E-United States, ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwegunya lendawo nezwe kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokubusa. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi nakothisha ngokufanayo, njengoba kulawula imithetho nezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Isimiso sobuhulumeni sihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bezwe, ohulumeni bendawo abathola igunya ezindaweni zabo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izincazelo, izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo, ubuhlobo, kanye nezindawo eziyinhloko zokungqubuzana phakathi kwala amazinga egunya, sinikeza ukubheka okubanzi kowenza imithetho eMelika.

Liyini Igunya LikaFederal?

Igunya likahulumeni libhekisela emibuso nasemithwalo yemfanelo enikezwa uhulumeni wesizwe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bamisa uhulumeni olinganiselwe onamagunya alinganiselwe abekwe ngokwezinombolo, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungenza kuphela ezindaweni ezihlelwe ngokuqondile kulencwadi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ikhono lokusungula imithetho esebenza kuzo zonke izifundazwe namasimu, kanye nokulawula izindaba zokukhathazeka kwesizwe nezizwe ngezizwe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isisekelo segunya likahulumeni siseSiphakamiso I, i-Cate 8, enikeza uMkhandlu amandla “okwenza nokuqoqa Intela, iMisebenzi, izikhokhi, izikhotho,”“ ukuhlanganisa intengo nezizwe zangaphandle, naphakathi kwe-Enian Conic,” “iMali,”“ i-Scodigian Post Offices,” "iMahhovisi e-Impi,” futhi “yenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthwala ukuphatha amagunya angaphezulu.” I-Fonday ne-Dianeoclethis ichazwe kabanzi ukuze yandise indawo enjengezempilo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nelungelo lomphakathi.

I-Supremacle eSiphakamiso VI imisa amandla kahulumeni aqinile ngokwengeziwe, isho ukuthi umthetho womthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni obekwe ngaphansi kwawo “kuyoba uMthetho ophakeme weZwe.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho imithetho kahulumeni ne-ovent ingqubuzana, umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala − isimiso esaziwa njengesihlengo. Ngokwesibonelo, igunya likahulumeni kwezohwebo ezisebuthweni lamazwe ahlukene liyivumela ukuba ilawule yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni kwezindiza kuya ekutholeni imininingwane eyimfihlo nge-intanethi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

  • [ Ukulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe [ – The Commerce Classias unika iziphakamiso zokulawula ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe, eziye zasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela imithetho ezindinganisweni zezisebenzi, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, kanye nokunqanda ukungalawuleki.
  • Ukuhlanganisa izindaba zakwamanye amazwe - Kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ungangena ezivumelwaneni, uqaphele ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, futhi ulawule ubuhlobo bobungane.
  • Ukumisa imithetho yokufuduka [ - Uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa futhi uphoqelele imithetho yokungena, yokuhlala, ne-lomu, nakuba amazwe engathonya isimiso ngokubambisana noma ngokumelana.
  • Ukuveza ukuzivikela kwesizwe - Ibutho lezempi, kuhlanganise neButho, iButho Lasemoyeni, iButho Lasemoyeni, iButho Lasemanzini, ne-Place Force, kulawulwa uhulumeni. Amahlelo eSizwe soKhuselo sombuso angahlelwa ngezikhathi zesimo esiphuthumayo.
  • Ukushicilela imali nokumemezela impi [ - Lamagunya akhethekile kuhulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima enkulu enhlalakahleni yezenhlalo ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-Social Security, Medicare, neMedicaid, ezixhaswe intela kahulumeni futhi zinikezwe ngokubambisana nombuso. Igunya lawo aliphelele, nokho; iSichibiyelo seshumi samandla agciniwe anikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni emibuso noma kubantu.

Liyini Igunya Lendawo?

