Igunya lezombangazwe limi njengenye yemiqondo elandela kakhulu kwezesayensi yezombangazwe nefilosofi. Libhekisela emandleni angokomthetho abantu noma izinhlangano eziwasebenzisayo phezu kwabanye endaweni echazwe noma emphakathini. Ngokungafani negunya lobuxhaxha, igunya lisikisela ilungelo eliqashelweyo lokubusa(ikulunga okuguqula ukuphoqelelwa okungadingekile kube umbuso owamukelekayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi igunya lezombangazwe aliveli nje ekusebenziseni imfundo yezemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuqina kwemithetho, ukuqina kohulumeni, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwababusi nemibuso ebusayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola incazelo, izinkolelo, izinkolelo, nezincazelo zanamuhla zezombangazwe, zidwebela ezibonelweni ezingokomlando nezinkulumo - mpikiswano zanamuhla.

Ukuchaza Igunya Lezombangazwe

Phakathi, igunya lezombangazwe linamandla afanele okuyala nokuphoqelela ukulalela. Izazi zefilosofi zihlukanisa phakathi amandla nekhono lokuphoqelela isenzo ngempoqo noma ngosongo(ne- ugunya , elisekelwe evumelwaneni noma enkolelweni yalezo zindaba. Igunya lisikisela ukuthi imiyalo ekhishwayo ithathwa njengebophayo, hhayi ngenxa nje yokwesaba, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi umbusi unelungelo lokuziphikisa. Lobuzwilayelo bungasuka ezisekelweni ezihlukahlukene: ukhetho lwentando yeningi, isiko, ifakela, noma ukunamathela ekwakhelweni esingokomthetho. Isazi sezenhlalo se-Maxber edume ngokucropointstualns: izinhlobonhlobo, nezimiso ezingokomthetho. Lemikhankambiso yezimiso zezombangazwe zihlala kanjani phakathi kwezimiso zezombangazwe.

Indaba yokufaneleka ibalulekile. Uhulumeni ungaphatha kodwa ungabi nagunya uma izikhonzi zawo zingalamukeli ilungelo lazo lokuziphatha noma elingokomthetho lokubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ohlala esesikhundleni kuphela ngebutho lezempi ungasebenzisa amandla kodwa hhayi igunya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni okhethwe ngokwedemokhrasi olandela izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo ujabulela igunya eligcwele. Ngakho, ukuhlola ngegunya lezombangazwe kuhilela kokubili ukuhlaziywa okuchazayo kwegunya elibizwayo nenqubo lapho lifanelekile.

Imithombo Yegunya Lezombangazwe

Igunya aliveli nje ngaphandle. Lisuka emthonjeni owodwa noma eminingi enikeza ababusi noma izinhlangano ilungelo lokubusa. Le mithombo ivame ukufana ngokusebenza, kodwa ingahlukaniswa. Okulandelayo yimithombo eyinhloko eqashelwayo emqondweni wezombangazwe.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwababusi

Umqondo wokuthi igunya lisuka ekuvumelaneni kwalabo ababuswayo uyisisekelo senkolelo yentando yeningi yanamuhla. Ngokwalombono, abantu bayavuma ngokuzithandela ukunikezela ezinye zenkululeko yabo endikimbeni ebusayo ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo asele nokugcinwa komphakathi. Lokhu kuvuma kungaba sobala, njengasevumelwaneni engokomthetho noma isenzo sokuvota, noma ngokungafihliwe, okuboniswa ngokuqhubeka behlala nokuhlanganyela emphakathini. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo ("somcimbi""""ascreas project) nessoms hles , John Locke, noJean-Jacques Rouseaus"an"ast"). Kubantu banamuhla, ukhetho, nohlelo, ukunikeza inqubo yokuvumelana kwezimiso zokubusa, ukunikeza inqubo yokunikeza igunya nokuvuselela igunya. Nokho, ukuphawula ukuthi bonke abagxekii, ukuvuma kwemvume yale.

