Ukuqonda Isibopho SobuFendel Embusweni WaseMelika

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso bumelela esinye sezici ezinamandla kakhulu neziphikiswana kakhulu ze-Melika ebusayo. Lokhu kulinganisela, okubekwe eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, akwenzeki kuhlale kuhleli; kushintshana nomthetho ngamunye omusha, ukubusa kwenkantolo, noshintsho lwezenhlalakahle. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda ukugqashuka kwaleligunya lokusakaza kubalulekile ukuze baqonde indlela i-United States esebenza ngayo, kusukela emithethweni elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke ezingxabalweni ezinkulu ezichaza ukukhetha kwesizwe. Umbango phakathi kohulumeni wesizwe onobunye nemibuso ezimele awusona iphutha esimisweni sombuso; kuyisicimbiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela ngokulingana okukhulu nokubusa kwezwe nokuzilawula.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sokulwela Amandla Ahlukeneyo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uyincwadi eyisisekelo emisa uhlelo lwezisekelo zobuzwe. Kunokuba bakhe igunya elilodwa, eliphethe, abakhi bakha isimiso sobukhosi obubili lapho kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe bethola khona igunya labo emthonjeni ofanayo: abantu. Lomkhakha awuyona into ewumthetho; uyimpendulo ecatshangelwa ngokucophelela ekuhlulekeni kweZiphakamiso Zokuhlanganisa, ezakha uhulumeni wesizwe obuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo, nokwesaba kukahulumeni oyinhloko onamandla kakhulu ukuba angalandisa.

Amandla Angalawuleki, Agciniwe, Namanje

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo kungaqondwa ngezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene. Isigaba ngasinye sichaza isigaba segunya labadlali bamazwe nombuso futhi sinikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezinqumo zezimiso eziningi nezinselele ezingokomthetho.

  • Amandla amanani (Amiselwe kuHulumeni kaFederal): Lemibuso ihlelwe ngokuqondile eSigabeni I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ihlanganisa amandla okukhokha imali, ukulawula izifundazwe nezohwebo zakwamanye amazwe, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. Ukuhlakanipha okulandela la magunya kwakuzokwakha uhulumeni wezwe onamandla ngokwanele ukusingatha izindaba zenzuzo ezivamile, ezohwebo, ezohwebo, kanye nezokuxhumana (ngeniswa)
  • I-Reverded Powers (egunyazwe yi-United States):[ ISichibiyelo seshumi sisebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni kahulumeni, sisho ukuthi amandla angaphathiswanga i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe e-United States, agcinelwe i-Powers, noma abantu. Lokhu kulungiswa kuyisisekelo somthetho-mfamende segunya ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila kwaseMelika, kuhlanganise nemfundo, imithetho yempahla, imithetho yezempahla, iziqondiso zomshado, nempilo yomphakathi. Imithetho egciniwe iyavuma ukuthi uhulumeni usondelene nabantu futhi uhlonyiswe kangcono iziphathiso zendawo.
  • Amandla eSikhungo (Ayahlanganiswe yi-Boll Levels): Bobabili ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni banamandla athile ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, amabhange omthetho womthetho, futhi ukwenza imithetho egunyazweyo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla akhona ngokuvamile kudinga ukubambisana futhi kungaba umthombo wengxabano uma uhulumeni nombuso uncipha. Isibonelo, womabili amazinga kahulumeni angakhokha intela inzuzo efanayo, kodwa amazinga nezakhiwo zingahluka kakhulu.

UClaus Onedumela Nomthetho Wesizwe

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa amandla, futhi umisa isigaba sombuso. ISiphakamiso VI, u-Claus 2, esaziwa ngokuthi i-Supremacy Claus, umemezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, nemithetho kahulumeni ebekwe kuwo, kuzoba umthetho ophakeme wezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona. Nokho, inkulumo eyisihluthulelo yi-"pursutud" kuMthendeleko. Umthetho kahulumeni owephula igunya lawo elibekwe phansi ungayibekwa izinkantolo. i-Supremacle ayinikezi uhulumeni ongenamkhawulo; uqinisekisa ukuthi phakathi kwembulunga yawo efanele, igunya lombuso liphakeme.