Igunya lendawo lihlanganisa amagunya aphethwe uhulumeni wendawo. Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, izifunda zikahulumeni zilondoloza “amandla angaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma avinjelwe yiwo e-United States.” Leligunya lamaphoyisa elibizwa kanjalo linikeza igunya elibanzi lokumisa izivumelwano ezindabeni zempilo, ukulondeka, inhlala- kahle, nezimiso zokuziphatha. Khona - ke ohulumeni bathumela amandla athile emabaleni, emadolobheni, emalobheni, nasezindaweni ezikhethekile, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi “ohulumeni bendawo.”

Ohulumeni BoMbuso: Igunya Lendawo Eliyinhloko

Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, isikhulu, isishaya-mthetho, nemithetho. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingamisa imithetho yemfundo, ezokuhamba, izahlulelo zobugebengu, impahla, umthetho womkhaya nezinye izindawo eziningi ezingagcinelwanga uhulumeni. Izwe linamandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, nokulawula ezentengiselwano zikahulumeni. Isimiso sobukhosi busho ukuthi ngaphandle kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo unike uhulumeni uhulumeni amandla noma uwenqabela imibuso, izifundazwe zingathatha isinyathelo.

Ohulumeni Bendawo: Amadolobha, Izifunda Nezifunda

Ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zezimo zabo ngaphansi kwalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi u-Dillon’s Fulence: banikwe amandla kuphela yisishaya-mthetho sombuso. Nokho, amazwe amaningi athathe umthetho wekhaya [ amalungiselelo, anika amadolobha nezimiso zokuzibusa kakhulu ukuphatha izindaba zendawo. Imisebenzi ejwayelekile kahulumeni wendawo ihlanganisa:

  • Imfundo yomphakathi ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nomphakathi, oxhaswe kakhulu yintela yempahla. Amabhodi ezikole zendawo ahlela uhlelo lwezifundo nezimiso ngaphakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni.
  • [ ilawula izakhiwo zedolobha imithetho - Izakhiwo ezilawula indawo esetshenziswayo, ikhodi lokwakha, kanye nokukhula kokwakheka kwemiphakathi.
  • Ukubekwa kwemithetho yendawo – iminyango yamaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, nezinkonzo eziphuthumayo zivamile ukulawulwa yindawo, nakuba kumelwe zilandele imithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni.
  • Izinkonzo zomphakathi zokushoshoshoza [ – amapaki, imitapo, indle, ukutholakala kwamanzi, kanye nokuthuthwa komphakathi kuyimithwalo yemfanelo yasendaweni.

Igunya lendawo livame ukuvumela ukubusa okusabela kakhulu futhi okuvumelanayo. Umkhandlu wedolobha ungakhuluma ngokushesha nomakhelwane onomsindo noma imbobo, kanti isenzo sikahulumeni singathatha ijubane futhi sibe sibanzi. Nokho amandla endawo alinganiselwe ukuhlehliswa uhulumeni; imibuso ingazilawula noma ivimbele imithetho yendawo, njengokunqabela ukuqashwa kwentela noma ukulinganisela isilinganiso seholo elikhokhwayo emadolobheni.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwegunya Lendawo Nelesizwe

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya lendawo nezwe buchazwa isimiso sesimiso sombuso −a lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni ophethe nezindawo. Uhulumeni uvumela womabili amazinga kahulumeni ukuba ahlale ndawonye futhi asebenze ngokuzimele ezindaweni zawo ezizimele, kodwa futhi ahambisana futhi asebenzisane ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimiso Ezinhle Zokulwela Uhulumeni