Isiko

Igunya lendabuko lithola ubugunya balo emasikweni, emikhubeni, nasezimisweni eziye zamukelwa ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Kulezo zimiso, ababusi banegunya ngenxa yokuthi baye bazuza ifa noma ngenxa yokuthi bahlonipha izindlela zokuhlela umphakathi. Izimiso zobubhishobhi, amasikhulu, namahhovisi angokwasezulwini ngokuvamile ancika emagunyeni angokwesiko. Isibonelo, igunya lombuso waseBrithani lihlala linesikhundla esingokomfanekiso ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi lisekelwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esiko. Igunya lesiko linikeza ukuqina nokuqhubekela phambili, kodwa lingamelana nokushintsha okudingekile. U-tebhebhethelela ukuthi igunya elingokwesiko liyikhombayo futhi lisekelwe egunyeni lombusini elikhethekile kunemithetho engokwesiko. Umthetho walo lingenza buthaka uma amasiko ephikiswa ngokubekwa kwanamuhla noma lapho ababusi bemelana nezinhloso.

Ikhokhoni

Nakuba ukuphoqelela kuvame ukuqhathaniswa negunya elingokomthetho, kungaba umthombo wegunya lezombangazwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Uma iqembu elibusayo lisebenzisa amandla noma usongo lokuphoqa ukuze limise ukulawula, futhi uma lokhu kulawula kuqhubeka isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba kwamukelwe njengesimo esivamile sezindaba, ukuphoqelelwa kungaphenduka kube isimo sokubusa okusemthethweni. Imibuso yobubusi ngokuvamile iqala ngokuphoqelela okungaphezu kwegunya, ukugumbuqelwa kwezikhali, ukucindezelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukucindezelwa kokuphikisa kwemithetho engokomthetho, kodwa ukuzama ukwakha ukufaneleka kwesikhathi ngemisebenzi yezomnotho, inkulumo ephakamiso, noma ukumiswa kwenhlangano. Ikhokha okuvamile kuveza igunya elihlala njalo; izikhonzi zilalela ngenxa yokwesaba kunokuba nomuzwa wesibopho. Noma kunjalo, amandla okucindezela ngokuvamile amandla avame ukuba agcine ngisho namaphoyisa angokomthetho namabutho amaphoyisa namabutho angokomthetho ukuze agunyazwe.

Ukuhola Kwamandla Okuxhaphaza

Igunya lokulawula lisuka ezimfanelweni ezikhethekile zomholi − sheroism, ubungcwele, umbono wokuvukela, noma amandla okufuna impendulo − okukhuthaza ukuzinikela nokwethembeka phakathi kwabalandeli. Ngokungafani negunya elingokwesiko noma elingokomthetho, i-charismsa ihlukile futhi iphula imithetho emisiwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa abasunguli benkolo abanjengoJesu noma uMuhamma, izinguquko zezombangazwe ezinjengoMahatma Gandhi noma Nelson Mandela, kanye nabaholi bempi abafana noWinston Churchilla. Abaholi bavame ukuvela phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele noma isiyaluyaluyalu, banikeze isiqondiso esisha. Igunya labo lincipheka ngenxa yokuthi lixhomeke ekuphumeleleni okuqhubekayo nasekuthatheni umholi. Weber wachaza "ukushintsha amandla okungalawuleki kwezenzo zobugqili" njengenqubo eguqula izakhiwo eziqinile zezindawo zemvelo zibe sezimo ezinziwayo noma ezishintshayo.[bracculo]

Igunya Elingokomthetho

Igunya lokumisa umthetho liyisimo esivame kakhulu ezifundazweni zanamuhla. Lisekelwe esimisweni semithetho engokomthetho, izinqubo, nemithetho evunyelwa umphakathi. Igunya lixhunywe emahhovisi, hhayi kubantu, futhi lisetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele emisiwe. Iziphathimandla, uhulumeni wezomthetho-mthetho, nezimiso zokwahlulela ezilawulayo ezisemthethweni. Izakhamuzi zilalela imithetho hhayi ngenxa yokwethembeka komuntu siqu kumbusi, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi zamukela uhlelo olungokomthetho oluveza leyo mithetho. UWeber wabheka lendlela yegunya njengenengqondo nengakhokhwa naka kahle kakhulu, njengoba ivumela ukubikezela nokuphatha okungacaci. Nokho, zingaba nezingalawuleki, futhi ziholele ku "irkery" ye-[66]

