Izisekelo ZobuFalistism

Isimiso sikahulumeni wase-United States sakhiwe ngesimiso sombuso wezwe, isakhiwo esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwegunya lesizwe eliyinhloko nohulumeni bombuso ngabanye. Lengxenye ayiwona isigaba esihlanzekile noma isigaba esivamile sombuso; kunalokho, yenza ukuphikisana okunamandla nokuvame ukuphikiswayo. Umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, owabunjwa ngo-1787, wafuna ukulinganisela isidingo sikahulumeni wesizwe onamandla nokwesaba okukhulu kobushiqela obunamandla obuye babangela inguquko. Ukuqonda lapho umbuso nemibuso yezwe kubalulekile khona ekuqondeni ukuthi ukubusa kwaseMelika kusebenza kanjani ngempela, futhi kungani izimpikiswano zisekhona ezicini eziyinhloko zokuphila kwezombangazwe.

Umthetho-sisekelo wesimiso sobuhlobo usungulwe ngamalungiselelo amaningana ayinhloko. ISiphakamiso ngibala amandla akhethekile anikwa uMkhandlu, njengamandla okukhokha imali, ukulawula ukuhwebelana kwezwe, nokumemezela impi. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuphathiswa noma ukubonakaliswa kwemibuso. Ngokucacile, i-Cruciodentine ne-Fathernance (ISiqeshane 8, Claus 18) inikeza i-Contravention igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "efanele" yokuthwala amandla ayo ahlukene, ukwakha isisekelo semibuso eqondeneyo. Olunye uhlangothi, iSimende seshumi sisho ngokucacile: "Imibuso engaphathiswe i-United States ngumthetho womthetho, noma enqatshelwe yiyo, igcinelwe ezindaweni ezithile, noma kubantu." Le mithetho isebenza njengesimiso sombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso wonke, futhi isebenza ngokuhlukanisa isilinganiso sombuso wombuso wombuso ngamunye.

Ngokomlando, lokhu kuhlukana kwakusobala eRepublic yakuqala. Izwe lasingatha izindaba zendawo ezinjengomthetho wempahla, umthetho womkhaya, imfundo, nezentengiselwano. Uhulumeni wamazwe wagxila ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ukuzivikela kwesizwe, nomthetho wezezomnotho wezwe. Nokho, njengoba isizwe sakhula futhi umnotho uhlangana, imingcele yaqala ukufiphaza. IMpi Yomphakathi neSiphendulo senguquko (ngokuvamile iSiphendulo se-14) sandisa ngokuphawulekayo igunya likahulumeni, lenze iBill of Rights isebenze ne-Congress yanika amandla abanzi okuphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi. Namuhla, ukuphatha okuyekelelana kwaqala ngaphandle kwemithetho eminingi efuna ukumelana nemithetho enzima.

Ukubhekisisa isisekelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho sobuzwe, i- Inkonzo yokucwaninga esemthethweni ye-Constitution Anenoted inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqinile kweSichibiyelo seshumi nezomlando waso.

Ukuwa Okunamandla Kokubusa Kwanamuhla

Ukubusa kwaseMelika kwamuva kuphawuleka ngezingxenye ezihlukene zethonya. Ezicini eziningi zesimiso, kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni banendima ebalulekile − ngezinye izikhathi ngokubambisana, ngokuphikisana. Lokhu kuhambisana kungumphumela womlando, ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe, nesidingo esisebenzayo. Ngezansi kuyizindawo eziyinhloko lapho leligunya elihlangene libonakala kakhulu khona.