  • Umthetho weze-Federal uthatha indawo yomthetho wendawo lapho kuvela izingxabano - Ngaphansi kweSupremacy Claus, uma umthetho wezwe noma wendawo uphikisana ngokuqondile nomthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni, umthetho kahulumeni uyanqoba. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho kahulumeni ezama ukulawula izindiza noma amandla enuzi iyashaywa ngoba lokhu kukhishwa umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Ohulumeni bendawo bangakha imithetho evimbela kakhulu kunemithetho kahulumeni – i-United States namadolobha kungamisa izindinganiso eziphakeme kunesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Imibuso eminingi ineholo eliphansi, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile eziqinile, noma isivikelo samalungelo ezakhamuzi esikhulu kakhulu kunalokho okufunwa umthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, abanakwenza imithetho ephikisana nemithetho kahulumeni.
  • Amazinga ohulumeni angabambisana ngezindaba ezihlukahlukene - Ukubambisana kwe-cofentinationalism kuhlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganyelweyo. Ngokwesibonelo, iminikelo kahulumeni yemigwaqo emikhulu idinga izifundazwe zokwamukela izindinganiso ezithile zokuphepha; uhlelo lweMedicaid luxhaswe ngokuhlangene yihulumeni nombuso. Lokhu kubambisana kungaholela ekubuseni okuphumelelayo kodwa futhi nokungavumelani uma izinto eziza kuqala zihlukene.

I - Dual v. Conoperative Federalism

Ngokwesiko, i-United States yasebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho yezwe. Izwe liphethe izindaba eziningi zasekhaya. I-New Deal kuma-301, lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni babenezindawo ezihlukene zethonya elincane. Ekhulwini le-19, uhulumeni wagxila kuma-taffix, amahhovisi, nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho imibuso yasingatha izindaba eziningi zasekhaya. I-New Deal ku-1930 yaphawula ukushintshwa kwezwe [[[[FLT:] uhulumeni [[FFLT:3], nohulumeni osebenza ndawonye ngempumuzo yezomnotho nezentengiselwano. Namuhla, ubuhlobo buchazwa ngokuthi “ikhekhekhe” eliphethe imibuso, kanye nemibuso ephakathi. INQURFFEN] ebonakala [5] [5]

Izindawo Eziyisihluthulelo Zengxabano

Nakuba iziphathimandla zendawo nohulumeni zivame ukusebenza ekudakeni, izingxabano zingavela ezindaweni eziningana eziyinhloko. Lezingxabano ngokuvamile zigxile ezimpini lapho iMithetho-sisekelo ingaqondakali noma lapho izindinganiso zomphakathi ziwohloka khona phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.

  • Ulawulo lwemithetho[[[QUL:1]
  • [[QUE:0]Marijuana ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho
  • [[Inkambiso:0] Imfundo [
  • [ Izimiso ze-Environment book
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-application project
  • [ Igunya lezempilo ye-Public [

Ukulawula Izibhamu

ISichibiyelo Sesibili siqinisekisa ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, kodwa izinga lezindawo zikahulumeni negunya lendawo lihlala liphikisana. Umthetho we-Federal, njenge-National Firerms Act ne-Gun Control Act, umisa imithetho eqinile (ukuhlola), ukuvinjelwa kwezibhamu ezithile, nokuvinjelwa kokuthengisa izibhamu. Amazwe namadolobha angabeka izimfuneko eziqinile: iCalifornia idinga isizinda sokuhlola konke ukuthengwa kwezikhali; iNew York City inemithetho eqinile yokunqanda ukukhokhwa. Nokho, amanye amazwe amise “imithetho yokuvala izikhali” enqabela amadolobha ukudlulisa imithetho yawo siqu yezikhali. Ngonyaka 2022, imingcele yeNkantolo yecala ephakeme [FOLD] i-Rolf Ne-Pistems.[2]

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Enye yezimpi ezivelele kakhulu zamanje: umthetho kahulumeni ubeka insangu njengento ewubala ngaphansi kwe-Shedyuli I elawulwayo, ikwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukuveza, ukusakaza, noma ukuba nempahla. Kodwa kusukela ngo-2025, 24 amazwe kanye ne-Frigit of Columbia ziye zagunyaza ukubhalisa i-cannabis, futhi eziningi kakhulu zinezinhlelo zezokwelapha. Lokhu kwakha indawo empunga esemthethweni: iziphakamiso ezisemthethweni ezisebenzayo ezisebenza ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni kodwa ezisengozini yokuvinjelwa nguhulumeni. Umnyango weJaji likahulumeni uye wasebenzisa iqhinga lokushushisela abashicileli i-odologusholo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwe-2013 Cole Bhavie (kusukela ekugqila). Ingqungquthelana yabaqondisi izimali ze-Dor J ukusuka ekuvani kwenkasamu yokwelapha. I-Foctivel invince emaqandal. I-om yezentengiselwa yezenteli yeze yezentengiselwano yezwe, ngisho iveza ngokusemthethweni, lapho ingasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni.