Ukufinyelela Okukhulu Kwegunya Likahulumeni

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya lochungechunge lwezindaba zesizwe ezidlula imingcele yombuso. Leligunya alilinganiselwe emagunyeni ahlelwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo. Ngosizo luka-Claus (Isici Esibalulekile nolufaneleyo, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 18), uKhongolo-kahulumeni unamandla okwenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthwala ukubulawa kwemibuso yawo ehlukene. Lomshoshaphansi uchazwe kabanzi, uvumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba wandise ukufinyelela kwawo ezindaweni ezinjengezempilo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, namalungelo omphakathi.

Izindaba Zokuzivikela Zezwe Nezakwamanye Amazwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo okhethekile wesimiso sokuzivikela kwesizwe nesezinye izizwe. Kuphela uhulumeni wezwe ongamemezela impi, ulondoloze amabutho ahlomile, ulwe, futhi umelele i-United States ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke. I-United States yenqatshelwe ukungena ezivumelwaneni noma ukungenela impi ngaphandle kokuba ihlaselwe noma isengozini eseduze. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamandla empi namazwe ahlangene kubalulekile ukuze kubekwe indawo eyodwa emhlabeni futhi kuqinise ukulondeka kwesizwe.

Ezentengiselwano Zesifundazwe Nesimiso Sezomnotho

I-Cernty Clause inikeza uKhongolose uhulumeni amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano nezizwe zangaphandle naphakathi kwezifundazwe eziningana. Lombuso uye waba elinye lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu eziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwencazelo yanamuhla, uMkhandlu ungalawula cishe noma yimuphi umsebenzi wezomnotho othinta kakhulu ezohwebo zezwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekukhiqizeni nasemikhubeni yezisebenzi kuya ekuvikeleni nasekuthengeni. I-Commerce Clausce transmose [[[ ngeNKAR:] iNKATHI Ephakeme iye yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko sokwandisa amandla kahulumeni emakhulwini angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili namashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezihlukile Nokulondeka Komngcele

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa i-Immigration and Nationality Act sinye isici segunya elicishe libe uhulumeni okhethekile. UMthetho-sisekelo awuwaniki ngokuqondile amandla okufuduka, kodwa sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni unegunya eliyifa lokufuduka eliyifa lesizwe njengemfanelo yobukhosi besizwe. Lezizenzo zikahulumeni zinikeza uhlelo lwe-stautivery lwalowo ongase angene, asale, abe isakhamuzi sase-United States. Nakuba amazwe angase azame ukusiza ekuqinisekiseni noma ukumisa imithetho ethinta abafuduki abangabhaliwe, ngokuvamile lezizenzo zikahulumeni zibekwa inselele futhi zibekwe phansi ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye-predectionon, ephethe umthetho wezokufuduka wezwe njengendawo.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezindinganiso Zesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekumiseni nasekuqiniseni izindinganiso zesizwe zamalungelo omphakathi. Umthetho we-Londmark njengomthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, i-Voing Rights Act ka-1965, kanye ne-Melika enoMthetho woBukhubazeko ka-1990 imisa isivikelo esisebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Nakuba imibuso inganikeza futhi inikeze isivikelo esengeziwe, ingase ingawaphuli amalungelo ayisisekelo amiswe ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. ISiphendulo seGajimezo se - 144th, nesiqinisekiso saso sokuvikelwa kwesivikelo kanye nenqubo efanele, sisebenza njengethuluzi elinamandla lokuqondisa imibuso yezenzo zikahulumeni.

Indima Ebalulekile Yegunya Likahulumeni

Ohulumeni boMbuso abawona nje amaqoqo abusayo kahulumeni kahulumeni. Bayizinhlangano ezizimele ezinemithetho-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho, amagatsha aphethe, nemithetho elawulayo. Imibuso egcinelwe amazwe ibavumela ukuba basebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, bezama izindlela ezihlukile ezibonisa izindinganiso nezidingo zomphakathi wabo oyingqayizivele. Lokhu kubusa kungenye yezici ezivelele zemibuso yaseMelika.