Izinkulumo Zegunya Lezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kwemithombo ehlukanisayo, izazi zezombangazwe ziye zasungula izincazelo ezibanzi zokuthi kungani igunya lifaneleke nokuthi kufanele lihlelwe kanjani.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Isivumelwano senkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo sithi imibuso yezombangazwe isuka esivumelwaneni phakathi kwabantu sokuba bakhe umphakathi futhi bamise uhulumeni. UThomas Hobbes, ku uLeviathan[, waphikisa ngokuthi esimweni semvelo (isimo esingekho uhulumeni) u-‘ukuphila kuyoba yimpi bonke abantu abamelene nabo bonke abantu. Ukubalekela lokhu kungalondeka, abantu ngabanye ukunikezela amalungelo abo kumbusi onamandla anamandla okugcina ukuthula. UJohn Locke wanikeza inguquko engcono kakhulu: esimweni semvelo, abantu banamalungelo emvelo, kodwa abalondekile. Bavuma ukwakha uhulumeni ovikela ukuphila, inzuzo, impahla, futhi uma uhulumeni ungenamandla okuthembekile, kungagcizelela ukumelana nombuso ongokomthetho. [ukuthi uhulumeni oyikhomba ogunyazayo]

Ilungelo Laphezulu Lamakhosi

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ababusi bathi igunya labo lamiswa nguNkulunkulu ngokuqondile. Lemfundiso, eyaziwa njengelungelo laphezulu lamakhosi, yakholelwa ukuthi amakhosi ayo ayolandisa kuNkulunkulu kuphela nokuthi ukuhlubuka kuyisono. Yayinethonya ikakhulukazi eYurophu yasendulo, inethonya elikhulu, iProfes James I yaseNgilandi noBhishophu Jacques-Bénigne Bossue eFrance. Imfundiso yanikeza ukulunga okunamandla kobukhosi obuphelele, okuhlanganisa ukulalela kwezombangazwe emsebenzini ongokwenkolo. Nokho, imfundiso yaphezulu yabekelwa inseleleka iNklezeko, inkolelo yezenhlalo, nokuphakama komthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Yawohloka kakhulu nezinguquko zaseMelika neyaseFrance, nakuba imifaylo yenkosi lapho umbusi eyinhloko yesifunda sesonto. Namuhla, iwukwaphezulu isithakazelo esingokwesayensi, kodwa kuboniswa indlela engokwezombangazwe, kodwa ukuvusenyuswa ngayo. [5] [5]

Imfundiso KaMarx

UKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels babheka igunya lezombangazwe njengesibonakaliso sokubusa kwesigaba. Ekuhlaziyeni kwabo, umbuso uyithuluzi lesigaba esibusayo . "umbuso uyakwazi ukuvimbela ukubusa nokusebenzisa kabi inzuzo yempahla. Inkolelo-mthetho, kulombono, iyisifihlakaliso: isigaba esibusayo sisebenzisa incazelo, umthetho, nenkani yokuphoqelela ukwenza igunya laso libonakale lingokwemvelo futhi lingenakugwenywa. Izwe, likude kakhulu nokumelela izingxabano ezivamile, ukukhothakatha okuthandwa abani bempahla. Inkolelo kaMarx iyaphika ukuthi igunya lezombangazwe ezenhlalo emphakathini lisemthethweni ngempela; limane nje liyisifihla amandla esigaba. Ngokushoshoshoshoshoshoshoshosho kwenguquko yendalo nesigaba somphakathi, umphakathi ongalawuleki. Inkolelo yeze yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yeze yeze yeze yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwaniso yeze yezentengiselwano yezezwe (igemper), ibhudul, isebenza kanjani imvume yesizwe.