Imfundo

Imfundo ngokwesiko iwumsebenzi wezwe nowendawo. UMnyango wemfundo wase-U.S. unikeza izimali nokwengamela kukahulumeni (umz., ngesibonelo, nge-All Students Foundations Act) kodwa awugunyazi uhlelo. Amazwe amisa iziqondiso, amabhodi ezikole alawula imisebenzi yansuku zonke, futhi izintela zempahla zikhokha izimali zesikole. Ukuxabana kuba khona lapho uhulumeni ufaka izimo zemali ukuze axhase izimali zemali(umzzzzzzzzzz.m.m., idinga izifunda ezifuna ukwamukela izindinganiso zeCorgen noma ukuvivinya abafundi minyaka yonke. Amanye abheka lokhu njengokukhomba kwe-cekwa kwe-Prejikishane, aphikisa i-10. Ngo- 2015, i-A, i-ESSA yadlula ukuhlanganisa ukuphatha okukhulu kwezwe, ukubuyisela ukulawulwa kwezwe kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, izingxoxo ze-tedgetgen I-tiverxgen ezisethi eziyayalulweni eziseqeshini.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

I-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zesizwe zezinga lomoya namanzi ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Cease Air Act ne-cle Water Act. I-United States ivame ukuphathiswa igunya lokusebenzisa nokumisa lezi zindinganiso, kodwa ingathatha imithetho eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, inezindinganiso zayo siqu zokukhipha imoto ngaphandle kwe-guvernmental . .Njengoba ezinye izifundazwe zingalandela. Ukudabuka lapho uhulumeni wezwe uzama ukuqesha imithetho ebuyela emuva, njengaphakathi kwe-Obama-reera Clean Power Plan Plan Plan (ukushaya) noma i-Trumpsbackckers. Ngokuphikisanayo, njengase-India kwezenyuko yezentergen, ngezinye izikhathi zimelana nemithetho ka-Oversensitive, i-Active, i-Act.

Izifundo Zecala Zomjaho Wendawo

Ukuhlola amacala akhethekile kusenza siqonde indlela igunya lendawo nelasembusweni elisebenzelana ngayo, kwembula izingxabano, ukuyekethisa, nezimpi ezingokomthetho ezichaza ubuzwe baseMelika.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ukushintsha Imikhuba Yamadolobha Angcwele

Abanye ohulumeni bendawo baye bamukela izimiso ezilinganisela ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezindawo ezihlala abantu, ezibizwa ngokuthi “amadolobha anezimo eziphansi.” Lokhu kubangelwa izifiso zendawo zokwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwemiphakathi yabafuduki namaphoyisa, nokugwema ukusebenzisa imithombo yendawo yokukhipha izinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni. Amadolobha anjengeSan Francisco, iNew York, neChicago enqaba ukuvalela abantu ejele ngesisekelo sempi engokomthetho esemthethweni. I-Immigration ne-Culommentmentment (IE). Umthetho we-FORFTC. [8] U.C.[67] izigodlo ezivimbela ukuxhumana neziphathimandla zezezokufuduka zikahulumeni, eziholela ezimpilweni ezingokomthetho. I-Trump isongela ukugodla intela yezindawo zezindawo ezingcwele, kodwa ezinye zemizamo yemizamo yemizamo eMnyango yesizwe. [20] Eculumbini yase-Calglone] [kurtmose-F] [F]))).[5] Imithetho ezindaweni eziqinile zesizwe, kodwa iyavuma zezindawo ezithile zezindawo ezithile zezwezwe izwe