Imfundo Nezimiso Zesikole Somphakathi

Imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe. Izwe ngalinye linomnyango walo wemfundo ohlela izindinganiso zemfundo, izimfuneko zokufundisa, nezimfuneko zokuphothula. Izifunda zesikole zendawo, ezisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni, zilawula imisebenzi yosuku nosuku yezikole zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nothisha abaqashayo, izikhungo zokulondoloza, kanye nezimali ezithuthukiswayo. Nakuba uhulumeni unikeza izimali futhi uphoqelela izimfuneko ezithile zemfundo ngoMnyango wemfundo, awugunyazi noma umise isimiso sesikole somphakathi. Lendlela ehloniphekile ivumela izimiso zemfundo ukuba zivumelane nemithetho yemfundo engoko nezomnotho.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nezinyathelo Zokusetshenziswa Kwempilo Yomphakathi

I-odoli banendima eyinhloko ekuqondiseni ukuqondisa kwempilo. Balawula izimakethe zomshuwalense wezempilo, ochwepheshe bezempilo, nongamele izibhedlela nemithola-mpilo. Ngohlelo lwe-Medicaid, banikeza ukunakekela kwezempilo ngezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi ngaphansi kobungane besifundazwe obunikeza ukuvuleka okukhulu ekuhlolweni nasekusizeni. Amazwe futhi anamandla okuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ahlanganisa igunya lokugunyaza ukugoma, iziyalezo zokukhipha izikhala, nokulawula ukuqubuka kwezifo. I-COVOVID ibonise indima ebucayi yeminyango yezempilo kahulumeni ekuhlolweni kwezokuhlolwa kwe-Roperation, ukusakaza imithi yokwelapha, nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Izinhlangano zezemthetho zikahulumeni nezendawo zinecala lengxenye enkulu yamaphoyisa nomthetho wobugebengu e-United States. Amaphoyisa oMbuso, amaphoyisa asesifundazweni, neminyango yamaphoyisa kamasipala ahlola ubugebengu, enza ukuboshwa, futhi aqikelele imithetho kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu, kusukela ekuphathweni kwezimoto kuya emacaleni asemthethweni. Isimiso sejele sifaka abantu ababoshwe ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Nakuba uhulumeni usebenza ezawo izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamacala, njenge-FBIBC no-DEA, lezi zikhomba zigxile ekwamacala obugebengu obuhlangene nobugebengu obuphakathi kwemithetho. Ngokwe- Bureau yeMikhanka yeMitheliti yeMithetho ye-S[FLT], futhi uhulumeni wendawo yakhona ufaka icala ngenxa yezenzo zomthetho womthetho omkhulu.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izwe linemigwaqo eminingi, imigwaqo, namabhuloho. Iminyango kahulumeni yezinhlelo zokuthutha, umklamo, ukwakhiwa, kanye nezimiso zokuhamba, ngokuvamile ngosizo lwezimali oluvela kuhulumeni kahulumeni ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-Federal-Aid Highway Program. Ama-United futhi alawula ukubhaliswa kwezimoto, ukulawulwa kwabashayeli, nemithetho yezimoto. Le ndawo ephezulu ivumela ukuqondiswa kwezindawo ezineqhwa elingase-indawo, futhi i-indawo egcwele iqhwa ingaba nezindinganiso ezihlukene zokulungiswa kwemigwaqo kunezwe eliwugwadule, futhi imithetho yezimoto ingahlanganiswa nemithetho yezimoto.

Ukungqubuzana Nokubambisana Kwezigaba Zanamuhla

Ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso kuvame ukuphawulwa yingxabano. Uma imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho kahulumeni ingqubuzana, inqumo ixhomeke ekwakheni kwempi nasesisekelweni somthetho-sisekelo sesenzo sikahulumeni. Kwezinye izimo, amazwe amelana negunya likahulumeni; kwezinye, afuna ukugcwalisa izikhala ezishiyekile ezishiyelwe uhulumeni ongenamdlandla. Ukuqonda lezingxabano kubalulekile ekuhloleni izenzakalo zamanje nezimpikiswano zezimiso.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Nomthetho Wesizwe