Imibono Yabesifazane

Abasekeli bezombangazwe bahlola indlela imibono engokwesiko yegunya lezombangazwe efana neyezesifazane. Baphikisa ngokuthi igunya liye lakhiwa ngokomlando njenge-scrom − assuper, amandla, nokulawula .[1] Nakuba abesifazane beye bakhishwa noma babekwa ezindimeni zabo siqu, zekhaya. Izazi zezombangazwe njengoCarole Pateman noNancy Fraser ziye zaqokomisa indlela izivumelwano zomphakathi ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa ngayo isimo sobubhishobhi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-critium yenkolelo yesivumelwano sezenhlala - zenhlalo ibonisa ukuthi isivumelwano sokuqala sasingesona isivumelwano sezombangazwe kuphela kodwa futhi isivumelwano sobulili esasingaphansi kwabesifazane. Imibono yomphakathi isekela ngayo ukubambisana kwegunya lezimiso zokunakekela, ukubambisana, ukubambisana, nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa. Bagcizelela futhi ukubaluleka kwemiyabesifazane sokubusa kwemiyayayayayayayaya nokweyo embusweni embusweni yezomphakathi.

Abalobi Namanye Amafilosofi Angesikhathi Esidlule

Inkolelo-lwazi ye-Pluralist, ehlobene nezazi ezifana noRobert Dahl, iphikisa ngokuthi igunya lezombangazwe ezimisweni zentando yeningi lisakazeke phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ($namaqembu athakazelayo), amaqembu, amabureaucracy (anciphisanayo) alwela ukubusa. Akukho muntu onegunya eliyedwa owenziwe ngokuphikisana nokunye nokunye. Lokhu kuphikisana nemfundiso ephakeme (C. Wright Mills, Gaetano Mosca), eveza ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemiphakathi kwezizwe zanamuhla lapho isigaba sokubusa esibusayo sihlala siphethe khona amandla. Ezinye izindlela zamanje zihlanganisa ububhishobhini (i-Moucene), obubona ukuphikisana njengokuzuzwana kwezombangazwe, nemfundiso engokomthetho ka-Cünberbermas, okubonakala ngokusemthethweni ekuncintisaneni kwezizwe zonke. Lemibono isigaba semibuso yanamuhla, iphinde iphinde incine, futhi inyuke kakhulu kwezombangazwe.[F][1]

Izicelo Zanamuhla Zegunya Lezombangazwe

Imithombo nezimfundiso zegunya akuyona nje imibono engaqondakali; ithonya ngokuqondile indlela ukubusa okusebenza ngayo ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukubusa Nezikhundla Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, umthombo oyinhloko wegunya ukuvuma okubuswayo, okuboniswa ngokhetho oluvamile, olukhululekile nolungakho. Ukhetho lusebenza njengendlela yokunikeza igunya okwesikhashana, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphendule abaholi. Nokho, imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yanamuhla ibhekene nezinselele: ukunqanda ukuvota, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, nokudlondlobala kwemithetho yentando yeningi kungaqeda ukufaneleka kwemiphumela ecatshangelwayo yokhetho. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi okhetho lubekwa noma ukuthi izikhulu ziyazishaya indiva, igunya lingenza buthaka. Lokhu kungaholela enkathazweni engokomthetho, lapho ngisho nohulumeni abakhethiwe abakhethwe ngokomthetho bezama ukulalela. Ukulondoloza igunya lezinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi kungadingi nje kuphela ukungakhethi kodwa futhi nokusabela okuhlanganisa nokunye.

Amalungelo Abantu Nemingcele Yegunya

Isimiso samalungelo abantu sanamuhla sibeka imingcele egunyeni lezombangazwe. Ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke, izimemezelo zibophekile ukuhlonipha amalungelo athile ayisisekelo − inkululeko yokukhuluma, inqubo efanele, ukunqatshelwa kokuhlushwa − okungenakungancishwa ngisho nangamandla entando yeningi. Lemibono engokwesiko yokuthi igunya lisuka ngokuphelele noma lisuka nje ebukhosini obuthandwayo. ISivumelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (1948) kanye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo zigomela ukuthi eminye imithetho eweqasha igunya lombuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuziphatha ukumelana nemithetho kahulumeni ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ibuye inike izindikimba zezizwe zonke nezinhlangano ezingewona amanani ohulumeni ukuba zisebenzise kabi igunya lazo. Ukuphikisana phakathi kombuso nelungelo lomuntu kuhlala kuyimpikiswano enkulu kwezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuhlukana Kwegunya