Ukukhokha Intela Nomthetho Ophathelene Nemali

Mhlawumbe indawo ebanzi kakhulu yegunya elithathelwanayo iyintela. Uhulumeni uphoqelela intela ekhokhelwayo eqhubekayo kubantu ngabanye kanye nemikhankaso, intela yokukhokha intela ebhaliswayo ye-social Security and Medicare, kanye nentela ehlukahlukene ekhipha intela. Izwe, liyozikhokhisa intela zalo siqu (ngezi- 41), intela yempahla, izintela zezezezimali, intela zenkampani, kanye neminye intela. Lesimiso esihlangene sidala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthengwa kwentela okukodwa okukodwa, ukuthengwa kwe-i-interlinet , ukuthenga intela yomthetho (nethiyodwa), ukuhlanganisa kokubili ukuthengwa kwentela nokwenqawa kwentela ye-ohulumeni noma ukukhokha intela. Okwamanje, uhulumeni usebenzisa amandla awo okuko kuhulumeni ekulawuleni ngomthetho wokuxhasa ngenzuzo yezemfundo, ukuxhasa inzuzo yezemfundo, nokunakekela kwezentengo yezempilo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ukuqashwa komthetho kungomunye umthetho ohlangene kakhulu. Izwe nohulumeni bendawo balondoloza iningi lamabutho amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, namajele, basingatha konke kusukela ekuphathweni ngezimoto kuya ekuphangeni okungathi sína. Uhulumeni wezwe, ngezinhlangano ezinjenge Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), iDignogracment Administration (DEA), ne-Bureau of Alcohol, i-Tobacco, i-Occohova, i-Floval e-Fodsssss (AFF), i-AFognoidssss, igxila ekwabicininini lezidakamizwa ezingokomthetho: ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukuphanga, ukuvinjwa kwamalungelo amalungelo embubhini, nobugebengu obuwe yindawo engokomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokuvamile, ukugunyaza komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wokugunyaza ukusekela ukubambisana kwemithetho. Nokho, kuveza ukubambisana kwemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho. Nokho, kodwa kuveza ukubambisana kwemithetho.

Isimiso Semfundo Nokuxhasa Imali

Imfundo ingokomlando ingumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe, iphethe imingcele yezifundo, uku-isheya kothisha, nokusebenza kwezikole zomphakathi ezifunda ezizweni zendawo. Nokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wenza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ikakhulukazi ngokusekela izimali namalungelo omphakathi. I-Pletintariry and Secondal Education Act (EEA), okokuqala yadluliswa ngo-1965, futhi kamuva yagunyazwa njengoMfundi Wonke Ophumeleleyo (ESA), i-a, i-arekhokhi esemthethweni ye-R34 kusuka ezikoleni ezisebenzela abafundi abathola imali ephansi. Uhulumeni ufaka futhi imithetho enjenge-Aveltures this Education Act (IA) ne-IX, evimbela ukucwa kwemfundo. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhasa imali kusemthethweni kwezwelo kumele kutholwe imali ithole imali, kodwa ubanzi ekuklanyele izinhlelo zawo.

Izakhiwo Zokuhamba

Isimiso sokuthutha sezwe siyisibonelo esiyinhloko sobuzwe obubambisanayo bobuzwe. Amazwe aphethe futhi alondoloze imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, nemigwaqo yendawo, kodwa uhulumeni unikeza imali enele ("imali) ngeHighway Trust Fund, isekelwe ngentela kahulumeni kapetroli. Imithetho elawula ukuphepha kwezimoto, ukuqondisa komshayeli, kanye nokuklaba imigwaqo emikhulu. Isimiso somgwaqo omkhulu, enye yemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu emlandweni, yakhiwa ngobuhlobo lapho uhulumeni wezwe wahlanganisa khona izindleko ezingu-90% zezindleko nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokwakha. Ngokufanayo, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumu, izikhumu zesitimela, namachweba ahlanganisa ukuxhasa izimali ezinhlangothini ezihlukene. Uma inkampani zidinga ukususwa kweminyango, ngokuvamile kungenxa yemisebenzi emikhulu nemisebenzi encishini encishisiwe kuwo womabili amaqoqo.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nokunakekela Impilo

Impilo yomphakathi iye yavela njengenye yezindawo ezibonakala kakhulu zegunya likahulumeni nombuso ozimele, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Izwe lilondoloza umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko weminyango yezempilo yendawo, ukuqapha izifo, kanye namandla okuhlukanisa abantu. Uhulumeni usebenza ngezinhlangano ezinjengeziNkampane ze-Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), i-Food and Drug Ad Administration (FD), kanye neNational Institutes of Health (NIH), i-Monicard, i-Medica, kanti isimiso sombuso we-Mica, nokuhlola ukuhlasela izikhali ezisongela izihloko eziningi. Ngokuvamile i-Afford Careance Act (AC) ka-A) ka-2010 (IC) yakhankasa izakhiwo zempilo ezihlukene zezentengo yombuso, kuyilapho isekele izigekhompume ezindaweni zezomnotho zezomnotho eziningi, inikeza isilinganiso esingundawongazwe kakhulu, izikhulu zeze izikhulu zeze izikhulu, izikhulu zezwe futhi izikhulu ze