Esinye sezibonelo ezivelele kakhulu zempi kahulumeni sihilela insangu. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe amaningi aye agunyaza insangu ukuba isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha, futhi amaningi aye ayibhalisa ukuze isetshenziswe ngokwendlela yokuzijabulisa. Nokho, insangu ihlala iyisisebenzi sesimiso sokulawula i-Shedyuli ngaphansi kwe-Guedied Substances Act kahulumeni, iphethe, futhi itshale ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Uhulumeni useke umthetho wakhona wamukela umthetho umthetho ongekho emthethweni wokulwa, ukuvumela ukuhlinza kwempova ukuba impova ukuba isebenze ngaphandle kokumangalelwa nguhulumeni, kodwa lenkambiso isekelwe ekhonweni ye-Promastery Privel Priviced Privicesssssss Act. Impikiswano iveza izinselele ezingokomthetho nezomnotho kumabhizinisi asebenza kulendawo, kuhlanganise nokungena komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kanye nokuvikelwa kwezentengo. Lendaba ibonisa ukumelana phakathi kwezwe phakathi kwezwe nemithetho nemithetho.

Ukuqamba Amalungelo Nokuphathwa Kokhetho

Ukuqondisa ukukhethwa ngokuyinhloko kuwumsebenzi kahulumeni, kodwa usebenza phakathi kwezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kanye nezivikelo zikahulumeni. Amazwe anquma amahora okuvota, ukuvota izindawo, izinqubo zokuvota, nendlela yokufaka amavoti. Nokho, imithetho kahulumeni enjenge-Voting Rights Act inqabela imisebenzi yokuvota, futhi umthetho womthetho umisa izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zokukhetha kukahulumeni. Ingxabano ziphakama lapho amazwe emisa imithetho ye-ovotar I-ID, ukusula imigoqoshosholo, noma ukusebenzisa amacebo okuvota amavoti angathi athinta ngokunga kakhulu abavoti abambalwa. Uhulumeni we-Prouniontian Active. Imithetho e-Active ingenza inselele izivumelwano enkantolo, futhi iNkakhulu ngokuvamile iba umsizi wemithetho yokuvota noma imithetho ephula umthetho kahulumeni. Indaba ka- 2013 ye-[FL:[0]

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sinomthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwayo ovame ukubangela izingxabano. Uhulumeni kahulumeni, nge-EPA Protection Agency (EPA), umisa izindinganiso zesizwe zokuvikela umoya namanzi, ukuphatha udoti okuyingozi, nokuphepha kwamakhemikhali. Nokho, ngokuvamile amazwe ayizizisebenzi eziyinhloko zalezindinganiso futhi angathatha imithetho eqinile kunaleyo efunwa nguhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia igcine izindinganiso zezimoto ezizigcinayo ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni, umkhuba ovunyelwe ngaphansi kwe-Cec Air Act yamanani emvelweni ezungezile kodwa futhi ungenza umsebenzi wemithetho edinga amabhizinisi ukuba ahambe phambili. Uma uhulumeni udweba isivikelo esibuyela emuva endaweni ezungezile, i-cusekugcineni izindinganiso ezikhona, ukuholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho eziqhubekayo.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

I-Affordlable Care Act (ACA) yabangela impi enkulu kahulumeni yesifundazwe, ikakhulukazi ekwandiseni kweMedicaid. I-ACA yakuqala yayidinga izimo zokwandisa iMedicaid elpium kubo bonke abantu abadala abaholayo abafinyelela ku-138% yesilinganiso sobumpofu obuphakathi kwezwe, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yabusa iNational Federation of Independent . Selius[ (202) ukuthi lemfuneko yayingeyona engcono kakhulu. Izwe lanikezwa ithuba lokwandisa noma ukuncipha. Umphumela, igebe eliphawulekayo, nezakhamuzi ezinganciphiwe, nezigodi ezibhekeneze empilweni ezilinganiselwe ekuphileni kwempilo. Lokhu kubonisa isilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso semiphumela yesilinganiso esiphezulu lapho kuvela impumelelo yesinqumo nemiphumela yesimo esiyinhloko sesizwe esilawula ukubusa.

INkantolo Ephakeme Njengomsunguli Wesizwe

INkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele yegunya likahulumeni nombuso. Ngamandla okuhlola, iNkantolo ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi inqume ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ivunyelwe ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Izinqumo zeNkantolo zihlela ukulinganisela kwamandla ngezindlela ezingokoqobo nezihlala njalo.

Izenzakalo Eziwuphawu Ezachaza Ukulinganisela

Amacala amaningana ayisisekelo aye amisa izimiso ezibusa ubuhlobo bamazwe ahlangene namazwe akhona namuhla.