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwayibhidliza indlela engokwesiko yegunya lezombangazwe eWestphalia, lapho izwe elithile linegunya eliphakeme khona phakathi kwemingcele yalo. Namuhla, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke (iZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezwe Lomhlaba, iNkantolo ye-Criminal), izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, nabadlali bezezezombuso (NGOS, izinhlangano zamaphekula) nazo zisebenzisa igunya eliphawulekayo (noma ithonya eliphawulekayo) lokuwela imingcele yezwe. Amazwe akhona ngokuzithandela anegunya ezifundeni zezifundazwe njenge Yurophu, adala iziphathimandla zezizwe ezingalawula imithetho yesizwe. Lenhlangano yegunya iphakamisa imibuzo ngemithetho yentando yentando yentando yeningi: uma izinqumo ezithinta izakhamuzi ezikude noma izinhlangano ezingalingani nezindawo ezikhona. Abanye abalwelinye imibuso yezizwe ngemibuso yezizwe. [5] [5]

Inkathi Yezinombolo: Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinhlobo Ezintsha Zegunya

Ukwanda kwezobuchwepheshe bezesayensi yezokuxhumana nokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula indlela igunya lezombangazwe eliqondwa ngayo, eliphikiswayo, futhi elakhiwa ngayo. I-Platforms enjenge-twitter, i-Facebook, ne-Tik Tok yenza ukuba abantu nezinhlangano ze-millimetic bakhononde ukubekela iziphathimandla zezemvelo inselele. /amapulatifomu amanani angasetshenziswa futhi ukubhebheca izikhulu zezeze ngokomthetho. (izikhulu, abagcini-sangomasango, abagcini-mende, ochwepheshe bezentengikazi bezelele ezinye izigilakhelo.) Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezikuqukethe kuye kwabangela ukuba amagumbi angenelo lapho imibono esabekayo izuza igunya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zezesayensi ezifana i-Googlas na-Methone ziye zaba neziphathimandla, ngokwenza izinqumo ngokuqondene nezimiso zezolwazi oluphikisayo. Le mazwe ama-pluntellingism anci adinga ukunci yemithetho entsha: Ukuncitha kwezenga okusetshenziswa kwentando yentando yentando ye-zomthetho, manje kuncili ye-mthetho, kunciliye

Ukuwohloka Kwegunya Okungokomthetho Nekusasa Legunya

Kuwo wonke umhlaba, imithombo eminingi engokwesiko yegunya iphansi kakhulu. Ukuthembela kohulumeni, imithombo yezindaba, nezesayensi kuye kwehla emazweni amaningi. Abaholi bePopulist ngokuvamile bayalenqaba igunya elisungulwe lokwamukelwa komthetho, kunalokho bahehelela ukuqondisa noma "intando yabantu." Lokhu kungaholela ekuphambukeni kwabantu ngokwentando yentando yeningi, lapho abaholi abakhethiwe belulaza ukuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlangano zobulungisa bezinhlanga nobesifakela impoqo ukuba igunya libe eligcwele futhi linecala. Ikusasa legunya lezombangazwe cishe lihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela: iziciko zobuchwepheshe ezintsha zokwethula nokuxhumana kwembulunga yonke, kuyilapho futhi zilulaza izici ezingxenye zesimiso sokubusa. Inseleleka ukuthi kokubili ukuphumelela nokwenyulwa kwenkululeko engokomthetho yomphakathi kanye neyo yonke inkululeko.

Isiphetho

Igunya lezombangazwe alisona isenzakalo esilula noma esingacacile. Lithola emithonjeni ejulile − ukuvunywa, isiko, isiko, isibindi, nomthetho − ngalinye elinamandla nobuthakathaka. Amasiko angokwesiko asukela emfundisweni yezenhlalo kuya ekusebenziseni imibuso yezenhlalo aye anikeza izincazelo eziphikisanayo zokuthi uma igunya lifanelekile nokuthi kufanele lilinganiselwe kanjani. Njengoba izifunda zanamuhla, ukukhetha kombuso wentando yeningi, amalungelo abantu, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka kuvuse izisekelo zegunya lezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lapho igunya lisuka ekutheni lisuka emfundisweni yezombangazwe kuphela kodwa nakwezazi zefilosofi ezifisa ukuhlaziya ukufaneleka kukahulumeni bazo siqu. Njengoba imiphakathi ibheke izinselele ezintsha ."ukungabheka ukungamangalelwa kwezombangazwe kuhlala kuphuthuma.