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile ngesinye isifunda lapho imibuso kahulumeni ne-othority ihlangana khona kakhulu. Ngomthetho we-Epagement Protection Agency (EPA), uhulumeni wezwe, umisa izindinganiso zesizwe zezinga lomoya namanzi ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Ceather Air Act ne-Clease Water Act. Amazwe abe nomthwalo wokusebenzisa lezo zindinganiso, ngokuvamile ngokudala iMithetho yeZwe (SIP) yomoya. Izinhlelo eziningi ziye zadlulela phambili kunezidingo zikahulumeni, zimisa imingcele yazo siqu eqinile yokukhipha umoya noma imisha yamandla avusemthethweni. I-California, ngokwesibonelo, ine-anernernernernerver e-eved e-EPA ehlela imingceleni yayo ye-EPA, engamukela izinhlelo. Le lungiselelo libonisa ukubambisana kombuso, kodwa lidala futhi lidala ukushukuma kwemithetho yezwe lapho kufunwa imingcele emuva kwezwe futhi kumelana nempi yamazwe.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Ukugxumagnation iyindawo ebanzi ye-paradigmatic ye-paredig-pareters . futhi ngokuvamile ingqubuzana . i-compatent inegunya lokulawula imvelo, ukulondeka komngcele, kanye nokuvunyelwa kwemithetho engekho entweni, okusekelwe kakhulu eMthethweni weSiko-sisekelo, i-Clauscenate ne-Square Court. Nokho, isho ukuthi inethonya elikhulu elisebenzayo. Basebenzisa amalayisensela okushayela, ukunquma ukuthi inzuzo yomphakathi, futhi bafaka imithetho ethinta abafuduki, enjengemithetho yokuqashwa kwemisebenzi. Ezinye izimemezelo zidlula "imithetho yendawo yokubambisana nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano engokomthetho; kodwa i-SB70) inquma ngombuso (0).[0] futhi i-Emperencergoston (0] ingu-unyunyu, lapho i-unyu - orgon) ingunday.[0] ingumes, ingume) ingume) ingume ingume ingu:[0]

Ukucindezeleka Nokumiswa Kwenkantolo Ephakeme

Ngenxa yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuwuhlukanisi ngokuphelele wonke umngcele, izingxabano phakathi kombuso nombuso ziphakama ngokungagwegwesi. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomvuseli wokugcina, isebenzisa iMentel Commerce Clause, iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesihlanu, iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine, kanye namanye amalungiselelo okunquma amacala. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, iNkantolo iye yashintsha phakathi kokuchazwa okubanzi kwamandla kahulumeni nesivikelo esiqinile sobukhosi bukahulumeni. Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo kuyabaluleke kakhulu ukubona ukuthi amagunya ashintshashintsha anjani.

Imithetho Eyinhloko Eyathonya Umphakathi

Amacala amaningana aseNkantolo Ephakeme avelele njengezenzakalo eziphawulekayo ekuchazeni ukubhekana kwalokhu:

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): INkantolo yasekela amandla eSishaya-mthetho okwakha ibhange lesizwe ngaphansi kwe-Edict neFanet Clause futhi yaqeda umzamo kaMaryland wokukhokha ibhange, imisa izimiso zemibuso eqondisweyo nobukhulu bukahulumeni ngesenzo esiphikisana nemisebenzi engokomthetho kahulumeni.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Lombuso olawulayo unamandla acacile ombuso wokulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, kuhlanganise nokuhamba ngemikhumbi, futhi ukholelwa ukuthi amazwe awanakuphazamisa lowo mbuso. Wamisa iqophelo lokwanda okukhulu kwegunya likahulumeni ekhulwini lama-20.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995): ngokokuqala ngqá emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo ilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano uClaus, igawula umthetho kahulumeni ovimbela izibhamu eduze nezikole ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ukuthi umsebenzi awuthintanga kakhulu ezentengiselwano yezwe. Lokhu kwabonisa inhlonipho entsha ngobukhosi bukahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo nomthetho.
  • Printz v. United States (1997): INkantolo yathi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngeke ayale izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphetheyo ukuba ziqondise izinhlelo zokuqondisa zikahulumeni, zishaye izinhlelo zeBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ezazidinga ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo ukuze zihlole isizinda.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202): Esinqumweni esinzima, iNkantolo yasekela ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye komthetho wokuthatha i-Afford Care Act njengomthetho osemthethweni wamandla ontelayo kaKhongolo kodwa ulinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlela zonke izimali ze-Medicaid ekunwetshweni kohlelo, ukulondoloza ukukhetha kwezwe ukuba linganwebi.
  • Arizona v. United States (202): INkantolo yalahla amalungiselelo ayinhloko omthetho we-Arizona wokufuduka, iphethe ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ngeke kuthathe indawo yesimiso sikahulumeni sokufuduka, nakuba yashiya indawo yokuphoqelela ukubambisana kwezinye izindawo.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ayimane nje inikeze wonke amandla ngezinga elilodwa; ihileleka esimweni esihambisana necala ngalinye esibonisa ukuchaza okusekelwe emthethweni wezomthetho - sisekelo kanye nezindaba zezombangazwe.