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): lelicala lamisa izimiso ezimbili ezibucayi: ukuthi uMkhandlu uye waveza amandla angaphezu kwalawo abekwe ngokuqondile eMthethweni, futhi leyo ndawo ayinakuphazamisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Umbono weSikhulu uJohn Marshall waveza incazelo ebanzi yamandla kahulumeni ngokubaluleka nokubaluleka kuka-Claus.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Lelicala lamisa incazelo ebanzi yeCommerce Claus, libusa lowo mbuso wokulawula imithetho yezwe ephikisanayo. Yabeka isisekelo segunya lezwe phezu kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ehamba phambili.
  • A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935): Lelicala limelela ukulinganiselwa okuphawulekayo kwamandla ezentengiselwano kahulumeni, ukushaya amalungiselelo e-National Industrial Recovery Act yokuqondisa ezentengiselwano zezwe ezingathintanga ngokuqondile ezentengiselwano zezifunda. Icala lalibonisa ukuthi intengiselwano Claus inomngcele.
  • [FLT]] Wickard v. Filburn (1942): Ngokungafani kakhulu [ Schechter[[, lesisimo sandisa iClaus yezentengiselwano ekufinyeleleni kwayo, sinquma ukuthi umphangi wekhaya elimi ukolweni ngenxa yenzuzo yakhe siqu angabekwa imingcele yayo yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995] Lelicala laphawula ushintsho olubalulekile, njengoba iNkantolo yashaya umthetho kahulumeni wegunya lezentengiselwano elidlulele lika Claus owenziwe cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amathandathu. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi iGun-Free Schools Commons Act ayisebenzi, ibonise ukuzimisela okusha ukuphoqelela imingcele yegunya likahulumeni.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202): kakade kukhulunywe nge-ACA, lelicala lasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye njengendlela esemthethweni yokusebenzisa amandla oMkhandlu ontelayo kodwa igunya elilinganiselwe likahulumeni ukuphoqelela ukuthatha igalelo ekwandisweni kwe-Medicaid. Isinqumo sagcizelela isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni awunakuyalela ohulumeni.

Icala Lezokulwela Uhulumeni Lesikhathi Esizayo

INkantolo iyaqhubeka isingatha izimpikiswano ze-constalism ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala. Icala elihilela ukukhishwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yezindaba ezinjengokugcinwa kokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wendawo, nentela ye-Intanethi livame ukukhishwa eNkantolo. Isinqumo samuva Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[ [2022]) ngokuphawulekayo ukuncishintshwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ngokubuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisu ezindaweni, ukugumbuqela cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Lesinqumo sibonisa ukuthi ukuchazwa kweNkanto yeNkanto ye-buzwe kungashintsha ngokushesha, nemiphumela emikhulu yesimiso nenkululeko. Indaba yamanje, [FLT:] yeNkathi Ephezulu yeNkakhulu [FFOLT]

Inqubo Ethinta Isimo SobuFederalism

Umphakathi awuyona imfundiso emisiwe kodwa uyisisekelo esiphilayo esivumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nemibuso kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwathonywa impi, izinkinga zezomnotho, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, kanye noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqonda uhulumeni kudinga ukwazisa kokubili izisekelo zawo zomthetho-sisekelo kanye namandla awo asebenzayo esimweni sezombangazwe samanje.

I - New Federalism Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Kusukela ngawo-1970, kuye kwaba nenhlangano yezombangazwe ephindaphindwayo eqonde kuNew Federalism, efuna ukususa amandla nomthwalo wemfanelo kuhulumeni kahulumeni ebuyela emuva ezifundazweni. Lendlela igcizelela ukuvumelana kwemithetho, iziphakamiso, futhi incishisiwe imibuso kahulumeni. Bobabini i-Republican ne-Democratic isekela izakhi zalefilosofi, nakuba izinga lokuguqula ushintsho lihlukahluka ngokwemithetho. I-General Reformation Act ka-1969, eyathatha indawo yemvume yokukhokha ngezipho zikahulumeni zeziphakampathi ze-mfuno, iyisibonelo esivelele sokwenza uvoluleki. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi izibalo zisabela kakhulu futhi zisungula; abagxeki baxwayisa ukuthi i-propective ingaholela emkhakheni we-mkhazansini futhi isivikelo esingenakubalelwa abantu abakwazi ukukholeka.

