka komphakathi, ukuhlola kwezezindaba, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo zingaliqeda ngokushesha igunya. Isibonelo, amahlazo othisha noma ukuphatha kabi kungaqeda ukwethemba okuthathe iminyaka eminingi kwakhiwa.
Ukucubungula i-Social Norms: Owake wamukelwa njengegunya elingokomthetho — njengokuhlonipha abadala, othisha, noma amaphoyisa ngokungenakungatshazwa manje kuyabuzwa kaningi. Intuthuko yomphakathi ivame ukuhilela izisekelo zegunya ezingokwesiko. #MeToo nezobuhlanga ukuphikisa yizibonelo zamanje zemithetho eshintshayo.
Access ku Ulwazi: I-inthanethi inolwazi lwedemokrati. Abafundi bangahlola abafundisi ngesikhathi sangempela. Izakhamuzi zingahlola imithetho nezimiso ngaphandle. Nakuba lokhu kunikeza abantu amandla, futhi kwakha indawo lapho igunya limelwe lizithethelele khona njalo. Inselele iwukuhlukanisa phakathi kokungathembi okunempilo nokukhulu.
Peer and Social Media Impevence:['''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Izinxusi zegunya eliyimizwana neziphathimandla ezisemthethweni. Amathonya, ukuthambekela komphakathi okuhlanganisa imiqondo nezimiso ze-inthaneti, ngezinye izikhathi okunamandla kakhulu kunezikole noma ukuziphatha kwabazali. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi abafuna ukulondoloza ubunye ubuntu babo.

Ukuvimbela Izinselele Zegunya

Ukuze balondoloze igunya eliphumelelayo lapho bebhekene nezinselele, abaholi — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi othisha, abazali noma abaphathi — kumelwe basebenzise izindlela zokuzivumelanisa nezimo:

[ Ithuba lokungaguquguquki: Ukukhululeka ngezinqumo, izilinganiso, nokulinganiselwa kwakha ukwethembana. Uma abafundi beqonda ukuthi umthetho ukhona, bathambekele kakhulu ekuwuhlonipheni.
Ulalele:[ Igunya elingezwani nokukhipha izwi liba yimpoqo. Ukuhlela imikhondo yokufaka nokubonisa ukuzimisela ukulungisa izimiso kungabuyisela ubuqotho.
Ukungaguquguquki: Ukusebenzisa imithetho ngokungakhethi futhi ngokulindelekile kuqinisa igunya lokwamukelwa komthetho. Ukuzimela kuyikhuphula.
Ikhampani ehlobisayo: ubuchwepheshe namakhono okukhuculula ngokuqhubekayo kuqinisa igunya elingochwepheshe. Emfundweni, ukuthuthuka kochwepheshe kanye nokuzijwayeza kubalulekile.

Igunya Ngaphandle Kwekilasi

Izimiso ezifanayo zegunya ziyasebenza kwezinye izimo — umsebenzi, uhulumeni, umkhaya, nomphakathi. Emsebenzini, amamenenja ahlanganisa igunya elingokomthetho (isikhundla sawo) negunya elingochwepheshe (ulwazi) futhi ngezinye izikhathi igunya elinamandla (indlela yabo yokuhola). Kuhulumeni, umqondo wokuhlukanisa imibuso [ iwumzamo wokwakha ukusakaza igunya nokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwalo. Emikhayeni, igunya lingase lisekelwe esikweni, esiqondisweni sokuziphatha, noma othandweni. Indawo ngayinye inenhlanganisela yayo siqu yemithombo nezinselele.

Ukuqonda igunya kusisiza ukuba sibe abaholi abaphumelelayo, izakhamuzi ezithembisene ukushada, nabathengi abagxeka kakhulu ukwaziswa.

Isiphetho

Igunya alisona ithonya eliyinqaba kodwa liyinto eyinkimbinkimbi ebangelwa isiko, ukuthatheka, izakhiwo zomthetho, ubuchwepheshe, nokwethembeka ngokokuziphatha. Emfundweni, igunya lilolonga indawo ezungezile yokufunda ngothisha, abafundi, nangezinhlangano. Nokho igunya lihlala libhekene nenselele — kusukela ekushintsheni izimiso, ekutholeni ukwaziswa, nasekufuneni ukulandisa. Ngokuqaphela umsuka nencazelo yegunya, othisha nabafundi bangathatha uhambo lwabo lwemfundo ngokuqaphela okukhulu nangokuzibopha okugxekayo. Lokhu kunika abantu amandla okuhlonipha igunya elingokomthetho kuyilapho bebuza ukulisebenzisa kabi, bekhuthaza umphakathi onobulungisa nokushukumisayo.

Ukuze kuqashelwe ngokwengeziwe, i-Encyclopedia Britannica yokungena egunyeni [ inikeza ukucaciswa okufingqiwe komlando, futhi umsebenzi wesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uMax Weber ubalulekile. Ekilasini, isihloko se-'ASCD "Igunya lokufundisa"[ unikeza abafundisi ukuqonda okuwusizo.

Igunya Lachazwa: Livelaphi?

Table of Contents