Ukuvela Kwe - Federalism: Ukusuka Ekuxhumaneni Kuya Ekubambisanani

Isibonelo segunya elilinganayo asizange sifinyelelwe. Ososayensi bezombangazwe bavame ukuchaza izilinganiso ezimbili eziyinhloko: ubuzwe obuhlangene nobuhulumeni obubambisanayo (bubuye bubizwe ngokuthi i-marble-cake conistism). Uhulumeni we-Dual uhulumeni, ophethe ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lekhulu leshumi leshumi elineshumi elinesithathu leminyaka, wacabanga ukuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni abahlukene nezingqimba ezinemithwalo ehlukene cishe nekhekhekhe eliqinile. Uhulumeni kahulumeni wawunemiqatha, futhi izifunda kakhulu izikhulu ze-omyuziyam. INkantolo Ephakeme yayivikela kakhulu leli lungiselelo, yanqoba imizamo kahulumeni yokulawula izakhiwo, ezolimolimo, nemisebenzi yezingane njengetshe elidlula i-Claus.

IGreat Depression and the New Develop yaguqula lesi simiso. Ekusabeleni enkingeni yezomnotho yesizwe, uhulumeni wathatha indima enkulu kakhulu enhlalakahleni, emalungelweni ezisebenzi, nasebuthweni lezomnotho. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yamelana kodwa ekugcineni yamukela lezinguquko ezinqumweni ezifana ne NLB v. Jones & Laughel Corp. [197] [inani] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu lamakhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu lama-amandla okubambisana abe yisibonelo esivelele sobusweni sombuso: womabili izilinganiso ezisemgoqongokwane, iziphaka, nezihlokozobuthelelana. Izinhlelo ezifana neMidlalo yombuso, i-mo yomphakathi, ihlela izinhlangano zemisebenzi ezimbili zezwe, nemithwalo yezindawo ezimbili.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuye kwaba nokuthambekela enguqulweni eqonde kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "ikhocerceism," lapho uhulumeni uthonya khona ngezipho ze-octal nangentengiselwano, ulinganisele ukuqapha kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ubophela izimali emigwaqweni emikhulu ukuba asho ukuthi unyuse iminyaka elinganiselwe yokuphuza kuya ku-21, futhi uye wasebenzisa usongo lokugodlela izimali zempilo ukuze andise iMidiyaid. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekufuneni ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwezicelo "zemithetho" nezingxoxo zokukhomba ukukhohliselwa kwezindawo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezinjengokunyuswa kwensangu, izindinganiso zemfundo, nokuthutha. Isilinganiso sihlala singena.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ngekusasa

Amagunya angenanayo ombuso nohulumeni awasona isici esisichazayo kodwa isici sawo. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuhlola, ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo, kanye namaphuzu amaningi okungena ezakhamuzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, idala ukucindezeleka okungenakugwenywa /abs, imithetho yayo elawulayo, nendlela yokuxazulula ukungavumelani. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo, kodwa umkhuba wansuku zonke wobuzwe ulolongwa yizombangazwe, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nemithetho ehlangene.

Kuthisha nabafundi abafuna ukuqonda lesi simiso, kubaluleke kakhulu ukudlulela ngalé komqondo olula we "states vs. hulumeni wombuso" futhi esikhundleni sawo baqaphele ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi, obuncikeneyo obuchaza ukubusa kwanamuhla. Noma impikiswano iyisivikelo sezempilo, imvelo, imfundo, noma ukugcinwa komthetho, impendulo ku "ekukuphi amandla abo akhona?" cishe njalo "angaphezu kokuba ungase ucabange." Inselele `amandla `a American’s nolunimentism ihlala ikhona ngokuvumelana okukhona kokubili ngobunye besizwe nobezwe nomphakathi bendawo.

Ukuhlola izimpikiswano zamanje ze-constructions, inikeza ukuqonda kwesizwe kwemithetho yezwe inikeza usizo olungcono kakhulu emibonweni kahulumeni, kuyilapho U.S. uMnyango weHhovisi Lemithetho Yomthetho unikeza ukuqonda kwezwe. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamazinga amabili iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka uphila, ulwembuyiselo uyaqhubeka.