Inhlangano Yezimali KaFederal NeyaseHulumeni

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu uhulumeni kahulumeni othonya ukuziphatha okunenzuzo ukusebenzisa imali. Ngokufaka izimo ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni, uMkhandlu ungabangela ukuba amazwe amukele izinqubo angase angazikhethi. Lomkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi i-fiscal uhulumeni, uvumela uhulumeni ukuba umise isimiso sikahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengomgwaqo omkhulu wokuphepha (ngokufaka imali ekhwapheni emalini engakanani enkathini elinganiselwe yokuphuza), imfundo (ngokwezimfuneko ezibotshelelwe ukuxhaswa kwemfundo yemfundo yomthetho kazwelonke), kanye nezokunakekela impilo (ngemithetho yesimiso se-Medicaid),. INkantolo Ephakeme isekele amandla okusetshenziswa kwemibandela, okungakhokhwanywa ngokungeniswa kwempoqo kanye nokunga isaziso esicacile. Lokhu kudala ulwembukwa kwemizwa okunzima kwemiyadi eqinile, okumelwe kulandele izimfuneko.

Indima Ka - United States Esimisoni Somphakathi

Naphezu kokufinyelela okukhulu kwezindawo eziningi ze-operance, izigodlo zihlala zibalulekile kwezombangazwe ezinegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zazo. Izifunda zilawula ngokuyinhloko impahla, isivumelwano, umkhaya, ne-tort somthetho. Ziqondisa ukhetho, zisebenzisa isimiso semfundo yomphakathi, zigcine imigwaqo, imingcele yezindawo zombuso, kanye nezincwadi zemvume. Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza isivikelo esikhulu samalungelo abantu ngabanye kunawoMthethwe wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni basebenza njengendawo elinganayo embusweni wezwe, egcina indawo yezindawo ehlukene, ukuhlola, nokulawula kwendawo. Ngokuhlola isivikelo sombuso wezwe, [[FLT:] uHlawulo lwezwe lwe-State. [FLD]

Ubumbano Nekusasa Lokubusa

Ikusasa lombuso wobuzwe lingase lilolongwe yizinselele eziningi ezivelayo. Ukwanda kwezentengiselwano zobuchwepheshe nemininingwane kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuthi umthetho wezwe nge-othermetic uyakwazi yini noma ingcono. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukumiswa okuhlangene okungase kudlule amandla ombuso, kodwa izigaba zezempilo zomphakathi ziye zahlola imingcele yegunya likahulumeni nesidingo sokubambisana kombuso. Ukuhlakanipha kokwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo, nezinye izinhlelo ezintsha ziyophakamisa imibuzo emisha ngesilinganiso esifanelekile sikahulumeni sokulawula izingozi ezisanda kuvela. Isimiso sombuso, kanye namandla aso ekwakhelwe ngenkambisweni yesimo sezulu, kuhambisana nokuhlolwa kwale nkinga, kuhambisana nokufaneleka kokukhuluma ngale zinselele, kodwa uma abenzi besimiso kanye nezakhamuzi bezimiso zomthetho wezimiso zomthetho kanye nezimiso ezisebenzayo ziyo ezibusa ubudlelwane bombuso wombuso.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nezifundazwe kuyisici esichazayo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Iyisimiso esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla, ukulondoloza ukuzimela kwendawo, futhi sikwazi ukubusa ngokuphumelela emazingeni amaningi. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo, kodwa ukulinganisela kwangempela kwamandla kuxoxwa njalo ngomthetho, ngezenzo zezikhulu, nokuchaza kokwahlulela. Kubafundi nohulumeni baseMelika, ukuqonda uhulumeni akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo. Kubalulekile ukuze kube nesibopho esinenzuzo kakhulu ngezingxoxo ezingokomthetho ezicindezelayo kanye nezimiso zesikhathi sethu. Ukuxabana phakathi kobunye besizwe nokwehlukahlukahlukahlukana akuyona inkinga ukuxazululwa; kunamandla okulawulwa ngokuhlakanipha, isimiso somthetho, futhi ukuhloniphana isayensi yezemfundo engokomthetho womthetho wezwe, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu emakhulwini amabili amaningi amaningi eminyaka.