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 2: Imithetho Yezempilo Yomphakathi – I - COVID - 19 Pandemic

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iziphathimandla zendawo zazivame ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ezazehluka kwiziqondiso zikahulumeni. Ngosizo lwe-CDC noMongameli, uhulumeni wakhona wakhipha ukutusa okungabotshelelwayo kokufihla isifihlakaliso, ukuxega, nokuvala izikhala. Kodwa imibuso yayinegunya eliyinhloko lempilo yomphakathi ngaphansi kwemibuso yawo yamaphoyisa. UMbusi uGavin Newsom wase California wakhipha uhlelo lwekhaya; uMbusi Ron Desantis waseFlorida wagcina isifundazwe sivulekile kakhulu. Izinhlangano zezempilo zendawo ngezinye izikhathi zibeka imithetho eqinile kunezwe lazo. Lokhu kudidelwa okusungulweyo nokuphikisana kwezombangazwe okuthi igunya lakhele. U-Supreymaccalausle akavamile ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni akakhiphanga impoqophi imvume (ngaphandle kwe-CD ye-CDCPOlium, iNkakhulu yeNkakhulu) futhi ahlola icala elikhulu phakathi negunya leze.

Ukuhlolwa kwecala 3: Ukugunyaza amalungelo - positivel v. Umthetho KaHulumeni

Imithetho enikeza imithetho i-computer i-social National Meducation. IConstitution inikeza amandla okumisa i- “Izikhathi, izindawo kanye neManer ukuba ne-Ecostation” (Izingxenye 4), ngaphansi kwekhono loMkhandlu lokuguqula lezo zimiso. Amalungelo okuvota, njengaseSivumelwaneni samaRocration Act ka-655, anqabela ukucwasana kohlanga futhi adinga ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yokukhetha ehlukene emazweni athile. Ngo-2013, iNkantolo yeNkantolo Ephakeme i-Shelby County v. Isinqumo sokuvota [[FLT]]] sashaya isinqumo somthetho wangaphambi kwesigaba, ngokuphumelelayo ukuphatha okulula kombuso. Njengoba imvume ekhona, ihluleka ukuvoloka futhi imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho kahulumeni wonke. Uma ikhona imvume engekhona, ihluleka ukukhipha izimvume zemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engu-20.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda amandla phakathi kwegunya lendawo nezwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo e-United States. UMthetho-sisekelo uveza imingcele, kodwa lowomngcele uchazwa njalo, uphikiswa, futhi uphinde udotshwe izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nezenzo zokuphatha. Isimiso soburhulumente sivumela ukuhlukana kwezindawo zokubusa. Izimiso zokubusa zivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo nezindawo ezihlukene. Njengoba isazi sezezimo zezwe siqaphela izinga lezindinganiso zendawo, kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe uqinisekisa isisekelo samalungelo aso kanye nezindinganiso. Izingxabano ziphakama lapho lemigomo ingqubuzana, njengoba ibona ezindaweni zokungena, insangu, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, nokuvota, ukwazisa lokhu kuthuthukisa izivumelwano ezingokwezibophonsini, njengoba isikhulu sezentengosi ephawuliwe, izinkulumo eziphawulekayo “ikhono zokuhlola isilinganiso sokulawula imibuso yentando yentando yeningi”, kodwa izingxabano ezikhona ngohulumeni besizwe eziwusekela kakhulu ekuvinjezwe wonke amalungelo embusweni, inzuzo yezindawo zesizwe, intengongongongongosivuse.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo eNational Archives, [[FLT]] Cornell Legional Information Institute ye-constalism[, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamuva kwezimpi ezingokomthetho kuPult Research[. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu ekwakhelisweni kwemithetho kanye nezingxoxo zamanje ezilungisa ama-palm.